Arsenic and bladder cancer variation in estimates
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A discussion based slide presentation on arsenic and a preliminary meta-analysis of arsenic-bladder cancer.
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Arsenic and bladder cancer variation in estimates
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jnci.oxfordjournals.org JNCI Articles 529DOI 10.1093.docx
jnci.oxfordjournals.org JNCI | Articles 529
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq072 © The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
Advance Access publication on April 6, 2010. For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]
In 1990, the World Health Organization (1) recommended people
to eat at least five portions (about 400 g) of fruits and vegetables a
day to prevent cancer and other chronic diseases. However, despite
considerable research in this direction, there is no conclusive
evidence that high intake of fruits and vegetables reduces the risk
of cancer development. Most available studies have concentrated
on one or a few types of cancer, which complicates an overall
assessment of the contribution of fruit and vegetable intakes in
cancer risk. In a systematic review, published in 1997, the World
Cancer Research Fund (2) claimed to have found convincing evi-
dence for a protective effect of high intake of fruits and vegetables
against a number of respiratory and digestive cancers. Most of this
Article
Fruit and Vegetable intake and Overall cancer risk in the
european Prospective investigation into cancer and Nutrition
(ePic)
Paolo Boffetta, Elisabeth Couto, Janine Wichmann, Pietro Ferrari, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita,
Fränzel J. B. van Duijnhoven, Frederike L. Büchner, Tim Key, Heiner Boeing, Ute Nöthlings, Jakob Linseisen, Carlos A. Gonzalez,
Kim Overvad, Michael R. S. Nielsen, Anne Tjønneland, Anja Olsen, Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault,
Sophie Morois, Pagona Lagiou, Androniki Naska, Vassiliki Benetou, Rudolf Kaaks, Sabine Rohrmann, Salvatore Panico, Sabina Sieri,
Paolo Vineis, Domenico Palli, Carla H. van Gils, Petra H. Peeters, Eiliv Lund, Magritt Brustad, Dagrun Engeset, José María Huerta,
Laudina Rodríguez, Maria-José Sánchez, Miren Dorronsoro, Aurelio Barricarte, Göran Hallmans, Ingegerd Johansson, Jonas Manjer,
Emily Sonestedt, Naomi E. Allen, Sheila Bingham, Kay-Tee Khaw, Nadia Slimani, Mazda Jenab, Traci Mouw, Teresa Norat,
Elio Riboli, Antonia Trichopoulou
Manuscript received April 23, 2009; revised February 17, 2010; accepted February 18, 2010.
Correspondence to: Paolo Boffetta, MD, MPH, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York,
NY 10029 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Background It is widely believed that cancer can be prevented by high intake of fruits and vegetables. However, inconsistent
results from many studies have not been able to conclusively establish an inverse association between fruit and
vegetable intake and overall cancer risk.
Methods We conducted a prospective analysis of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)
cohort to assess relationships between intake of total fruits, total vegetables, and total fruits and vegetables
combined and cancer risk during 1992–2000. Detailed information on the dietary habit and lifestyle variab.
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jnci.oxfordjournals.org JNCI Articles 529DOI 10.1093.docx
jnci.oxfordjournals.org JNCI | Articles 529
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq072 © The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
Advance Access publication on April 6, 2010. For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]
In 1990, the World Health Organization (1) recommended people
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Paolo Boffetta, Elisabeth Couto, Janine Wichmann, Pietro Ferrari, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita,
Fränzel J. B. van Duijnhoven, Frederike L. Büchner, Tim Key, Heiner Boeing, Ute Nöthlings, Jakob Linseisen, Carlos A. Gonzalez,
Kim Overvad, Michael R. S. Nielsen, Anne Tjønneland, Anja Olsen, Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault,
Sophie Morois, Pagona Lagiou, Androniki Naska, Vassiliki Benetou, Rudolf Kaaks, Sabine Rohrmann, Salvatore Panico, Sabina Sieri,
Paolo Vineis, Domenico Palli, Carla H. van Gils, Petra H. Peeters, Eiliv Lund, Magritt Brustad, Dagrun Engeset, José María Huerta,
Laudina Rodríguez, Maria-José Sánchez, Miren Dorronsoro, Aurelio Barricarte, Göran Hallmans, Ingegerd Johansson, Jonas Manjer,
Emily Sonestedt, Naomi E. Allen, Sheila Bingham, Kay-Tee Khaw, Nadia Slimani, Mazda Jenab, Traci Mouw, Teresa Norat,
Elio Riboli, Antonia Trichopoulou
Manuscript received April 23, 2009; revised February 17, 2010; accepted February 18, 2010.
Correspondence to: Paolo Boffetta, MD, MPH, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York,
NY 10029 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Background It is widely believed that cancer can be prevented by high intake of fruits and vegetables. However, inconsistent
results from many studies have not been able to conclusively establish an inverse association between fruit and
vegetable intake and overall cancer risk.
Methods We conducted a prospective analysis of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)
cohort to assess relationships between intake of total fruits, total vegetables, and total fruits and vegetables
combined and cancer risk during 1992–2000. Detailed information on the dietary habit and lifestyle variab.
jnci.oxfordjournals.org JNCI Articles 1DOI 10.1093jn.docx
jnci.oxfordjournals.org JNCI | Articles 1
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq072 © The Author 2010. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
For Permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]
In 1990, the World Health Organization (1) recommended people
to eat at least five portions (about 400 g) of fruits and vegetables a
day to prevent cancer and other chronic diseases. However, despite
considerable research in this direction, there is no conclusive
evidence that high intake of fruits and vegetables reduces the risk
of cancer development. Most available studies have concentrated
on one or a few types of cancer, which complicates an overall
assessment of the contribution of fruit and vegetable intakes in
cancer risk. In a systematic review, published in 1997, the World
Cancer Research Fund (2) claimed to have found convincing evi-
dence for a protective effect of high intake of fruits and vegetables
against a number of respiratory and digestive cancers. Most of this
Article
Fruit and Vegetable intake and Overall cancer risk in the
european Prospective investigation into cancer and Nutrition
(ePic)
Paolo Boffetta, Elisabeth Couto, Janine Wichmann, Pietro Ferrari, Dimitrios Trichopoulos, H. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita,
Fränzel J. B. van Duijnhoven, Frederike L. Büchner, Tim Key, Heiner Boeing, Ute Nöthlings, Jakob Linseisen, Carlos A. Gonzalez,
Kim Overvad, Michael R. S. Nielsen, Anne Tjønneland, Anja Olsen, Françoise Clavel-Chapelon, Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault,
Sophie Morois, Pagona Lagiou, Androniki Naska, Vassiliki Benetou, Rudolf Kaaks, Sabine Rohrmann, Salvatore Panico, Sabina Sieri,
Paolo Vineis, Domenico Palli, Carla H. van Gils, Petra H. Peeters, Eiliv Lund, Magritt Brustad, Dagrun Engeset, José María Huerta,
Laudina Rodríguez, Maria-José Sánchez, Miren Dorronsoro, Aurelio Barricarte, Göran Hallmans, Ingegerd Johansson, Jonas Manjer,
Emily Sonestedt, Naomi E. Allen, Sheila Bingham, Kay-Tee Khaw, Nadia Slimani, Mazda Jenab, Traci Mouw, Teresa Norat,
Elio Riboli, Antonia Trichopoulou
Manuscript received April 23, 2009; revised February 17, 2010; accepted February 18, 2010.
Correspondence to: Paolo Boffetta, MD, MPH, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York,
NY 10029 (e-mail: [email protected]).
Background It is widely believed that cancer can be prevented by high intake of fruits and vegetables. However, inconsistent
results from many studies have not been able to conclusively establish an inverse association between fruit and
vegetable intake and overall cancer risk.
Methods We conducted a prospective analysis of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)
cohort to assess relationships between intake of total fruits, total vegetables, and total fruits and vegetables
combined and cancer risk during 1992–2000. Detailed information on the dietary habit and lifestyle variables of
the cohort was obtained. Cancer incide.
Chemotherapy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Chemotherapy/oral surgery courses by indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
KLandry_Thesis_2015
This thesis by Kelly Anne Landry examines the reproductive health outcomes and risks faced by oncology nurses due to their exposure to chemotherapeutic agents in the workplace. The introduction provides background on oncology nurses, cancer treatments including chemotherapy, and the potential health hazards nurses face from exposure to chemotherapy. The study aims to juxtapose the epidemiology of reproductive outcomes in oncology nurses with changes in cancer treatments and occupational safety practices over time. The author conducted a literature review on reproductive health studies of oncology nurses dating back to the 1970s and examined trends in chemotherapy agents and safety practices from the 1970s to 2014. The discussion section analyzes the findings, anticipates future health risks to oncology nurses given changes in cancer treatment
Lifestyle changes can prevent at least 60% of all Cancers - By Dr Sanjiv Hari...
5–10% of all cancer cases can be attributed to genetic defects, whereas the remaining 90–95% have their roots in the environment and lifestyle factors. Learn how can we prevent lifestyle related cancers. For more details visit at http://gisurgery.info
Levels of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Hexachlorocyclohexane (HC...
Serum levels of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) of breast cancer patients and controls were compared with a view to determining association between exposure of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and breast cancer. Fifty breast cancer patients and fifty age-matched control women were recruited from the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Questionnaires were administered to collect information on demography and essential breast cancer risk factors. Five millilitres of blood was collected from each participant and the serum was analysed for DDT and HCH using Gas Chromatography coupled with Electron Capture Detector. The results showed that almost all case women had no identifiable risk factors for breast cancer. The median DDT levels among case and control women were 11.87 ppb and 6.395 ppb, respectively. The levels of δ-HCH among case and control women were 5.82 ppb and 0.00 ppb while that of γ-HCH were 10.84 ppb and 0.00 ppb, respectively. This study confirmed exposure to OCPs among the studied population and revealed significantly higher levels (p≤0.05) in case women than controls, thereby, suggesting that exposure to OCPs may be a significant risk factor for breast cancer in Nigeria.
Prevalence of Gallbladder Cancer in Arsenic Endemic Areas-Crimson Publishers
Association between exposure to high arsenic content and gallbladder cancer is scanty. Few reports suggest that the incidence of gallbladder cancer is high along the Indo-Gangetic belt. Inflammation, which is a causative factor for gallbladder carcinoma can be induced by arsenic. Prognosis of gallbladder cancer is poor. Therefore, it is worthwhile to find a correlation between arsenic exposure and its incidence to identify a population who are at high risk category.
Jacinta Elston
This document discusses cancer outcomes for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in Australia. It notes that Indigenous Australians have higher cancer incidence and mortality than non-Indigenous Australians. The disparity is due to higher risk factors, lower screening participation, later diagnosis, and less access to treatment for Indigenous people. Various organizations are working to address this, including Cancer Australia, through frameworks, leadership groups, and care pathways to improve prevention, screening, treatment and support for Indigenous cancer patients. Primary healthcare plays a key role through awareness, screening, care coordination and supporting research.
EFFECTS OF LIFESTYLE ON PREVALENCE OF COLORECTAL CANCER
Effects of Lifestyle on Prevalence of Colorectal Cancer
Author: Dr Christa Maria Joel
Module: Effects of Lifestyle on Health
Supervisor: Ms Jane Tobias, Mr Daniel Boakye
University of the West of Scotland
Oral cancer in india continues in epidemic proportions evidence base and pol...
Oral cancer poses a major public health challenge in India, which has the highest incidence and mortality rates in the world. Approximately 70,000 new oral cancer cases and 48,000 deaths occur yearly in India. Tobacco use, including smokeless tobacco and betel nut chewing, as well as alcohol consumption are the primary risk factors and account for over 90% of oral cancer cases in India. While India has advanced cancer treatment centers, access remains limited and prevention efforts should focus on health education, early detection, and reducing tobacco and alcohol use. A multi-sector policy approach is needed to address this growing epidemic.
PAPER 2
This study examined the relationship between arsenic exposure, oxidative stress, and hematological parameters in cervical cancer patients in India. The study found that cervical cancer patients had significantly higher levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, and significantly lower hemoglobin levels and red blood cell counts compared to healthy controls. Among cervical cancer patients, those with higher levels of arsenic exposure had even higher MDA levels and lower hemoglobin and red blood cell counts. The results suggest that arsenic exposure may be contributing to increased oxidative stress in cervical cancer patients, which is associated with anemia. However, more research is needed to fully understand the potential role of arsenic as a risk factor for
Chemotherapy.2
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Chemotherapy/oral surgery courses by indian dental academy
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Exposure to Toxic Environmental Agents
Exposure to Toxic Environmental Agents - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Nutrition and must
This document discusses malnutrition screening using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) in various healthcare settings in the UK. It reports that malnutrition affects over 3 million people in the UK, with most cases occurring in the community rather than hospitals. MUST screening data has found malnutrition risk prevalence of approximately 28% in UK hospitals, 16-21% in outpatient clinics, 10-12% in sheltered housing, 30-42% in care homes, and an estimated 4.8% in GP surgeries. The document also discusses associations between malnutrition risk and deprivation as well as healthcare outcomes and costs.
IJFP-2332-287X-03-202
This study examined the association between the ACE gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk among Bengalee Hindu females in West Bengal, India. The researchers analyzed samples from 108 breast cancer patients and 128 controls without cancer. They found that the frequency of the DD genotype was higher in patients (57.4%) than controls (25.0%), with a significant association between the DD genotype and increased breast cancer risk. Binary logistic analysis also found the DD genotype was associated with family history of breast cancer, fewer children, and longer-term contraceptive pill use among patients. The results suggest the DD genotype may be useful for determining breast cancer occurrence and prognosis in this population.
Cancer prevention
This document provides information on cancer prevention and screening strategies. It discusses overall prevention approaches, strategies for specific cancers like breast and lung, and where to find screening guidelines. Key websites for cancer prevention and statistics are listed. The document discusses estimating cancer risk based on lifestyle factors like diet, exercise and smoking. It provides cancer statistics in the US and probabilities of developing different cancers. Screening is recommended only when proven beneficial and cost-effective. Healthy lifestyle choices can significantly reduce cancer and other disease risks.
Austin Journal of Cancer and Clinical Research
Austin Journal of Cancer and Clinical Research is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles in all areas of cancer research and oncology. The aim of the journal is to provide a forum for oncologists, researchers, physicians, and other health professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of cancer research.
Austin Journal of Cancer and Clinical Research accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Austin Journal of Cancer and Clinical Research strongly supports the scientific upgradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Similar to Arsenic and bladder cancer variation in estimates (20)
jnci.oxfordjournals.org JNCI Articles 529DOI 10.1093.docx
jnci.oxfordjournals.org JNCI Articles 529DOI 10.1093.docx
jnci.oxfordjournals.org JNCI Articles 1DOI 10.1093jn.docx
jnci.oxfordjournals.org JNCI Articles 1DOI 10.1093jn.docx
Chemotherapy/oral surgery courses by indian dental academy
Chemotherapy/oral surgery courses by indian dental academy
Lifestyle changes can prevent at least 60% of all Cancers - By Dr Sanjiv Hari...
Lifestyle changes can prevent at least 60% of all Cancers - By Dr Sanjiv Hari...
Levels of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Hexachlorocyclohexane (HC...
Levels of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and Hexachlorocyclohexane (HC...
Prevalence of Gallbladder Cancer in Arsenic Endemic Areas-Crimson Publishers
Prevalence of Gallbladder Cancer in Arsenic Endemic Areas-Crimson Publishers
EFFECTS OF LIFESTYLE ON PREVALENCE OF COLORECTAL CANCER
EFFECTS OF LIFESTYLE ON PREVALENCE OF COLORECTAL CANCER
Oral cancer in india continues in epidemic proportions evidence base and pol...
Oral cancer in india continues in epidemic proportions evidence base and pol...
Chemotherapy/oral surgery courses by indian dental academy
Chemotherapy/oral surgery courses by indian dental academy
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Auckland 2018
This document discusses using principles of software and data carpentry teaching models to teach epidemiology and data analysis skills to public health students. It describes using a module on the GRADE evidence appraisal method in a classroom setting. By applying techniques like live coding demonstrations and frequent feedback, the instructor was able to spend less time on one-on-one coaching while improving student satisfaction, grades, and understanding of evidence appraisal compared to previous years of regular classroom teaching.
Research Methods in Health Sciences
The document provides an overview of various research methods used in health sciences, including case series, cross-sectional surveys, case-control studies, cohort studies, and randomized controlled trials. It describes the key features and appropriate uses of each study design. Examples are given of studies conducted using each design. The document emphasizes that the appropriate study design depends on the research question, available resources, and desired results.
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A Lecture on Sample Size and Statistical Inference for Health Researchers
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An Introduction to Mixed Methods Research prepared for presentation to post graduate students at the University of Canterbury
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Set of slide decks for the UDHC related presentation at the University of Canterbury Tertiary Engagement Summit where the purpose of discussion is to share ideas how students and trainees in tertiary education can engage with the community to bring about real world change. I chose to focus on UDHC and the excellent work the project has brought about.
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This document discusses social determinants of health and health inequalities. It will include an interactive game to illustrate social determinants and how unequal social conditions can influence health. Differences in health status and access to health resources between populations can lead to health inequalities, some of which may be considered unfair or avoidable. Addressing social factors like poverty, living and working conditions, rather than just healthcare access, can help reduce health inequities.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
South African Journal of Science: Writing with integrity workshop (2024)
Arsenic and bladder cancer variation in estimates
- 1. Arsenic and cancer: how geography determines policy Arindam Basu, Prepared for Geography Seminar, 11th August, 2017
- 2. About 200 million people in Bangladesh and 100 million people in India are exposed to Arsenic in DW
- 4. Overview of Arsenic Metabolism
- 5. Arsenic metabolism and nutrition (source: BMJ)
- 6. Arsenic-caused skin cancer and lesions
- 8. As caused bladder cancer
- 9. Inhaled and ingested Arsenic causes lung cancer
- 10. Prevalence of Arsenic exposure Worldwide
- 11. Prevalence of As Exposure, part 2
- 12. If the prevalence and source of As Vary Across the World, do the risk estimates of cancers caused by Arsenic also differ in populations across the world?
- 13. Concept of Population Attributable Risk Population Attributable Risk = function of Prevalence of Exposure & Relative Risk Estimate
- 14. Worldwide, how do arsenic cancer risk estimates vary across populations?
- 15. Arsenic exposure and bladder cancer risk meta analysis, citation: Christoforidou, E. P., Riza, E., Kales, S. N., Hadjistavrou, K., Stoltidi, M., Kastania, A. N., & Linos, A. (2013). Bladder cancer and arsenic through drinking water: A systematic review of epidemiologic evidence. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 48(14), 1764–1775. http://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2013.823329) 19 Studies across different countries Different comparisons were selected
- 16. Tally of the Variability Across Populations (Christoforidou, 2013) United States Taiwan Argentina Chile Bangladesh Finland Pakistan Denmark
- 17. Variation in the risk estimates based on studies with individual data with updated information from other populations
- 18. Forest plot of the meta-analysis
- 19. Results of the meta analysis Smaller effect sizes are contributed by countries where the exposure to As is low, for example United States, and larger effect sizes are contributed by countries where the exposure levels are higher
- 20. What may explain the discrepancy in risk estimates? Smoking interacts with Arsenic to increase the risk Diet and micronutrient intake can interact with the methylation: high protein diet and micronutrients will supply the needed substrates for methylation and offset the diversion of methyl groups even in face of high As load Genetic differences?
- 21. Gaps, and policy implications for Arsenic control Data on all arsenic-caused cancers would be beneficial Studies from India, & Bangladesh for individual risk estimates are missing Arsenic is currently labelled as Type I Carcinogen by IARC Different levels of acceptable As exposure in different countries: in India, Bangladesh, Argentina, Chile: 50 ug/L as acceptable level; in Taiwan, United States, Europe: 10 ug/L; worldwide, WHO recommends 10 ug/L - this needs to be revised in the light of new evidence