2. Objectives
• raise questions toward a
holistic appreciation of
cultures and societies
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• become aware of why and
how cultural relativism
mitigates ethnocentrism
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• identify forms of tangible
and intangible heritage and
the threats to these
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3. Question:
How do we appreciate a
culture that’s not our
own?
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4. Modern
Anthropology
Cultural Relativism: Cultural relativism is the
perspective that each culture should be
understood and evaluated within the context of its
own values, beliefs, norms, and practices. It
suggests that there is no universal standard by
which to judge all cultures, as what might be
considered appropriate or acceptable in one
culture could be different in another.
5. Cultural Relativism Examples:
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1.Marriage Customs: Recognizing that different cultures have varying marriage
customs, such as arranged marriages, and understanding these practices within their
cultural contexts.
2.Religious Rituals: Respecting the diverse ways in which people express their
religious beliefs, even if those practices differ significantly from one's own.
3.Greeting Traditions: Accepting that people from different cultures may have
alternative ways of greeting each other, such as bowing, hugging, or handshakes,
without assigning value judgments.
4.Clothing Choices: Understanding that clothing choices are influenced by cultural
norms and beliefs, and avoiding judgments about attire that differs from one's own
cultural style.
5.Child-Rearing Practices: Recognizing that child-rearing methods can vary widely
across cultures and appreciating the rationale behind these practices within each
cultural context.
6. Ethnocentrism:
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Ethnocentrism, on the other hand, is the
tendency to judge other cultures based on
the standards and values of one's own
culture. This can lead to a belief that one's
own culture is superior to others, which in
turn can result in misunderstanding,
intolerance, or even discrimination toward
those from different cultural backgrounds.
7. Ethnocentrism Examples:
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1.Language Beliefs: Assuming that one's native language is
superior to others and belittling those who speak a different
language.
2.Culinary Preferences: Believing that the food from one's own
culture is the best and dismissing the cuisine of other cultures
as strange or unappetizing.
3.Cultural Norms: Judging people from different cultures for
not adhering to one's own cultural norms, such as eating habits,
clothing choices, or social behaviors.
4.Historical Perspective: Viewing historical events primarily
from the standpoint of one's own culture, disregarding the
experiences and contributions of other cultures.
5.Technological Superiority: Assuming that technology
developed in one's own culture is superior to that developed
elsewhere, even if other cultures have valuable contributions.
8. COMBINATION OF BOTH:
1.Traditional Clothing: Ethnocentrism might involve dismissing traditional clothing
from another culture as outdated, while cultural relativism involves appreciating the
historical and cultural significance of that clothing.
2.Cultural Celebrations: Ethnocentrism might lead someone to label a cultural
celebration from another group as odd, while cultural relativism encourages
understanding the meaning and importance of the celebration in its cultural context.
3.Artistic Expression: Ethnocentrism could result in dismissing the artistic styles of
another culture as inferior, while cultural relativism involves appreciating the unique
perspectives and narratives conveyed through those artistic forms.
4.Gender Roles: Ethnocentrism might involve critiquing different gender roles in other
cultures as unequal, while cultural relativism considers the cultural, historical, and
societal factors that shape those roles.
5.Workplace Practices: Ethnocentrism might lead to judgment about the work habits of
people from another culture, while cultural relativism acknowledges that these habits
are influenced by different cultural values and work environments.
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9. Activity:
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Conduct a demonstration/
short report that shows the
characteristics of cultural
relativism and ethnocentrism.
(example: short videos of
different cultures that do
believe in these two)
11. Cultural Heritage
Is the legacy of artifacts and or
tangible or intangible attributes of
a group or society that are
inherited in the present and
bestowed for the benefit of the
future generations
12. Tangible
heritage refers to
physical objects,
structures, and sites that
have historical, cultural,
artistic, or scientific
significance.
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16. Intangible Heritage:
Intangible heritage
refers to cultural
practices, traditions,
expressions, knowledge,
and skills that are
transmitted from one
generation to another.
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18. Threats to intangible Heritage: Intangible
heritage refers to cultural practices,
traditions, expressions, knowledge, and
skills that are transmitted from one
generation to another.
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