The human excretory system removes waste from the body through specialized structures and capillary networks. It consists of the lungs, skin, kidneys and other organs. The kidneys act as filters to extract urine from the bloodstream. Many unwanted waste products are produced during normal body functions, and the excretory system plays an important role in flushing these out of the body to prevent harm. Pharmacology deals with how drugs are administered, distributed and metabolized in the body, as well as their therapeutic effects and potential toxicity. Drugs are commonly used to treat problems with the excretory system, but improper use can lead to antibiotic resistance or kidney damage over time.

2. The human excretory system is
responsible for removing waste from
the human body.This system consists of
specialised structures and capillary
networks that assist in the excretory
process (CliffNotes, 2016).
Many unwanted products
are produced in the body
during its activities. Such
waste products must be
flushed out otherwise
they harm the body.
The functions of flushing
out the wastes are carried
out by the excretory
system. (Kumar & Parul,
2016)

3. FUNCTIONS OF
EXCRETORY SYSTEM
Non-solid wastes are eliminated through
lungs, skin, and kidneys.
Sweat glands in skin release excess water
and salt.
Urine is extracted by the kidneys, which
act like filters (Ibrahim, 2014).

4. Pharmacology is the science that deals with drugs, their properties,
actions and fate in the body. It embraces the sciences of pharmaceutics
(preparation of drugs), therapeutics (treatment of diseases by use of
drugs) and toxicosis or adverse side-effects that arise from the
therapeutic interventions (Magoma, 2012).
It concerns the actual
biochemical characteristics of
the drug and the interaction of
drug molecules with body fluids
and tissues (Magoma, 2012).
Routes of drug administration
and systemic availability

5. Drugs used to treat excretory
problems include antibiotics
and antifungal medications for
infections, diuretics for kidney
failure, and a variety of other
drugs.
Large amount of drugs is taken
inadvertently without any medical
control and prescription.This
causes a widespread toxicity that
is difficult to detect, often
unsuspected and potentially very
dangerous. (Bartoli, 2016)
For instance, the repeated courses
of antibiotics can do more harm
than good if the underlying cause
of the infection is not found.
Inappropriate treatment with the
wrong antibiotic can cause
bacteria to become resistant
(Dowling, 2020).

6. Long-term use of
acetaminophen- containing
prescription painkillers or
acetaminophen alone can
cause two types of kidney
damage:
Chronic kidney failure and
Analgesic nephropathy, a
condition that progresses to
irreversible renal failure
(Crane, 2020).

7. •Bartoli,E. (2016)Adverse effects of drugs on the kidney. European Journal of Internal
Medicine, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2015.12.001
•CliffNotes. (2016). Human Excretory System. Available Online from,
https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/biology/biology/excretion-and-homeostasis/human-
excretory-system
• Crane, M. (2020).The Effect of Drugs on the Kidneys. An american Addiction Centers Resource.
Available from, https://drugabuse.com
•Dowling, P. M. (2020). Drugs used to treat kidney and urinary tract disorders. Available from,
https://www.merckvetmanual.com/special-pet-topics/drugs-used-to-treat-kidney-and-urinary-
tract-disorders
• Goyal, S. (2016) . Excretory System in Human. Jagran Josh. Available From,
https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/excretory-system-in-humans-1457506786-1
•Ibrahim, A.A. (2014). Human excretory system: Resear Doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.20475.52001
•Kumar, P., &, Parul. (2016). Excretory System: A System of Our Body. InternationalJournal of
Applied Research 2016; 2(5): 1110-1112.
•Magoma, G. (2012). Introduction to Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug
Discovery.Intelchopechopen. DOI: 10.5772/52014.