After WWII, political and economic differences between the US and USSR led to increasing tensions and suspicion, launching the Cold War era of global rivalry between the two superpowers. The USSR sought to dominate Eastern Europe as a buffer zone, establishing communist puppet governments, while the US policy of containment aimed to prevent the spread of communism. This division was exemplified by the Berlin Blockade and Airlift, and the formation of opposing military alliances NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Meanwhile, China also fell to communist rule under Mao Zedong after years of civil war.

1. Chapter 26 : Cold War Conflicts
Unit 5: World War II and Its Aftermath

2. Section 1: Origins of the Cold War
Chapter 26: Cold War Conflicts Unit

3. ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
• After being Allies
during WWII, the U.S.
and U.S.S.R. soon
viewed each other
with increasing
suspicion
• Their political
differences created a
climate of icy tension
that plunged the two
countries into an era
of bitter rivalry known
as the Cold War
The Cold War would dominate
global affairs from 1945 until the
breakup of the USSR in 1991

4. ECONOMICAL/POLITICAL
DIFFERENCES
• At the heart of the tension was a
fundamental difference in political
systems
• Economic
• Soviet Union: Communism—government
controlled all property and economic
activity
• U.S.: Capitalist (Mixed Economy) system
had private citizens controlling almost all
economic activity
• Political
• Soviet Union: Communist Party
established totalitarian government with
no opposing parties
• U.S.: Democracy—politics controlled by
the people using the vote and selecting
from politicians from different political
parties
Soviets viewed Marx, Engels
and Lenin as founders of
Communism

6. SUSPICIONS DEVELOPED
DURING THE WAR
• Animosity had existed prior to the war and only grew
during the war
• Stalin resented:
• the Western Allies meeting without him (Atlantic Charter)
• the Western Allies delay in attacking the Germans in Europe
and drawing some heat away from the Russian front
(Stalingrad)
• that they had sacrificed the most thus had won the war for
the allies
• the U.S. keeping its atomic bomb a secret
• U.S. resented:
• that the Soviets were once allied with Hitler
• that they stood for a political system that looked to overthrow
all capitalist/democratic countries

8. THE UNITED NATIONS
PROVIDES HOPE
• Hopes for world peace were high
at the end of the war—The most
visible symbol of these hopes
was the United Nations (U.N.)
• On April 25, 1945, the
representatives of 50 nations
met in San Francisco to establish
the United Nations (UN)
• In July 1945, when the Senate
ratified the Charter by a vote of
89 to 2, the United States
became the first nation to join
the UN
• On October 24, 1945, the UN
officially came into existence and
established its headquarters in
New York City

9. United Nations headquarters in New York City. The Secretariat tower is on the left, with the Conference
Building in front of it and the General Assembly building, with its sloping roof, to the right.
United Nations (UN)

10. United Nations (UN)
• The General Assembly included all
member nations
• The Security Council addresses
military and political problems and
has the power to veto any action
proposed by the General Assembly
• The 15-member Security Council
includes:
• 5 permanent members (United
States, the Soviet Union, Britain,
France, and China)
• 10 rotating elected members
• African: 3 members
• Asian: 2 members
• Latin American and Caribbean: 2
members
• Western European: 2 members
• Eastern European: 1 member

11. Country Regional bloc(s) Ambassador
Belgium Western Europe and Other Johan Verbeke
Burkina Faso Africa Michel Kafando
Costa Rica Latin America and
Caribbean
Croatia Eastern Europe
Indonesia Asia Marty Natalegawa
Italy Western Europe and Other Marcello Spatafora
Libya Africa, Arab
Panama Latin America and
Caribbean
Ricardo Alberto Arias
South Africa Africa Dumisani Kumalo
Vietnam Asia

14. SOVIETS DOMINATE EASTERN EUROPE
• The Soviet Union
suffered an
estimated 20 million
WWII deaths, half
of whom were
civilian
• As a result they felt
justified in their
claim to Eastern
Europe
• Furthermore, they
felt they needed
Eastern Europe as a
buffer (area of land
between you and
your enemy) against
future German
aggression

15. “IRON CURTAIN”
• Europe and the world was
now dividing into to political
philosophies
• Eastern Europe—communism
• Western Europe—
capitalism/democracy
• In a 1946 speech, Churchill
said, “An iron curtain has
descended across the
continent”
• The phrase “iron curtain”
came to stand for the
division of Europe
Churchill, right, in Fulton,
Missouri delivering his “iron
curtain” speech, 1946

16. STALIN INSTALLS PUPPET
GOVERNMENTS
• Stalin installed “satellite”
nations—communist
governments in the Eastern
European countries
• Albania, Bulgaria,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Romania, Yugoslavia and
East Germany
• This after promising “free
elections” for Eastern Europe
at the Yalta Conference
• Staling purges satellite
nations—Purge: Forced
removal of people thought to
be disloyal
• Soviets interfered with
elections to insure communist
winner
• Soviets also removed factories,
transportation equipment, and
machinery to restore their own
In a 1946 speech, Stalin said communism
and capitalism were incompatible – and
another war was inevitable

18. Post-Soviet states in alphabetical order: 1. Armenia; 2.
Azerbaijan; 3. Belarus; 4. Estonia; 5. Georgia; 6. Kazakhstan; 7.
Kyrgyzstan; 8. Latvia; 9. Lithuania; 10. Moldova; 11. Russia; 12.
Tajikistan; 13. Turkmenistan; 14. Ukraine; 15. Uzbekistan

19. U.S. ESTABLISHES A POLICY OF
CONTAINMENT
• Faced with the Soviet threat,
Truman decided it was time to
“stop babying the Soviets”
• In February 1946, George
Kennan, an American diplomat
in Moscow, proposed a policy of
containment
• U.S. policy of containment—
measures to prevent spread of
communism
• This policy was based on the
belief that foreign policy goals of
Soviet leaders included
conquering other nations—not
simply the securing of their own
borders

20. Iron Curtain
cartoon,
1946

21. Cold War
• The Cold War was formed:
represented the conflict between
the U.S. and U.S.S.R. from 1945
to 1991—no direct confrontation
occurred
• The phrase was coined by Walter
Lippman, a newspaper columnist,
published a book on containment
called The Cold War

22. THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE
• The American policy of
“containment” soon expanded
into a policy known as the
Truman Doctrine”
• This doctrine, first used in
Greece and Turkey in the late
1940s, vowed to provide aid
(money & military supplies) to
support “free peoples who are
resisting outside pressures”
• done to prevent to stop the
spread of communism
• Soviet-supported guerrillas
from taking control of
countries
• Was This policy was a
departure from the US policy of

23. THE MARSHALL PLAN
• Post-war Europe was devastated
economically—factories had been
destroyed and resources had been used
in the name of war
• In an effort to help countries and keep
them from being persuaded of
Communism, Secretary of State George
Marshall proposed the a U.S. aid
package—the Marshall Plan
• American Recovery Plan—aid in the form
of money, supplies, and machinery that
would help to end Europe’s “hunger,
poverty, desperation, and chaos”
• 16 countries accepted and received
more than $13 billion in aid
• Western Europe began to recover and
Communism lost its appeal to voters
here
• Eastern Europe was forced by the Soviet
Union to decline the offer and continued
to struggle
The Marshall Plan
helped Western Europe
recover economically

24. Marshall
Plan aid
sent to
European
countries

25. Marshall
Aid
cartoon,
1947

26. SUPERPOWERS STRUGGLE OVER
GERMANY
• At the end of the war,
Germany was divided
among the Allies into four
zones for the purpose of
occupation
• The U.S, France, and Great
Britain decided to combine
their 3 zones into one zone
– West Germany and West
Berlin
• USSR was upset by this and
sought to occupy all of
Berlin
• It attempted to do this by
isolating West Berlin from
West Germany—1948, Stalin
closes highway, rail routes
into West Berlin (Berlin
Blockade)

28. BERLIN AIRLIFT – 1948
• When the Berlin
Blockade began, the
2.1 million residents
of West Berlin had
only enough food for
five weeks, resulting
in a dire situation
• Not wanting to
invade and start a
war with the Soviets,
America and Britain
started the Berlin
airlift to fly supplies
into West Berlin
Like the whole of Germany, the
city of Berlin was divided into
four zones

29. AMERICA & BRITAIN AIRLIFT
SUPPLIES TO WEST BERLIN
• Berlin airlift—Britain
and U.S. flew supplies
(food, medicine,
clothing, raw materials,
and fuel) into West
Berlin
• For 327 days, planes
took off and landed
every few minutes,
around the clock
• In 277,000 flights, they
brought in 2.3 million tons
of supplies

30. SOVIETS LIFT BLOCKADE
• Realizing they were
beaten and suffering a
public relations
nightmare, the Soviets
lifted their blockade in
May, 1949
On Christmas 1948, the plane crews
brought gifts to West Berlin

31. NATO FORMED
• The Berlin blockade
increased Western Europe’s
fear of Soviet aggression
• As a result, ten West
European nations joined the
U.S and Canada on April 4,
1949 to form a defensive
alliance known as the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization
• NATO was based on
collective security, an
agreement by which “an
armed attack against one or
more of them in Europe or
north America shall be
considered an attack against
them all”
The NATO flag

32. Warsaw Pact
• Soviet Union’s counter to
NATO was Warsaw Pact
• U.S.-Soviet relations thawed
after Stalin’s death in 1953
• West Germany’s entry into
NATO scared Soviets (no
Buffer Zone from NATO)
• Form Warsaw Pact—military
alliance with 7 Eastern
European countries—was an
alliance of the Soviet Union
and its satellite countries:
• Soviet Union, East Germany,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary,
Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, and
Albania

34. Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up
Chapter 26: Cold War Conflicts Unit

35. China Becomes a Communist Country
• For two decades, Chinese
communists had struggled
against the nationalist
government of Chiang Kai-
Shek
• The U.S. supported Chiang
and gave the Nationalist
Party $3 billion in aid during
WWII
• U.S. supports Chiang, but
his government are
inefficient and corrupt
• However, Mao Zedong’s
Communist Party in China
was strong
• Mao Zedong: leader of
Communist China
• Peasants flock to Red Army
and by 1945 the communists
control north China

36. CHINESE CIVIL WAR: 1944-1947
• After Japan left China at the end of the War, Chinese
Nationalists and Communists fought a bloody civil war
• 1944–47, the U.S. sent military aid to Nationalists to
oppose communism
• U.S. eventually cut down on aid because Marshall felt it was
more important to spend the limited foreign-aid resources of
the U.S. on saving Western Europe from Stalin
• In 1949, Kai-shek (Nationalists) and his army were
forced off the mainland to Taiwan and a few other small
islands
• Chiang and the Nationalists fled China to neighboring
Taiwan (Formosa)
• Mao and Communist established the People’s Republic
of China
• U.S. does not recognize Communist Chinese government
MAO
China: Renewed Civil War

37. Chinese Nationalist in Taiwan (Formosa)
• In 1949, Chiang Kai-shek and other
Nationalist leaders retreated to the
island of Taiwan, which lies about 100
miles off the southeast coast of the
Chinese mainland.
• There the United States helped set up a
Nationalist government—the Republic of
China. From 1949 through the 1960s, the
United States poured millions of dollars
of aid into the Taiwanese economy.
• During the 1970s, a number of nations,
including the United States, decided to
end diplomatic relations with Taiwan and
established ties with Communist China.
• With the collapse of Soviet communism
in the early 1990s, relations between
Taiwan and the United States improved.
In 2001, the United States sold weapons
to Taiwan to bolster the island nation's
defense system.

39. America Reacts to Communist Takeover
• U.S. public stunned by Communist
takeover
• Conservatives blame Truman for not
sending enough aid:
• if it is important in Europe, why not in
Asia?
• Many believed containment had failed
and communism was expanding
• American fear of communism and
communist expansion was increasing

40. Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

41. The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953
A Divided Country
• 38th parallel (38º N latitude) divides Japanese
surrender in Korea
• North of 38th parallel surrenders to U.S.S.R.;
south to U.S.
• Republic of Korea (Democratic), Democratic
People’s Republic of Korea (Communist)
founded
Republic of Korea
• Usually called South Korea
• Syngman Rhee was head of South Korea
• Capital established in traditional capital of
Seoul
• U.S. recognized the South Korean
Republic as the government of all of Korea
General Douglas MacArthur and Dr.
Syngman Rhee, Korea's first
President, warmly greet one
another.

42. The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

43. North Korea prepares for War
• U.S. viewed Korea as outside the defense
perimeter and pull out most of its troops
• As a result, Soviets were convinced the
U.S. would not fight to defend South Korea
• Soviets prepared to back North Korea with
tanks, airplanes and money in an attempt
to take entire peninsula
North Korea Attacks South Korea
• June 25, 1950—North Korea invades
South, begins Korean War
• South Korea calls on UN to stop invasion
• Security Council approves (USSR not there
in protest over the presence of Nationalist
China [Taiwan] thus could not veto the plan
of military action).
The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

44. Douglas MacArthur Commands
UN Forces
• 16 nations sent some 520,000 troops to
aid South Korea (90% U.S. troops)
• South Korea had 590,000 troops
• MacArthur put in command of UN forces
(South Korean, U.S., other forces)
North Korea pushes UN to the
perimeter of Pusan
• MacArthur visited Eighth Army
commander Walton Walker. A witness
said that MacArthur told Walker, "There
will be no Dunkirk in this command. To
retire to Pusan will be unacceptable."
The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

45. Inchon
• In September, 1950—MacArthur
launched surprise amphibious landing
behind enemy lines at Inchon
• The Americans quickly gained control of
Inchon, recaptured Seoul within days,
and cut the North Korean supply lines.
• Trapped, about half of the North Korean
troops surrendered
• UN troops chased the retreating North
Koreans across the 38th parallel into
North Korea
The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

48. Chinese Fight Back
• By November 1950, the UN troops were
approaching the Yalu River valley and
Korea looked as though it would be one
country again
• China warned MacArthur that they
would not stand idly by and “let the
Americans come to the border”
• However, UN troops continued to push
North Korean troops back to the
Chinese border, the Yalu River
• In late November 1950, 300,000
Chinese troops crossed the border to
aid North Korea
How might the world be different if the Chinese
had not entered the war and Korea became one
country?
The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

49. Stalemate
• By early January 1951, all UN and
South Korean troops had been pushed
out of North Korea.
• The Chinese advanced to the south,
capturing the South Korean capital,
Seoul.
• For two years, the two sides fought
bitterly to obtain strategic positions in
the Korean hills, but neither side was
able to make important advances.
• By April 1951, UN had retaken Seoul
and had moved back up to the 38th
parallel.
• The situation was just what it had been
before the fighting
The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

50. A Personal Voice:
Beverly Scott
• “Our trenches . . .were only about
20 meters in front of theirs. We
were eyeball to eyeball. . . .We
couldn’t move at all in the daytime
without getting shot at. Machine-
gun fire would come in, grenades,
small-arms fire, all from within
spitting distance. It was like
World War I. We lived in a maze
of bunkers and deep trenches. . .
There were bodies strewn all over
the place. Hundreds of bodies. . .
—quoted in No Bugles, No Drums: Oral History of the Korean War
The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

51. MacArthur Recommends
Attacking China
• MacArthur called for the use of
nuclear weapons against Chinese
cities
• Truman rejected MacArthur’s
request
• Truman knew the Soviet Union
had a mutual-assistance pact with
China and that attacking China
would probably set off World War
III
• MacArthur, confident his views
were right, went above Truman’s
head to newspaper and magazine
publishers as well as Republican
leaders
The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

53. Truman fires MacArthur
• On April 11, 1951, Truman made the
shocking announcement that he had
fired MacArthur
• Americans were outraged over their
hero’s downfall (69% of Americans
backed General MacArthur)
• New York City gave MacArthur a
tickertape parade and Congress asked
for him to address them (an honor
usually awarded only to heads of
governments)
• In his closing remarks to Congress,
MacArthur said, “Old soldiers never die,
they just fade away”
Truman Vindicated
• Congressional committee agreed with
Truman’s dismissal of MacArthur
• Public opinion eventually swung in
Truman’s favor
The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

57. Settling for Stalemate
• On June 23, 1951, the Soviet Union unexpectedly suggested a cease-fire
• Truce talks began in July 1951
• Finally, in July 1953 an armistice was signed
•Location of the cease-fire line at the existing battle line
•Establishment of a demilitarized zone between the opposing sides
Effects of Korean War on US
• 54,000 Americans lost their lives
• U.S. spent $67 billion on the war
• War (its lack of success, death toll, and price) led to disfavoring of the
Democratic Party in the 1952 election
• Help increase fear of communist aggression and prompted a hunt for
Americans who might be blamed for the communist gains
Korea Today: Still Split into North Korea and South Korea
• South Korea is booming economically, while North Korea (still
communist) struggles with severe shortages of food and energy
• Periodically, discussion about reuniting the two countries resume.
The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

58. The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

59. The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

61. • Korean War Veterans Memorial
• The memorial is a circle intersected by a triangle. Visitors approaching the
memorial come first to the triangular Field of Service. Here, a group of 19
stainless-steel statues, created by World War II veteran Frank Gaylord,
depicts a squad on patrol and evokes the experience of American ground
troops in Korea. Strips of granite and scrubby juniper bushes suggest the
rugged Korean terrain, while windblown ponchos recall the harsh weather.
This symbolic patrol brings together members of the U.S. Air Force, Army,
Marines, and Navy; the men portrayed are from a variety of ethnic
backgrounds.
• A granite curb on the north side of the statues lists the 22 countries of the
United Nations that sent troops or gave medical support in defense of
South Korea. On the south side is a black granite wall. Its polished surface
mirrors the statues, intermingling the reflected images with the faces
etched into the granite. The etched mural is based on actual photographs
of unidentified American soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines.
• The adjacent Pool of Remembrance, encircled by a grove of trees, provides
a quiet setting. Numbers of those killed, wounded, missing in action, and
held prisoner-of-war are etched in stone nearby. Opposite this counting of
the war's toll another granite wall bears a message inlaid in silver:
Freedom Is Not Free.
The Korean War
June 25, 1950 to July 27, 1953

62. Korean War Veterans Memorial

63. Korean War Veterans Memorial

64. Korean War Veterans Memorial

65. Korean War Veterans Memorial

66. Korean War Veterans Memorial

67. Section 3:
Chapter 26: Cold War Conflicts Unit

68. American Sentiments
• Communist
takeover of
Eastern Europe
and China fueled
fear of its spread
• 100,000 in U.S.
part of the
Communist Party
and many feared
this meant they
might be loyal to
U.S.S.R.

69. Loyalty Program
• March 1947, Truman
instituted a Loyalty
Program
• required loyalty oaths and
background investigations
on persons deemed to be:
• holding party membership in
organizations that
advocated violent and anti-
democratic programs
• U.S. Supreme Court
decision of Garner v. Los
Angeles Board (hearing
about loyalty oaths)—
court upheld the use of
loyalty oaths

70. Garner v. Los Angeles Board
• A loyalty oath usually had wording something along the following
which is taken from the U.S. Supreme Court decision of Garner v.
Los Angeles Board (hearing about loyalty oaths):
• "I further swear (or affirm) that I do not advise, advocate or teach,
and have not within the period beginning five (5) years prior to the
effective date of the ordinance requiring the making of this oath or
affirmation, advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by force,
violence or other unlawful means, of the Government of the United
States of America or of the State of California and that I am not now
and have not, within said period, been or become a member of or
affiliated with any group, society, association, organization or party
which advises, advocates or teaches, or has, within said period,
advised, advocated or taught, the overthrow by force, violence or other
unlawful means of the Government of the United States of America, or
of the State of California. I further swear (or affirm) that I will not,
while I am in the service of the City of Los Angeles, advise, advocate or
teach, or be or become a member of or affiliated with any group,
association, society, organization or party which advises, advocates or
teaches, or has within said period, advised, advocated or taught, the
overthrow by force, violence or other unlawful means, of the
Government of the United States of America or of the State of
California . . . .

71. Loyalty Review Board
• Truman accused of being soft on
Communism
• Set up Federal Employee Loyalty
Program to investigate employees
• From 1947 to 1951, loyalty boards
investigated 3.2 million and only dismissed
212
• An additional 2,900 resigned because they
did not want to be investigated or felt that it
violated their constitutional rights

72. The House Un-American Activities Committee
• House Un-American Activities
Committee (HUAC) was set up to
investigate communist influence
inside and outside the U.S.
government
• HUAC investigated Communist
influence in movie industry—believing
Communist were sneaking propaganda
into films.
• 43 people were subpoenaed from
Hollywood, only ten refuse to testify.

74. Communism in Hollywood
• Hollywood Ten
• Hollywood Ten refused to
cooperate because they believed
the hearings were
unconstitutional—they were sent to
prison
• Blacklist
• In response to the hearings,
Hollywood executives created a
blacklist—people on the list were
believed to have Communist ties
and were not offered jobs—
approximately 500 actors, writers,
producers, and directors
• Paul Robeson
• singer and actor who refused to
sign an affidavit indicating
whether he had ever been a
member of the Communist Party
• State Department revoked his
passport for eight years—he was
unable to perform abroad and was
blacklisted at home dropping his
income from $150,000 a year to
$3,000 a year

75. The McCarran Act
• This Act made it
unlawful to plan
action that might
lead to
totalitarianism
• Truman vetoed
the act saying
that it violated
free thought; but
Congress over-rid
the veto

76. Spy Cases Stun the Nation—Alger Hiss
• HUAC investigated Alger Hiss, high-ranking State department
official, accused of spying for the Soviet Union
• Whittaker Chambers, a former member of the Communist Party,
testified that Hiss had given him secret documents that were pass
on to the Soviets
• Hiss denied the charges, but persistent questioning by HUAC
member Richard Nixon revealed apparent inconsistencies in Hiss’s
testimony
• When Hiss sued Chambers for slander, Chambers produced
microfilmed copies of documents he had kept hidden in a pumpkin at
home
• So-called pumpkin papers revealed evidence that indicated Hiss had
lied to the HUAC
• Too many years had passed to convict for espionage, so Hiss
was convicted of perjury, or lying under oath, and sentenced to
five years in prison
• Congressman Richard Nixon (a member of HUAC) gained fame
for pursuing charges

78. Spy Cases Stun the Nation—
Rosenbergs
• In 1949, the Soviets exploded an
atomic bomb—3 to 5 years sooner
than expected which caused
people to believe secrets had been
leaked
• Physicist Klaus Fuchs admits
giving information about U.S.
bomb
• Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, minor
Communist Party activists, were
implicated in the Fuschs case
• They were found guilty and
sentenced to death—Supreme
Court upholds conviction
• In pronouncing their sentence,
Judge Irving Kaufman declared
their crime “worse than murder”
• In 1997, information released by
Russia confirmed Julius’
involvement and confirmed that
Ethel was a spy but that she was
not directly involved in the Fuchs
case

80. McCarthy’s Tactics
• Senator Joseph McCarthy, republican from Wisconsin,
was a strong anti-Communist activist
• During his first thee years in office, he had gained a
reputation as an ineffective legislator and he decided he
would need an issue to win reelection
• McCarthyism—use of indiscriminate, unfound political
accusations to destroy or assassinate the character of
one’s opponent (McCarthy accused people of being
Communist without evidence to prove it)
• McCarthy claimed that their was anywhere between 57 and
205 Communists in the State Department—despite never
producing a name
• accused the Democratic party of “twenty years of treason”
• said he had a list of elite US citizens who were communist
• Few Republicans speak out against not wanting to be on
the wrongs side because they believe he has winning
strategy for the 1952 elections

81. McCarthy’s Downfall
• In 1954, McCarthy
accuses members of
the U.S. Army which
resulted in televised
Senate investigations
• Televised hearings
show him bullying
witnesses with no
evidence
• McCarthy loses the
public support and the
Senate condemned him
for improper conduct
• McCarthy died three
years later—an
alcoholic and broke

82. Other Anti-Communist Measures
• States, towns forbid speech favoring violent
overthrow of government
• Millions forced to take loyalty oaths and are
investigated
• People become afraid to speak out on public
issues
• In experiments run by newspapers, pedestrians on the
street refused to sign petitions that quoted the
Declaration of Independence because they were afraid
the ideas were communist
• Accusations in government continued: Senator
Robert A. Taft of Ohio claimed State
Department was “riddled with subversives”
• Subversives—Individuals attempting to overthrow the
government

83. Anti-
Communist
propagand
a during
McCarthy
era

84. Section 4:
Chapter 26: Cold War Conflicts Unit

85. Baruch Plan
• Baruch Plan—a plan by U.S.
presidential adviser Bernard Baruch
• called for the creation of a special
international agency with the authority to
inspect any country’s atomic-energy plants
• agency would also impose penalties on
countries that did not follow international
rules
• Soviet Union rejected the plan and
tested their first atomic bomb in
1949—the feared nuclear arms race
became a reality

86. Race for the H-Bomb
• H-bomb—hydrogen
bomb—nuclear weapon
more powerful than
atom bomb (67 times
the power of the bomb
dropped on Hiroshima)
• In 1952, the U.S.
exploded the first H-
bomb and in 1953, the
Soviets explode one
An H-bomb test
conducted by
America near Bikini
Island in Pacific
Ocean, 1954

87. Brinkmanship Rules U.S. Policy
• John Foster Dulles, secretary of state under Dwight D.
Eisenhower, proposed the brinkmanship policy:
• willingness to risk nuclear war to prevent spread of
communism
• policy also called for a build up of nuclear weapons as a
deterrent
• Nuclear Threat
• Nuclear threat unlike any before: millions would die
• U.S. prepared for attack: air-raid drills, bomb shelters, etc.
• Nuclear Energy for Peacetime
• Atomic Energy Act:
• This act created the civilian-controlled Atomic Energy Commission
(AEC) to oversee nuclear weapons research and to promote
peacetime uses of atomic energy.

91. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
• As the Cold War
heated up, the U.S.
depended more and
more on information
compiled by the
Central Intelligence
Agency (CIA)
• CIA used spies to gather
information abroad
• CIA began attempts to
weaken or overthrow
governments unfriendly
to the U.S.

92. CIA Cover Operations
• One of the first covert operations
occurred in the Middle East
• CIA helps oust Iranian prime minister,
Mohammed Mossadegh, (who they
feared who turn to the Soviet Union)
by giving millions in aid to anti-
Mossadegh groups and then
reinstating the pro-American Shah
• Covert Actions in the Middle East and
Latin America
• CIA helps depose Guatemala’s
president (who had given American-
owned land to poor peasants) by
training a army to overthrow the
president and then the army’s leader
became the dictator

94. Warsaw Pact
• Soviet Union’s counter to
NATO was Warsaw Pact
• U.S.-Soviet relations thawed
after Stalin’s death in 1953
• West Germany’s entry into
NATO scared Soviets (no
Buffer Zone from NATO)
• Form Warsaw Pact—military
alliance with 7 Eastern
European countries—was an
alliance of the Soviet Union
and its satellite countries:
• Soviet Union, East Germany,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland,
Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania

95. A Summit in Geneva
• Eisenhower meets Soviets in Geneva
to cool the Cold War
• Eisenhower proposes “open skies”
policy—each country would allow
flights over each other’s territory to
guard against surprise nuclear attacks
• Although the Soviets rejected the
proposal, many saw the meeting as a
step in the right direction—“spirit of
Geneva” was step to peace

96. Asian and African Countries Meet
• Representatives from 29 Asian and
African states met and refereed to
themselves as “Third World”
• They signed an agreement calling
for racial equality and self-
determination—declared their
intention to remain independent of
U.S. and U.S.S.R.
• “First World”—U.S. and the West
• “Second World”—U.S.S.R and the East

97. Israel: Zionism
• Zionism—the movement seeking a
Jewish homeland in Palestine
• Britain, which had ruled Palestine
since World War I, could not resolve
conflicting claims over territory so in
1947 Britain turned the issue over to
the United Nations
• The UN plan called for dividing
Palestine into two states—one for
Jews, and other for Arabs—but Arabs
rejected the proposal
• When British forces withdrew in 1948,
David Ben-Gurion and other Jewish
leaders promptly proclaimed the new
state of Israel and both the U.S. and
Soviet Union immediately recognized
the new nation

98. Israel: Arab-Israeli War
• The Arab states reacted violently to Israel and
organized military forces to reclaim the land—
Armies from the Arab states of Egypt, Iraq,
Lebanon, and Syria joined Palestinian forces to
attack Israel
• Greatly outnumbered, the Israeli forces were
defeating the Arab army when UN stepped in to
arrange a cease-fire
• Ralph Bunche, a US diplomat representing the
UN, arranged a cease-fire and reached an
agreement
• Israel gained more territory than initially, Egypt got
control of the Gaza Strip, and Jordan took over the
West Bank of the Jordan River

100. The Suez War
• In 1955, Great Britain and U.S. agreed to help Egypt finance a
dam on the Nile River
• Gamal Abdel-Nasser decided to play the U.S. against Soviets
over the Aswan Dam—trying to get aid from both
• Learning of Nasser’s tactics, Dulles withdrew the loan offer
• Nasser reacts by nationalizing the Suez Canal (canal owned by
France and Great Britain)
• Israel, Britain, France sent troops and seized the Mediterranean
end of the canal
• When the U.S.S.R. threatened to intervene on behalf of Egypt;
the United States and UN feared a larger war, and forced the
British and French to withdraw—Egypt gained control of the
canal
• Crisis resulted in the resignation of the British Prime Minister,
Anthony Eden, and marked the completion of the shift in the
global balance of power from European powers to the U.S. and
the Soviet Union

102. The Eisenhower Doctrine
• Soviet prestige in Middle East rises
because of support for Egypt
• Eisenhower issues a warning known
as the Eisenhower Doctrine—stated
the U.S. would defend the Middle East
against any attack by a communist
country
• Congress then votes and gives
Eisenhower the authority to use US
military forces to defend any Middle
Eastern country that requested help
against the forces of “International
Communism”

103. The Hungarian Uprising
• In 1956, Hungarians revolted against the U.S.S.R. and
called for a new democratic government
• Imre Nagy, Communist leader, formed this new
government and promised democratic elections
• In response, the Soviet army rolled into Hungary in tanks
and reestablished Soviet control
• Soviets killed 30,000 Hungarians armed with only pistols and
bottles
• 200,000 Hungarians fled to the west
• Many Hungarians were upset with the U.S. for not
assisting (Truman Doctrine: assisting those seeking
democracy)–U.S said containment did not extend to
satellites
• UN condemned the actions of the U.S.S.R. but could not
do anything because of the Soviet’s veto power

104. A New Soviet Leader
• Nikita Khrushchev emerges as new
Soviet leader
• Khrushchev, like Stalin, believed
communism would take over the world
but he believed this could happen
peacefully
• He favored a peaceful coexistence of
the U.S. and U.S.S.R. where the two
powers would compete economically
and scientifically

105. The Space Race
• In October of 1957, Soviets launch
Sputnik— first artificial satellite
• Scared the U.S. as they really didn’t know
what it was used for (spying, weapon,
etc.)
• Americans also felt they were falling
behind the Soviet Union in technological
development
• U.S. poured money into its space
program and education
• President Eisenhower urged Congress to
promote US space technology by
establishing the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA)
• National Defense Education Act—provided
$295 million fund to provide loans to
college students for their education and it
also helped build more schools
• Seen as a defense act because US felt like
they had to compete with U.S.S.R. in all
technologies and only way to foster that
would be to educate our youth

106. A U-2 Is Shot Down
• CIA makes secret high-
altitude flights with U-2 to spy
on Soviets
• Had to be high-altitude because
U.S.S.R had rejected “open
skies” policy
• Eisenhower wants flights
discontinued before summit
with Khrushchev
• Dulles persuaded him to
authorize one last flight—
Francis Gary Powers shot
down over Soviet territory
Powers was released in 1962
in exchange for convicted
Soviet spy Rudolph Abel

107. Renewed Confrontation
• Eisenhower first denies and then
concedes U-2 was spying
• U.S. agreed to stop flights but
refused to apologize to Khrushchev
• Khrushchev called off the summit and
the tensions between the
superpowers was renewed

108. Cuban Missile Crisis
Chapter 28, Section 1

109. THE CUBAN DILEMMA
 Cold War: a struggle between the communist
states and the free-market economies of Europe
and the United States
 Fidel Castro deposed a pro-American military
dictatorship in Cuba
 U.S. recognized and supported Castro but he
(along with other Latin American countries) grew
tired of U.S. aid to the world but nothing to their
neighbor (Marshall Plan, Eisenhower Doctrine,
etc.)
 Castro declares himself communist
 Seized U.S. properties in Cuba—Eisenhower cuts off
diplomatic relations
 10% of Cuban population goes into exile; mostly to
U.S.
 Castro's Cuba quickly became militarily and
economically dependent on the Soviet Union -
bringing the Cold War to within 90 miles of the
Florida coast

111. THE BAY OF PIGS: April 1961
 CIA secretly trained exiles for
an invasion of Cuba
• Kennedy learned of the plan
only nine days into his
presidency
 On the night of April 17,
1961, some 1,400 Cuban
exiles, supported by the U.S.
military, landed in the Bay of
Pigs
 Nothing went right—air strike
failed to knock out Cuban air
force and distraction group
never reached shore—so the
exiles were met by 25,000
Cuban troops

112. THE BAY OF PIGS (Cont.)
 Cuba sensationalized
the defeat of “North
American mercenaries”
and made the U.S. “look
like fools to our friends,
rascals to our enemies,
and incompetents to the
rest”
 Kennedy paid $53
million in food and
medical supplies to get
surviving commandoes
released

113. THE BAY OF PIGS (Cont.)
Cartoonists ridiculed Kennedy for the
Bay of Pigs fiasco. In this drawing from
the Washington Star, the Bay of Pigs is
portrayed as a giant chicken which has
come home to roost, causing new
The Bay of Pigs mission was
said to have blown up in
Kennedy's face.

114. OPERATION MONGOOSE:
November 1961
 Operation Mongoose, also known The
Cuban Project, is the general name for CIA
covert operations and plans initiated by
President John F. Kennedy which
authorized aggressive covert assault on
Communism in the Cuban Republic and the
assassination of Castro
 The Cuban Project played a significant role
in the events leading up to the Cuban
Missile Crisis of 1962

115. Operation Mongoose (Cont.)

116. CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS
• Nikita Khrushchev sends weapons to Cuba,
including nuclear missiles
• JFK warns Soviets that missile attack will
trigger war on U.S.S.R.
• U.S. Navy quarantined Cuba while Soviet
ships approached Cuba

117. Cuban Missile Crisis
For 13 days in October, 1962 the
world stood still as the threat of
nuclear war gripped the planet

120. CUBAN MISSLE CRISIS (Cont.)
• Soviets avoid confrontation at sea and reach
agreement with U.S.
 U.S.S.R.
 Removal of the missiles from Cuba under U.N. supervision
 U.S.
 Public pledge by the U.S. not to invade Cuba
 Secret U.S. commitment to remove the missiles from Turkey
within a reasonable time
• Results of the Cuban Missile Crisis
• Khrushchev’s prestige severely damaged in
U.S.S.R.
• JFK criticized for brinkmanship and for not
ousting Castro
• Cuban exiles switch to GOP
• Castro bans flights to and from Miami

121. Berlin Wall
Chapter 28, Section 1

123. Another Cold War crisis
• Berlin divided – contrast the two halves
• WEST BERLIN—Federal Republic of
Germany (FRG)—Democratic
• Prosperous, helped by U.S., attracted people
from the East. Seen by U.S.S.R. as infection in
the heart of Communist East Germany
• EAST BERLIN—German Democratic
Republic (FDR)—Communist
• Much less prosperous and under Communist
control

124. CRISIS OVER
BERLIN
• In 1961, Berlin,
Germany was a city
in great turmoil
• In the 11 years
since the Berlin
Airlift, almost 3
million East
Germans (Soviet
side) had fled into
West Berlin (U.S.
controlled) to flee
communist rule

125. Refugees from East Germany or
East Berlin to West
1949-129,245
1951- 165,648
1953- 331,390
1955- 252,870
1957- 261,622
1959- 143,917
1961- 207,026
1962- 21,356
1963- 42,632
1964- 41,876

126. SOVIETS SEEK TO STOP EXODUS
• The Soviets did not like
the fact that East
Berliners were fleeing
their city for the
democratic west
• Their departure hurt the
economy and the
prestige of the U.S.S.R.
• Just after midnight on
August 13, 1961 the
Soviets began
construction of a 90-mile
wall separating East and
West Berlin
East Germany begins
construction on the Berlin
Wall, which becomes a
primary symbol of the Cold
War and Soviet oppression

129. EASING TENSIONS
• Both Khrushchev and
Kennedy began
searching for ways to
ease the enormous
tension between the
two superpowers
• In 1963 they
established a hot line
between the White
House and the
Kremlin
• Later that year, the
superpowers signed a
Limited Test Ban
Treaty that served to
ban nuclear testing in