- In India, teachers (gurus) are highly respected and seen as instrumental in guiding students to God. The tradition of gurukuls involved students living with their teacher and helping with daily life in exchange for education.
- The Vedas are among the oldest texts of Hinduism, dating back to around 1500 BC. Key figures like Ved Vyasa compiled and organized the Vedic mantras.
- Over time, universities and institutions of learning were established across India, such as Taxila, Nalanda, and early medical colleges. Reforms under British rule formalized the education system but also aimed to further their own interests.
- Post-independence, the government took control of
- In India, teachers (gurus) are highly respected and seen as instrumental in guiding students to God. The tradition of gurukuls involved students living with their teacher and helping with daily life in exchange for education.
- The Vedas are among the oldest texts of Hinduism, dating back to around 1500 BC. Key figures like Ved Vyasa compiled and organized the Vedic mantras.
- Over time, universities and institutions of learning were established across India, such as Taxila, Nalanda, and early medical colleges. Reforms under British rule formalized the education system but also aimed to further their own interests.
- Post-independence, the government took control of
Electoral systems and democratisation - Prof Sarah BirchChin-Huat Wong
1) Elections are often used by authoritarian leaders to maintain power while appearing legitimate, through manipulating electoral institutions, vote choice, and voting.
2) Electoral systems like first-past-the-post that magnify the winner's power and allow boundary manipulation are particularly convenient for authoritarians.
3) True democratization requires not just free elections but leaders willing to compromise and accept losing power, though elections typically must get worse before reforms lead to improved quality and accountability.
Beyond fraud in the electoral process, I invite the public to examine the greater flaws in the electoral system. Presented in a forum organised by Merdeka Centre.
Regional outlook forum 2013 10 january 2013Chin-Huat Wong
Presentation by Azrul Azwer, Chief Economist of Bank Islam which caused his suspension for predicting an opposition victory in the coming Malaysian elections.
Civil Society statement in solidarity with Azrul Azwer, Chief Economist of Bank Islam who is suspended for predicting an opposition victory in the coming elections in Malaysia.
Civil Society Statement In Solidarity with Azrul Azwer, Chief Economist of Bank Islam who was suspended for predicting an opposition victory in the coming elections.
More Related Content
Similar to Mp211 boss' manual to malaysian politics
Electoral systems and democratisation - Prof Sarah BirchChin-Huat Wong
1) Elections are often used by authoritarian leaders to maintain power while appearing legitimate, through manipulating electoral institutions, vote choice, and voting.
2) Electoral systems like first-past-the-post that magnify the winner's power and allow boundary manipulation are particularly convenient for authoritarians.
3) True democratization requires not just free elections but leaders willing to compromise and accept losing power, though elections typically must get worse before reforms lead to improved quality and accountability.
Beyond fraud in the electoral process, I invite the public to examine the greater flaws in the electoral system. Presented in a forum organised by Merdeka Centre.
Regional outlook forum 2013 10 january 2013Chin-Huat Wong
Presentation by Azrul Azwer, Chief Economist of Bank Islam which caused his suspension for predicting an opposition victory in the coming Malaysian elections.
Civil Society statement in solidarity with Azrul Azwer, Chief Economist of Bank Islam who is suspended for predicting an opposition victory in the coming elections in Malaysia.
Civil Society Statement In Solidarity with Azrul Azwer, Chief Economist of Bank Islam who was suspended for predicting an opposition victory in the coming elections.
4. 老天与政府:最大的老板?
• 这世界上任何事都不绝
对,除了死亡与税赋。
• "In this world nothing
can be said to be
certain, except death
and taxes."
美国开国先贤富兰克林
(Benjamin Franklin)
1706-1790
7. 必须之恶
• “社会在任何状况下都是福祉,而
政府,即使在最好状况下,也不
过是必须之恶,在最坏状况下则
是不可容忍之恶。”
• “Society in every state is a blessing,
but Government, even in its best
state, is but a necessary evil; in its
worst state an intolerable one.”
美国革命思想家
潘恩斯
(Thomas Paine)
1737-1809
9. 被统治者的同意
• 因为国家是以暴力运作,违反个人的自由意志,因此国家的权力必须来
自被统治者的同意(consent of the governed)。
– 社会契约--人放弃“自然状态”(state of nature) 中的自由来换取
“社会状态”(state of society, 实为“有政府状态”)中的安全。
• 联合国人权宣言( Universal Declaration of Human Rights )第二十一条:
“人民的意志是政府权力的基础( The will of the people shall be
the basis of the authority of government );这一意志应以定期的和
真正的选举予以表现,而选举应依据普遍和平等的投票权,并以不记名
投票或相当的自由投票程序进行。
• 以此推之,你守法纳税就是接受做政府老板的角色。求职面试时你这个
老板有没有实权决定,面试结束后你有没有被尊重,则是另一回事。
• 你从什么时候开始纳税?孩子是国家明日的主人翁吗?