The document summarizes political and economic developments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries between 1964-1981. Key events include:
- Khrushchev was ousted in 1964 and replaced by Brezhnev and Kosygin in the USSR. They faced economic and social problems domestically.
- Czechoslovakia experienced liberal reforms under Dubcek during the Prague Spring of 1968, but this was crushed by a Soviet invasion.
- In Poland in 1980, labor strikes erupted and the independent labor union Solidarity was formed led by Lech Wałęsa, though it was later suppressed by the government.
The Ukrainian crisis began in November 2013 when President Yanukovych rejected a trade deal with the EU, sparking mass protests. By February 2014, Yanukovych had been ousted and fled Kiev. This led to unrest in Crimea and eastern Ukraine as pro-Russian separatists took over the Crimean peninsula in late February. Russia annexed Crimea in March after a referendum that was unrecognized internationally. Elections were held in Ukraine in May and October, but separatists disrupted voting in areas they controlled and held their own unrecognized elections in November. The crisis has had economic and political effects, including an 8% contraction of Ukraine's economy in 2014.
The document summarizes the collapse of the Soviet Union and the legacy it left behind. It discusses the power struggle that emerged between Gorbachev and Yeltsin in 1991. It describes the failed coup attempt in August 1991 and the dissolution of the USSR by the end of that year. The summary also outlines some of the major issues that arose in the aftermath, including control of the former Soviet Union's nuclear arsenal, ethnic tensions between groups, and conflicts like the war in Chechnya. Political changes in Russia in the 1990s under Yeltsin are also summarized.
Presentation I made for a lecture, which summarizes the main events of the Crisis highlighting, in particular, the role of the EU and other International Organizations in attempting to solve the situation.
Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985 and sought to reform the Soviet system through his policies of perestroika, glasnost, uskorenie, and demokratizatsiya. This involved restructuring the political and economic system, increasing transparency, accelerating reforms, and democratizing. He faced opposition from conservatives and Boris Yeltsin. Glasnost allowed for greater freedom of expression and criticism, but also increased unrest in Soviet republics and satellite states. Reforms began to spread through Eastern Europe in 1989, with Solidarity gaining power in Poland and Hungary liberalizing under Soviet non-intervention.
The document summarizes the root causes, key events, and international response to the ongoing Ukraine crisis. It discusses how Russian opposition to Ukraine strengthening ties with the EU led to protests in Ukraine and the ousting of the Ukrainian president in 2014. This prompted Russia to invade and annex Crimea on the basis of protecting Russian citizens. The document outlines international sanctions imposed on Russia and their economic impacts. It also summarizes peace talks in Minsk and the agreements reached to establish ceasefires and decentralize power in eastern Ukraine.
This document discusses Russia's policy toward the separatist regions of eastern Ukraine. It argues that despite supporting the Minsk peace process publicly, Moscow's actions are strengthening the separatist entities and aiming to keep Ukraine unstable. Moscow has begun directly funding pensions and salaries in the separatist regions, signaling an intention to transform the conflict into a frozen conflict. However, observers note Russia may be considering various options and waiting to see how other international issues develop before determining its long-term strategy in eastern Ukraine. Full implementation of the Minsk agreements remains elusive.
The document summarizes political and economic developments in the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries between 1964-1981. Key events include:
- Khrushchev was ousted in 1964 and replaced by Brezhnev and Kosygin in the USSR. They faced economic and social problems domestically.
- Czechoslovakia experienced liberal reforms under Dubcek during the Prague Spring of 1968, but this was crushed by a Soviet invasion.
- In Poland in 1980, labor strikes erupted and the independent labor union Solidarity was formed led by Lech Wałęsa, though it was later suppressed by the government.
The Ukrainian crisis began in November 2013 when President Yanukovych rejected a trade deal with the EU, sparking mass protests. By February 2014, Yanukovych had been ousted and fled Kiev. This led to unrest in Crimea and eastern Ukraine as pro-Russian separatists took over the Crimean peninsula in late February. Russia annexed Crimea in March after a referendum that was unrecognized internationally. Elections were held in Ukraine in May and October, but separatists disrupted voting in areas they controlled and held their own unrecognized elections in November. The crisis has had economic and political effects, including an 8% contraction of Ukraine's economy in 2014.
The document summarizes the collapse of the Soviet Union and the legacy it left behind. It discusses the power struggle that emerged between Gorbachev and Yeltsin in 1991. It describes the failed coup attempt in August 1991 and the dissolution of the USSR by the end of that year. The summary also outlines some of the major issues that arose in the aftermath, including control of the former Soviet Union's nuclear arsenal, ethnic tensions between groups, and conflicts like the war in Chechnya. Political changes in Russia in the 1990s under Yeltsin are also summarized.
Presentation I made for a lecture, which summarizes the main events of the Crisis highlighting, in particular, the role of the EU and other International Organizations in attempting to solve the situation.
Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985 and sought to reform the Soviet system through his policies of perestroika, glasnost, uskorenie, and demokratizatsiya. This involved restructuring the political and economic system, increasing transparency, accelerating reforms, and democratizing. He faced opposition from conservatives and Boris Yeltsin. Glasnost allowed for greater freedom of expression and criticism, but also increased unrest in Soviet republics and satellite states. Reforms began to spread through Eastern Europe in 1989, with Solidarity gaining power in Poland and Hungary liberalizing under Soviet non-intervention.
The document summarizes the root causes, key events, and international response to the ongoing Ukraine crisis. It discusses how Russian opposition to Ukraine strengthening ties with the EU led to protests in Ukraine and the ousting of the Ukrainian president in 2014. This prompted Russia to invade and annex Crimea on the basis of protecting Russian citizens. The document outlines international sanctions imposed on Russia and their economic impacts. It also summarizes peace talks in Minsk and the agreements reached to establish ceasefires and decentralize power in eastern Ukraine.
This document discusses Russia's policy toward the separatist regions of eastern Ukraine. It argues that despite supporting the Minsk peace process publicly, Moscow's actions are strengthening the separatist entities and aiming to keep Ukraine unstable. Moscow has begun directly funding pensions and salaries in the separatist regions, signaling an intention to transform the conflict into a frozen conflict. However, observers note Russia may be considering various options and waiting to see how other international issues develop before determining its long-term strategy in eastern Ukraine. Full implementation of the Minsk agreements remains elusive.
The aim of the paper is to explore the cultural context of the conflict in
eastern Ukraine. From this perspective, the conflict in Donbas has to be seen not
only in the context of a political game, socio-economic transition and geopolitical
interests, but also in the light of a cultural conflict rooted in history. According to
Ukrainian researcher Mykola Riabchuk, Ukraine is divided, not between ethnic Russians and Ukrainians, but between two different types of Ukrainian identity. These
profound differences have been exacerbated by the events of the “Euromaidan” and,
subsequently, the violent conflict between the separatist forces of the self-declared
Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics on the one hand and the post-revolutionary
Ukrainian government on the other. This article focuses on how the cultural divisions
of Ukrainian society have been used since the beginning of Ukrainian independence
by the political elite as a tool of symbolic politics, contributing to the mass mobilization of Ukrainian society and the outbreak of a violent conflict.
Russia claims historical ties to Kievan Rus' but Ukraine, not Russia, is considered the ancestor state. Throughout history, Russia has attacked Ukraine in 8 military conflicts and seeks to restore its former Soviet empire. In 2014, Russia intervened in Crimea and wages an undeclared war in eastern Ukraine in an attempt to prevent the country from integrating with Europe. However, Russia's actions have undermined its claims of fighting fascism and nationalism in Ukraine. The document outlines Russia's aggression against Ukraine and other post-Soviet states over the past decades in its pursuit of regional dominance.
The document provides historical background on relations between Russia and Ukraine from the 10th century to present day. It details how parts of Ukraine were annexed by the Russian Empire over centuries and periods of Ukrainian independence. Tensions increased in the 20th century as Ukraine was brought under Soviet control, experiencing forced collectivization, famines, and crackdowns on Ukrainian nationalism. After the Soviet collapse, Ukraine declared independence but ethnic Russian populations in eastern regions and Crimea opposed this. The current conflict was triggered by Ukrainian protests in 2014 that led to a new pro-Western government, which Russia opposed by annexing Crimea and supporting separatists in eastern Ukraine. The document examines issues like demographics, sanctions, and arguments regarding Western involvement.
This document summarizes Soviet history from 1956 to 1981 under Khrushchev and Brezhnev. It discusses Khrushchev's promises of reform, his denouncement of Stalin in his "Secret Speech," and his eventual ousting from power in 1964. It then outlines Brezhnev's more conservative leadership approach and the emerging structural problems in the Soviet system as well as cultural changes, like the birth of Russian rock music, during this period of Soviet history.
The document provides background on the Ukraine crisis between Russia and the United States. It discusses the historical relationship between Russia and Ukraine, including Russia's domination of Ukraine from the 17th century onward. It also examines the economic impacts of the crisis on both Russia and Ukraine. The crisis began in 2013 after Ukraine moved away from Russia towards the EU, leading to protests. Russia then annexed Crimea and supported separatists in eastern Ukraine. This raised tensions between Russia and Western countries like the US. The document discusses the complex issues around the crisis and its long historical roots in the relationship between Russia and Ukraine.
The Soviet Union tightly controlled Eastern Europe after World War 2 by helping communist parties seize power and imposing economic policies. However, opposition arose in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, leading the Soviet Union to react with military force. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to stop East Germans fleeing to the West. In Poland, the Solidarity trade union movement challenged communist rule in the 1980s and contributed to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union weakened its control over Eastern Europe and enabled democratic transitions in 1989.
A short presentation on the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the third largest revolution in the world history.
The presentation contains mainly the issues regarded the time with images, no vast description.
KGB, Active Measures, Disinformation and SubversionPeter Hammond
Cheka
A term of terror in the Soviet Union, the KGB was the Committee for State Security of the Soviet Union. Initially it was named the Cheka (Emergency Committee) and founded 20 December 1917, by the instruction of Vladimir Lenin. The Cheka was established by Felix Dzerzhinsky. The Cheka was tasked by the Soviet Politburo with arresting, torturing and executing many tens-of-thousands of dissidents, deserters, reactionaries and counter revolutionaries.
NKVD and the GULAG
In 1922 the Cheka was renamed the NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs). The NKVD included the regular public police force of the USSR, including traffic police, border guards and archives. The NKVD is most notorious for running the GULAG forced labour camps, conducting mass extra-judicial executions, espionage, political assassinations and enforcing Stalinist policy within communist movements in other countries. GULAG was the acronym for Main Administration of Corrective Labour Camps.
Richard Nixon was elected president in 1968 and 1972, promising to end the Vietnam War and restore order. While he pursued détente with China and the USSR, the Watergate scandal erupted in 1973 over a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and the subsequent cover-up, implicating Nixon. Facing impeachment and certain conviction, Nixon resigned in 1974, the first US president to do so. The scandal undermined trust in the presidency and government.
- Russia and Ukraine were both formerly part of the USSR but it dissolved in 1991. Ukraine sought to join the EU and NATO which Russia opposed due to concerns about security and losing influence. This led to conflicts and Russia annexing Crimea in 2014 and supporting separatists in eastern Ukraine. Fighting has continued since then despite ceasefire attempts, severely impacting Ukraine and wider effects on food and fuel prices globally.
The fear of war is looming over Europe, is this World War 3 is the question in everyone's mind. Russia has amassed a huge number of troops on the border of Ukraine. The leaders of the Western countries (US, Germany, U.K. and Canada) have asked their citizens to immediately leave Ukraine.
This is the third lecture in a five year lecture series on Russian History. This lecture discussed the turnover in power from Gorbachev to Yelsin. It talks about Yelsin strong points and his problem areas and his place in History.
The document discusses two major revolts against the Bolsheviks in 1921 - the Tambov Rebellion and the Kronstadt Revolt. The Tambov Rebellion was a widespread peasant uprising in response to millions of deaths from starvation under War Communism. The Kronstadt Revolt involved sailors and soldiers rebelling against compulsory labor and the replacement of soviet influence with the Vesenkha ministry. The Politburo anticipated the rebels would be unhappy about political oppression, economic misery, and witnessing the dire situation in cities like Petrograd. After defeating an initial attack, Trotsky mobilized over 60,000 troops equipped with artillery to put down the Kronstadt Revolt over almost three weeks of fighting, executing around
A lecture introducing the Bronze Night revolution that occurred in Estonia. The event is what many scholars consider the first cyber warfare between nations.
The Cold War began in 1945 following World War II and lasted until the early 1990s. It was a state of political and military tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Each country saw the other as an ideological threat and sought to limit the other's influence through military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. This led to an arms race and space race between the two superpowers. The tensions eased in the late 1980s with reforms in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and the fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe, ultimately culminating in the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of the Cold War.
Class 12th
Political Science
Chapter 2
The End of Bipolarity
The things are explained in the completely and in better way.
It cover all the topics of NCERT Contemporary World Politics class 12
The PPT has been made under the guidance of an Political Science teacher
1 Title page
2 Berlin Wall
3 and 4 Some Important Leaders Of Soviet Union
5 What was soviet union
6 Merits of soviet union
7 Demerit of soviet union
8 On Verge of Stagnation
9 Gorbachev and the Disintegration
10 Common wealth of Independent State
11 to 18 why did soviet union disintegrate
19 to 22 Consequences of Disintegration of Soviet Union
23 to 26 shock therapy in post- communist regimes
27 Consequences of Shock Therapy
28 Tension and Conflicts
29 India and Post-Communist Country
30 to 34 During the world war era, India and the USSR enjoyed multi-dimensional relationship
35 thanks page
The document discusses the US involvement in the Vietnam War under President Lyndon B. Johnson. It describes how the US initially provided support to France in fighting communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh. It then escalated its own involvement throughout the 1960s despite growing domestic opposition, leading to the deployment of 500,000 troops by 1968. The Tet Offensive in early 1968 was a major turning point that turned US public opinion against the war and led to LBJ deciding not to seek re-election.
The document summarizes the breakup of the Soviet Union in 3 key points:
1. The USSR was a union of 15 republics formed in 1922 that dissolved in 1991 due to economic troubles, ethnic tensions between nationalities, and the liberalizing reforms of Gorbachev which weakened central control.
2. Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) relaxed censorship and aimed to transition to a market economy but had the unintended effect of empowering nationalist movements.
3. In 1991, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus signed an agreement dissolving the Soviet Union and forming the Commonwealth of Independent States, bringing the
Sec 5N Hist (Elec) Chapter 11: End of Cold WarWeng Lun Ho
The document discusses the reasons for the end of the Cold War. It identifies long term factors like American economic and military superiority as well as the decline of communist ideology and failure of the Soviet economy. Short term factors included the ascension of Mikhail Gorbachev as Soviet leader and his reforms of glasnost (openness), perestroika (restructuring) and foreign policy which reduced tensions. Gorbachev's reforms revealed problems and lost control of the economy. Ultimately this led to the end of Soviet control over Eastern Europe and the fall of the Berlin Wall, increased cooperation between superpowers, and the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
- The document discusses the ongoing crisis in Ukraine between Russia and Western allies like NATO. It provides background on Ukraine's history with Russia and desire to join Western alliances. Russia wants to prevent Ukraine from joining NATO and sees it as part of its sphere of influence. There are ongoing conflicts in eastern Ukraine and Crimea that Russia annexed in 2014. The document outlines Russia's demands to NATO and the West's responses, maintaining Ukraine's sovereignty but pursuing diplomacy to reduce tensions. Current status has Russia amassed over 100,000 troops near Ukraine as the crisis unfolds.
Ongoing Conflict in Eastern Ukraine.Henderson,OwenOwen Henderson
The ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine originated from the Soviet era population mixing of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in the industrial east. This has led to a divided country with the eastern regions leaning more towards Russia. Political upheaval in 2014 resulted in the overthrow of the pro-Russian government and Russia's annexation of Crimea. Since then, separatist movements backed by Russia have fought Ukrainian government forces for control of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, displacing over a million people. Ceasefires have failed to hold and the conflict has escalated, with disagreements over Russia's role and the potential for further international involvement.
The aim of the paper is to explore the cultural context of the conflict in
eastern Ukraine. From this perspective, the conflict in Donbas has to be seen not
only in the context of a political game, socio-economic transition and geopolitical
interests, but also in the light of a cultural conflict rooted in history. According to
Ukrainian researcher Mykola Riabchuk, Ukraine is divided, not between ethnic Russians and Ukrainians, but between two different types of Ukrainian identity. These
profound differences have been exacerbated by the events of the “Euromaidan” and,
subsequently, the violent conflict between the separatist forces of the self-declared
Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics on the one hand and the post-revolutionary
Ukrainian government on the other. This article focuses on how the cultural divisions
of Ukrainian society have been used since the beginning of Ukrainian independence
by the political elite as a tool of symbolic politics, contributing to the mass mobilization of Ukrainian society and the outbreak of a violent conflict.
Russia claims historical ties to Kievan Rus' but Ukraine, not Russia, is considered the ancestor state. Throughout history, Russia has attacked Ukraine in 8 military conflicts and seeks to restore its former Soviet empire. In 2014, Russia intervened in Crimea and wages an undeclared war in eastern Ukraine in an attempt to prevent the country from integrating with Europe. However, Russia's actions have undermined its claims of fighting fascism and nationalism in Ukraine. The document outlines Russia's aggression against Ukraine and other post-Soviet states over the past decades in its pursuit of regional dominance.
The document provides historical background on relations between Russia and Ukraine from the 10th century to present day. It details how parts of Ukraine were annexed by the Russian Empire over centuries and periods of Ukrainian independence. Tensions increased in the 20th century as Ukraine was brought under Soviet control, experiencing forced collectivization, famines, and crackdowns on Ukrainian nationalism. After the Soviet collapse, Ukraine declared independence but ethnic Russian populations in eastern regions and Crimea opposed this. The current conflict was triggered by Ukrainian protests in 2014 that led to a new pro-Western government, which Russia opposed by annexing Crimea and supporting separatists in eastern Ukraine. The document examines issues like demographics, sanctions, and arguments regarding Western involvement.
This document summarizes Soviet history from 1956 to 1981 under Khrushchev and Brezhnev. It discusses Khrushchev's promises of reform, his denouncement of Stalin in his "Secret Speech," and his eventual ousting from power in 1964. It then outlines Brezhnev's more conservative leadership approach and the emerging structural problems in the Soviet system as well as cultural changes, like the birth of Russian rock music, during this period of Soviet history.
The document provides background on the Ukraine crisis between Russia and the United States. It discusses the historical relationship between Russia and Ukraine, including Russia's domination of Ukraine from the 17th century onward. It also examines the economic impacts of the crisis on both Russia and Ukraine. The crisis began in 2013 after Ukraine moved away from Russia towards the EU, leading to protests. Russia then annexed Crimea and supported separatists in eastern Ukraine. This raised tensions between Russia and Western countries like the US. The document discusses the complex issues around the crisis and its long historical roots in the relationship between Russia and Ukraine.
The Soviet Union tightly controlled Eastern Europe after World War 2 by helping communist parties seize power and imposing economic policies. However, opposition arose in Hungary in 1956 and Czechoslovakia in 1968, leading the Soviet Union to react with military force. The Berlin Wall was built in 1961 to stop East Germans fleeing to the West. In Poland, the Solidarity trade union movement challenged communist rule in the 1980s and contributed to its decline. Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of glasnost and perestroika in the Soviet Union weakened its control over Eastern Europe and enabled democratic transitions in 1989.
A short presentation on the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the third largest revolution in the world history.
The presentation contains mainly the issues regarded the time with images, no vast description.
KGB, Active Measures, Disinformation and SubversionPeter Hammond
Cheka
A term of terror in the Soviet Union, the KGB was the Committee for State Security of the Soviet Union. Initially it was named the Cheka (Emergency Committee) and founded 20 December 1917, by the instruction of Vladimir Lenin. The Cheka was established by Felix Dzerzhinsky. The Cheka was tasked by the Soviet Politburo with arresting, torturing and executing many tens-of-thousands of dissidents, deserters, reactionaries and counter revolutionaries.
NKVD and the GULAG
In 1922 the Cheka was renamed the NKVD (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs). The NKVD included the regular public police force of the USSR, including traffic police, border guards and archives. The NKVD is most notorious for running the GULAG forced labour camps, conducting mass extra-judicial executions, espionage, political assassinations and enforcing Stalinist policy within communist movements in other countries. GULAG was the acronym for Main Administration of Corrective Labour Camps.
Richard Nixon was elected president in 1968 and 1972, promising to end the Vietnam War and restore order. While he pursued détente with China and the USSR, the Watergate scandal erupted in 1973 over a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and the subsequent cover-up, implicating Nixon. Facing impeachment and certain conviction, Nixon resigned in 1974, the first US president to do so. The scandal undermined trust in the presidency and government.
- Russia and Ukraine were both formerly part of the USSR but it dissolved in 1991. Ukraine sought to join the EU and NATO which Russia opposed due to concerns about security and losing influence. This led to conflicts and Russia annexing Crimea in 2014 and supporting separatists in eastern Ukraine. Fighting has continued since then despite ceasefire attempts, severely impacting Ukraine and wider effects on food and fuel prices globally.
The fear of war is looming over Europe, is this World War 3 is the question in everyone's mind. Russia has amassed a huge number of troops on the border of Ukraine. The leaders of the Western countries (US, Germany, U.K. and Canada) have asked their citizens to immediately leave Ukraine.
This is the third lecture in a five year lecture series on Russian History. This lecture discussed the turnover in power from Gorbachev to Yelsin. It talks about Yelsin strong points and his problem areas and his place in History.
The document discusses two major revolts against the Bolsheviks in 1921 - the Tambov Rebellion and the Kronstadt Revolt. The Tambov Rebellion was a widespread peasant uprising in response to millions of deaths from starvation under War Communism. The Kronstadt Revolt involved sailors and soldiers rebelling against compulsory labor and the replacement of soviet influence with the Vesenkha ministry. The Politburo anticipated the rebels would be unhappy about political oppression, economic misery, and witnessing the dire situation in cities like Petrograd. After defeating an initial attack, Trotsky mobilized over 60,000 troops equipped with artillery to put down the Kronstadt Revolt over almost three weeks of fighting, executing around
A lecture introducing the Bronze Night revolution that occurred in Estonia. The event is what many scholars consider the first cyber warfare between nations.
The Cold War began in 1945 following World War II and lasted until the early 1990s. It was a state of political and military tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union. Each country saw the other as an ideological threat and sought to limit the other's influence through military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. This led to an arms race and space race between the two superpowers. The tensions eased in the late 1980s with reforms in the Soviet Union under Gorbachev and the fall of communist governments in Eastern Europe, ultimately culminating in the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the end of the Cold War.
Class 12th
Political Science
Chapter 2
The End of Bipolarity
The things are explained in the completely and in better way.
It cover all the topics of NCERT Contemporary World Politics class 12
The PPT has been made under the guidance of an Political Science teacher
1 Title page
2 Berlin Wall
3 and 4 Some Important Leaders Of Soviet Union
5 What was soviet union
6 Merits of soviet union
7 Demerit of soviet union
8 On Verge of Stagnation
9 Gorbachev and the Disintegration
10 Common wealth of Independent State
11 to 18 why did soviet union disintegrate
19 to 22 Consequences of Disintegration of Soviet Union
23 to 26 shock therapy in post- communist regimes
27 Consequences of Shock Therapy
28 Tension and Conflicts
29 India and Post-Communist Country
30 to 34 During the world war era, India and the USSR enjoyed multi-dimensional relationship
35 thanks page
The document discusses the US involvement in the Vietnam War under President Lyndon B. Johnson. It describes how the US initially provided support to France in fighting communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh. It then escalated its own involvement throughout the 1960s despite growing domestic opposition, leading to the deployment of 500,000 troops by 1968. The Tet Offensive in early 1968 was a major turning point that turned US public opinion against the war and led to LBJ deciding not to seek re-election.
The document summarizes the breakup of the Soviet Union in 3 key points:
1. The USSR was a union of 15 republics formed in 1922 that dissolved in 1991 due to economic troubles, ethnic tensions between nationalities, and the liberalizing reforms of Gorbachev which weakened central control.
2. Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) relaxed censorship and aimed to transition to a market economy but had the unintended effect of empowering nationalist movements.
3. In 1991, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus signed an agreement dissolving the Soviet Union and forming the Commonwealth of Independent States, bringing the
Sec 5N Hist (Elec) Chapter 11: End of Cold WarWeng Lun Ho
The document discusses the reasons for the end of the Cold War. It identifies long term factors like American economic and military superiority as well as the decline of communist ideology and failure of the Soviet economy. Short term factors included the ascension of Mikhail Gorbachev as Soviet leader and his reforms of glasnost (openness), perestroika (restructuring) and foreign policy which reduced tensions. Gorbachev's reforms revealed problems and lost control of the economy. Ultimately this led to the end of Soviet control over Eastern Europe and the fall of the Berlin Wall, increased cooperation between superpowers, and the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
- The document discusses the ongoing crisis in Ukraine between Russia and Western allies like NATO. It provides background on Ukraine's history with Russia and desire to join Western alliances. Russia wants to prevent Ukraine from joining NATO and sees it as part of its sphere of influence. There are ongoing conflicts in eastern Ukraine and Crimea that Russia annexed in 2014. The document outlines Russia's demands to NATO and the West's responses, maintaining Ukraine's sovereignty but pursuing diplomacy to reduce tensions. Current status has Russia amassed over 100,000 troops near Ukraine as the crisis unfolds.
Ongoing Conflict in Eastern Ukraine.Henderson,OwenOwen Henderson
The ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine originated from the Soviet era population mixing of ethnic Russians and Ukrainians in the industrial east. This has led to a divided country with the eastern regions leaning more towards Russia. Political upheaval in 2014 resulted in the overthrow of the pro-Russian government and Russia's annexation of Crimea. Since then, separatist movements backed by Russia have fought Ukrainian government forces for control of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, displacing over a million people. Ceasefires have failed to hold and the conflict has escalated, with disagreements over Russia's role and the potential for further international involvement.
The document summarizes the origins and early events of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union. It discusses how tensions grew between the former World War 2 allies over the fate of liberated countries in Europe. This led to the USSR tightening control over Eastern Europe and installing communist governments, while the US sought to contain the spread of communism and support democratic states. The document outlines several early flashpoints like Iran, Turkey, and Greece, which demonstrated the emerging geopolitical rivalry that became the Cold War.
After World War 2, Europe and Asia were divided into Soviet and Western spheres of influence. Germany and Korea were divided at the 38th parallel, with the Soviets occupying the north of both countries and the US occupying the south. Borders in Eastern Europe were redrawn, with countries like Poland gaining territory as Soviet influence expanded westward. This division between communist and capitalist states marked the beginning of the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union.
"The Cold War was a period of heightened military and political tensions between the United States and its allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its allies on the other" - Staff Writer
After WWII, political and economic differences between the US and USSR led to increasing tensions and suspicion, launching the Cold War era of global rivalry between the two superpowers. The USSR sought to dominate Eastern Europe as a buffer zone, establishing communist puppet governments, while the US policy of containment aimed to prevent the spread of communism. This division was exemplified by the Berlin Blockade and Airlift, and the formation of opposing military alliances NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Meanwhile, China also fell to communist rule under Mao Zedong after years of civil war.
Putin's regime in Russia has become increasingly authoritarian in response to street protests and economic troubles. Three potential outcomes are described: 1) the rise of a fascist regime following the model of Ukraine, 2) a liberal revolution led by elites or grassroots groups, or 3) a liberalization initiated by Putin. For change to occur, a vision and leader need to emerge that can gain support from protesters and parts of the elite. Western policies should avoid short-term gains, support Russian activists, and make Ukraine an economic success to undermine Putin's propaganda.
Kievan Rus was the first eastern Slavic state centered in Ukraine during the 10th-11th centuries. It adopted Orthodox Christianity and traded along routes between the Baltic and Black Seas. However, it eventually disintegrated due to a lack of central government and was weakened by invasions. Ukraine gained independence in 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union but faced political and cultural instability as well as continued Russian influence. While some progress has been made, Ukraine struggles with corruption and a weak economy that hinder its development as a democratic state.
Kievan Rus was the first eastern Slavic state centered in Ukraine during the 10th-11th centuries. It adopted Orthodox Christianity and traded along routes between the Baltic and Black Seas. However, it eventually disintegrated due to a lack of central government and was weakened by invasions. Ukraine gained independence in 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union but faced political and cultural instability as well as continued Russian influence. While some progress has been made, Ukraine struggles with corruption and a weak economy that has yet to reach its potential.
Kievan Rus was the first eastern Slavic state centered in Ukraine during the 10th-11th centuries. It adopted Orthodox Christianity and traded along routes between the Baltic and Black Seas. However, it eventually disintegrated due to a lack of central government and was weakened by invasions. Ukraine gained independence in 1991 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union but faced political and cultural instability as well as continued Russian influence. While some progress has been made, Ukraine struggles with corruption and a weak economy that hinder its development as a democratic state.
Ukraine is a country located in Eastern Europe bordering the Black Sea and Sea of Azov. Its capital is Kiev and its president is Petro Poroshenko. In 2014, huge protests erupted in Kiev after the government abandoned plans to sign an agreement with the EU in favor of integrating more with Russia. This led to armed separatists seizing government buildings in Crimea and declaring allegiance to Russia, culminating in Crimea holding a referendum to join Russia which was condemned by the West as illegitimate. Ukraine's Azov Battalion has vowed to keep fighting until Ukrainian flags are raised over Crimea and the Donbass region.
The Russia-Ukraine war has been a longstanding and complex issue, rooted in historical tensions and geopolitical power struggles. The entire world was shocked on 24 Feb, 2022. I remember, it was Tuesday when news said Vladimir Putin claimed to commence a “special military operation”, thereby beginning a never-ending power clash or, in simpler terms, Russia Ukraine war. Want to know the backstory of what led to this war in Ukraine? Have a look at its in-depth analysis.
After WWII, the world saw the rise of the Cold War between the Western allies led by the US and the Eastern bloc led by the Soviet Union. Germany and Korea were divided, and tensions increased as the USSR exerted control over Eastern Europe. The US implemented the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to promote containment of communism. The early Cold War saw conflicts in Korea and escalating arms races. Meanwhile, former European colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence through both peaceful and violent means in the process of decolonization.
The Russia-Ukraine war has been a longstanding and complex issue, rooted in historical tensions and geopolitical power struggles. The entire world was shocked on 24 Feb, 2022. I remember, it was Tuesday when news said Vladimir Putin claimed to commence a “special military operation”, thereby beginning a never-ending power clash or, in simpler terms, Russia Ukraine war. Want to know the backstory of what led to this war in Ukraine? Have a look at its in-depth analysis.
After WWII, Europe and Asia were divided between communist and capitalist spheres of influence. The Soviet Union occupied Eastern Europe and established communist governments, while the US occupied Western Europe and Japan. This led to increasing tensions between the two sides, known as the Cold War. Key events included the division of Korea and Germany, the Berlin Blockade, the formation of NATO, and the space race between the US and USSR. The Cold War also impacted domestic policies in the US, including the creation of institutions like the CIA and strategies of containment of communism abroad.
After WWII, Europe and Asia were divided between communist and capitalist spheres of influence. Germany, Korea, and Vietnam were divided, and forced population transfers altered ethnic distributions. The USSR imposed communist rule in Eastern Europe against the will of many citizens. The US responded with containment policies like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan to counter Soviet expansion. This began the Cold War period characterized by proxy conflicts and an arms race between the US and USSR with nuclear threat.
Presentation about Egypt and Ukraine from 1950 to modern daysmax20050604
In this discussion, we explored the modern histories of Egypt and Ukraine from 1950 to 2024, comparing them with Europe and Africa during the same period. Egypt's history was marked by the 1952 Revolution, the leadership of Gamal Abdel Nasser, and the Camp David Accords, while Ukraine experienced Soviet influence, independence in 1991, and conflicts such as the Orange Revolution and Euromaidan protests. Both countries grappled with post-colonial challenges, Cold War dynamics, and aspirations for democracy and development. In contrast, Europe saw integration efforts, such as the formation of the EU, while Africa experienced decolonization movements and nation-building struggles. Despite common trends, Egypt's Arab identity and conflicts with Israel set it apart, while Ukraine's Soviet legacy and tensions with Russia shaped its trajectory. Through these comparisons, we gained insights into the diverse historical, cultural, and geopolitical factors influencing the modern evolution of these nations in their respective regions.
The origins of the Cold War began in 1945 due to differences in ideology between the Soviet Union and Western allies like the US and UK. The Soviets established communist control over Eastern Europe, while the West allied under NATO. Germany was divided, and tensions increased as both sides sought to prevent the other from gaining more global influence through espionage, the arms race, and competing economic systems. This division was symbolized by the Berlin Wall, erected in 1961 to stop East Berliners from fleeing to the West. Reforms under Gorbachev in the 1980s weakened Soviet control until the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, leading to German reunification and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, ending the Cold War.
Russia is a transcontinental country located in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It has a population of over 144 million and its capital and largest city is Moscow. Russia spans over 17 million square kilometers and has a diverse landscape that ranges from tundra and forests in the north to grasslands and deserts in the south. Throughout its history, Russia has been led by influential rulers like Ivan the Terrible, Peter the Great, and Catherine the Great, who expanded the territory of the state and transformed Russia into a major European power.
After WWII, the US and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers with opposing ideologies, leading to distrust and a rivalry known as the Cold War. Each sought to spread its political system and stockpiled weapons, and engaged in a space race for prestige. The division of influence created an "Iron Curtain" across Europe. In the late 1980s, reforms under Gorbachev and economic troubles in the Soviet Union weakened its control over Eastern Europe and led to the reunification of Germany. Ultimately, the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, bringing an end to the Cold War.
Similar to Ukraine and european security - Prof Sarah Birch (20)
Electoral systems and democratisation - Prof Sarah BirchChin-Huat Wong
1) Elections are often used by authoritarian leaders to maintain power while appearing legitimate, through manipulating electoral institutions, vote choice, and voting.
2) Electoral systems like first-past-the-post that magnify the winner's power and allow boundary manipulation are particularly convenient for authoritarians.
3) True democratization requires not just free elections but leaders willing to compromise and accept losing power, though elections typically must get worse before reforms lead to improved quality and accountability.
Beyond fraud in the electoral process, I invite the public to examine the greater flaws in the electoral system. Presented in a forum organised by Merdeka Centre.
Regional outlook forum 2013 10 january 2013Chin-Huat Wong
Presentation by Azrul Azwer, Chief Economist of Bank Islam which caused his suspension for predicting an opposition victory in the coming Malaysian elections.
Civil Society statement in solidarity with Azrul Azwer, Chief Economist of Bank Islam who is suspended for predicting an opposition victory in the coming elections in Malaysia.
Civil Society Statement In Solidarity with Azrul Azwer, Chief Economist of Bank Islam who was suspended for predicting an opposition victory in the coming elections.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
3. Ukraine as buffer between East and West
• Ukraine lies at the geographical heart of Europe
• But it is also lies on the border between the eastern and western
halves of the continent
• This is reflected in the name ‘U-kraïna’, which etymologically means
‘on the edge’
• This ‘edge’ can be seen in positive terms as a bridge; yet Ukraine has
often been a battleground between rival forces vying for control of
Europe.
4. A brief history of Ukraine
• Between the world wars, the Ukrainian lands were divided into eastern
Soviet Ukraine and western Ukraine controlled by Poland, Czechoslovakia
and Romania.
• During the 20th century, heavy industry was built up in Soviet Ukraine (coal,
steel), attracting ethnic Russians to settle, especially in the far east
• In 1944, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed western Ukraine, western
Belarus and the Baltic republics.
• At this point, Crimea was part of Soviet Russia.
• Following the Second World War, Stalin deported most of the Crimean
Tatars to Siberia, and their homes were seized by ethnic Russians, who
settled in great numbers in Crimea during the 10-year period between
1945 and 1954.
• In 1954 Crimea was transferred from Soviet Russia to Soviet Ukraine.
5. Ukrainian institutions
• In 1991-1992, the territory of Soviet Ukraine became an independent
state, as did the other 14 Soviet republics.
• Ukraine has a semi-presidential executive, with a president and a
prime minister
• The most recent parliamentary election was conducted under a
mixed-member (half PR, half FPTP) electoral system
• Ukraine is divided into 25 regions plus the Autonomous Republic of
Crimea. The regions have very little power, however.
• This institutional set-up means that whoever controls the presidency
has considerable control
6. Ethnicity in Ukraine
• Approximately 80% of citizens define themselves as ethnic Ukrainians
• Ethnic Russians are the largest minority (15%).
• Most Ukrainians are bilingual, though a substantial minority speak
Russian as their language of preference.
• Regional divisions define Ukrainian politics. There is a pro-Russian and
largely Russian-speaking east, a pro-European largely Ukrainian-
speaking west, with a large area in the middle that has ill-defined
identities and language use.
• Ethnic identity in Ukraine thus forms a continuum, which prevents
Ukraine from dividing politically along clear lines.
8. Regionalism and institutional centralisation: a
toxic mix
• Ukraine’s centralised institutions have given considerable power to
the president
• Regional political divides mean that party politics is dominated by
east-west divisions
• This means that one region is bound always to feel under-represented
in state institutions
• This gives an incentives to people from that region to use protest and
other extra-institutional means to voice their concerns
9. Corruption
• Corruption is one of the most significant political issues in Ukraine
• Ukraine became very corrupt in the post-Soviet period, as state assets
were privatised via dubious means.
• Anti-corruption sentiment has been behind a number of protest
movements since independence, including the movement that
culminated in the so-called Orange Revolution of 2004, when
egregious electoral fraud sparked mass popular demonstration which
led the election to be re-run.
10. Viktor Yanukovych
• Viktor Yanukovych, of the eastern-based Party of Regions, was the
(ultimately) unsuccessful presidential candidate in 2004.
• Yanukovych won a relatively fair election in 2010, however.
• His period in office was characterised by a marked increase in
corruption, with members of Yanukovych’s immediate family as
beneficiaries.
• Yanukovych wavered between pro-Western and pro-Russian policies.
• In 2013, a wave of protest was mounted against Yanukovych’s last-
minute decision to abandon plans for an association agreement with
the European Union, following intense pressure from Russia.
11. The ‘Euromaidan’
• Following European tradition, the demonstrators camped out in Kiev’s
central Independence Square. Their encampment was largely non-
violent.
• Like most protests movements the ‘Euromaidan’ protest included
small numbers of more radical elements with undemocratic views.
• The protesters’ demands were initially focused on the EU Association
agreement, but they soon widened to include other aspects of
Yanukovych’s rule, including most prominently corruption
13. The protest turns violent
• Promised negotiations over the protestors’ demands did not materialise
• A law was introduced effectively banning demonstration by the opposition
• The protestors became radicalised and some of them decided to resort to
violence, which resulted in violent retaliation from the police, who killed 5
protestors on 22 January
• 18-20 February: Yanukovych sent in the riot police to clear the Maidan; the
protestors resisted with improvised weapons and burning barricades.
• The police and the protestors clashed repeatedly, leaving 88 dead
(including 16 policemen).
15. Yanukovych flees following agreement
• On 21 February Yanukovych tried unsuccessfully to mobilise the army
to act against the protests.
• The foreign ministers of Poland, France and Germany brokered a
compromise on under which there would be early elections,
constitutional reforms and a temporary coalition government.
• Yanukovych had 48 hours in which to implement the agreement,
however, on the very night it was signed, he fled Kiev.
• He failed to make contact with members of the Ukrainian parliament
or government and the result was a leadership vacuum.
16. Parliament confirms new government
• The following evening, the Ukrainian parliament invoked a provision
in the constitution under which if a president is unable to fulfil his
duties, he can be replaced by an acting president.
• This was done peacefully by a two-thirds majority.
• Acting president Oleksandr Turchinov was appointed and presidential
elections called for May. The Party of the Regions disowned
Yanukovych.
• The government was replaced by a coalition government made up of
centrist and right-wing parties.
17. The aftermath of the revolution
• There was mass euphoria at the downfall of Yanukovych, whose
regime was unpopular throughout the country due to its excessive
corruption.
• Ukraine came out of this revolution far stronger, as it was for the first
time united, with the exception of Crimea and the partial exception of
Eastern Ukraine.
• Ukraine’s high level of centralisation and the centralising institution of
the president meant that almost all power was now in control of a
government with which many in the east felt little affinity.
18. The Russian reaction
• The new government was perceived by Russia as a threat to its vision
of Ukraine as a strategic buffer.
• The Russian economy has suffered in recent years, and President
Putin has been threatened with mass protests.
• Putin’s control over Russia and Russia’s role as a regional power have
thus both been under strain recently.
• Russian’s actions in Ukraine can be seen as a defensive move by Putin
to shore up his flagging strength and slow Russia’s decline as a world
power.
19. Russia occupies Crimea
• Russia occupied Crimea in contravention of the 1994 Budapest accords, in
which Ukraine agreed to renounce its nuclear weapons in exchange for
Russian guarantees that it would respect Ukraine’s territorial integrity.
• The seizure of Crimea could quite well not have been Putin’s plan. Crimea
lacks its own water supply. Crimea was also heavily subsidised by the
government in Kiev.
• The occupation of Crimea has alienated Russia from the West and drawn
Ukraine closer to Western powers.
• The Russian economy has, by contrast, suffered considerably.
• The only positive outcome for Putin of the occupation of Crimea was that
Putin’s own popularity ratings rose.
20. Russian efforts to destabilise eastern Ukraine
• Following the occupation of Crimea, Russia began to destabilise
eastern Ukraine, sending undercover members of its military
intelligence, mercenaries and other volunteers to foment unrest.
• This has led so far to 300+ deaths.
• Ukrainian efforts to quell the unrest are ongoing, though there are
still some areas of the east that are under the control of insurgents.
• Following the election of president Petro Poroshenko on 25 May on
55% of the vote, the new Ukrainian government is beginning to
consolidate its grip on power and bring order to the country.
21. Assessment of the revolution and its
aftermath
• Russia may have won the battle in Crimea, but it has lost this war, as
it has lost the hearts and minds of virtually all the Ukrainian
population, and it has not achieved any of its initial goals.
• In many ways, Ukraine is in a stronger situation, having asserted its
sovereignty and autonomy, having reaffirmed its identity and having
established considerable support and ties with the West, including
the association agreement which began this episode last autumn.
• The ongoing insurgency in the east remains a geopolitical problem,
however
22. Ukraine and European security
• Ukraine is now far more democratic and far more pro-Western than it has
been since it gained independence in 1991, bolstering European security.
• Russia’s aggression and disregard for international law has given NATO a
new lease on life and caused it to move back toward its initial purpose.
• The confrontation has left the European Union somewhat divided and has
put question marks over the possibility of a real European security policy.
• The confrontation has divided the non-Western world: many people across
the globe are glad to see a state stand up to the West; at the same time,
many smaller states are also dismayed at the erosion of international rule
of law, and by Russia’s blatant disregard for Ukraine’s sovereignty.
23. Question marks over state integrity?
• It is unclear that other European states are at greater risk of breaking
up as a result of recent events in Ukraine, as the threats to Ukraine’s
territorial integrity are external
• Russia is unlikely to invade many European states in the way that it
has invaded Ukraine. Russia already controls parts of Moldova and
Georgia, but it is unlikely to seek to extend its control, as there is
little to be gained in doing so.
• No other European powers would emulate Russian aggression
• Secessionist movements in Catalonia and Scotland have a very
different character, as they have a wide domestic support base.