Pain is an essential survival mechanism that warns us when something is wrong with our body. There are different types of pain including acute pain which lasts a short time like a cut, and chronic pain which lasts a long time like rheumatism. Pain can also be referred, meaning it is felt in a different part of the body from where it originated, or neuropathic from damage to nerves. Doctors assess pain levels using scales like rating it from 1 to 10 or choosing adjectives to describe it. Treatments focus on stimulating touch signals to close the pain gate or using analgesics, and psychological factors can also temporarily relieve pain.

1. Unit: (5) ..Pain..

3. anguish especially mentalFingertip(n): The end of the finger.

6. The section of an arm from the elbow to the shoulder.*Unbearable (adj): so unpleasant or painful.

7. * Migraine(n): A severe headache, usually affecting only one side of the head, and often .accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances *Analgesics(n): Any medicine, such as aspirin, that reduces pain without inducing unconsciousness.

8. * Heal(n): To become healthy again. * Relieve(v): Make an unpleasant situation better . e.g. This injection should relieve the pain.

9. * Hypnosis(n): State like deep sleep when someone's mind & action can controlled by another person. * Stabbing(adj): (used about a pain ) sudden & strong e.g. when you feel like someone push a knife into you.

10. * Acupuncture (n): A way of treating or stopping pain by putting thin needles into part of the body. * Throbbing(v): To beat strongly

11. * Mild(adj): Not strong . * Bladder(n):The part of the body where waste liquid (urine) collects before leaving the body.

13. Back Ground What is Pain?! Pain is an essential survival mechanism, for it warns us that something is wrong.

14. Types of Pain.. 1- Acute:is a short-time pain e.g. when you cut your self it’ll heal & goes in a short time 2- Chronic : is a long-time pain. e.g. like someone who has a Rheumatism

15. 3- Referred : pain that is felt in a different part of the body from where the pain is caused e.g.when someone feels a heart attack, he feels pain in their left shoulder, arm or hand 4- Neuropathic: damage to the remaining nerves. e.g.when someone amputate a limb he still feels pain in that place

16. Kinds of Pain.. 1/ A throbbing pain: comes and goes rhythmically. 2/ A sharp pain: is strong and sudden. 3/ A burning pain: feels like fire. 4/ A stabbing pain : feels like something sharp is stuck into you.

17. 5/ A shooting pain : travels fast along part of your body. 6/ A dull pain : is steady and not too painful. 7/ A gnawing pain : feels like it's eating you. 8/ A cramping pain : feels like a muscle is being squszed.

18. Levels of Pain.. How many times the pain occurs ? Frequency of pain)) Occasional / frequent / constant

19. Pain scales ..

20. Method of assessing pain : McGill pain Questionnaire: Consist of a list of adjectives which the patient chooses from to describe their pain.

22. A numerical scale : . ( 0 means no pain & 10 is the worst pain you can imagine )

23. The verbal pain scale: Uses verbal lines in colours ranging from light blue ( no pain ) to bright red ( sever pain ).

24. How to treat pain..? * 1-we instinctively deal with pain by rubbing the part that hurts. This suggests to scientists that stimulating touch signals closes a ( gate ) to pain signals. Physiotherapy & acupuncture take advantage of this phenomenon. * 2-The gate can also be shut by the release of pain-relieving opioids, either produced naturally by the body. Or introduced artificially in the form of analgesics like Aspirin & Morphine. * 3-Psychological stress can temporarily shut off pain too , e.g. footballer may continue to play despite injury & a soldier continue to fight despite wounds.

25. Laboratory Medicine (9) Presented by : Elham Aqeel. Bashair Al-Thbiti. Supervised by : Tr: NisreenYamany