The document discusses various topics related to operating systems and computers. It defines operating systems as software that controls hardware and other software. It lists several popular operating systems like Windows, Mac OS, Unix, and Linux. It explains the evolution of user interfaces from text-based to graphical user interfaces using mice. Key terms discussed include desktop, icons, windows, menus, pointers, and multitasking. Common computer programs and threats are also mentioned.

1. Edited by Tutor :Edited by Tutor :
Turki NTurki N
Al_HoyyanAl_Hoyyan

2. How many operating systemsHow many operating systems
can you think of? Make a listcan you think of? Make a list
http://www.computerhope.com/os.htm

3. What is the function of an operating system?What is the function of an operating system?
It’s functionIt’s function
isis to controlto control
both theboth the
hardware &hardware &
thethe
softwaresoftware ..

4. What does (What does (User InterfaceUser Interface) refer) refer
to?to?
It refers to theIt refers to the
standard proceduresstandard procedures
that the user follows inthat the user follows in
order to interactorder to interact
with a computer.with a computer. Lines 2_3Lines 2_3

5. What is a decade?What is a decade?
A "decade" is a period of 10 yearsA "decade" is a period of 10 years
1970s means1970s means
19701970
7171
7272
7373
until 1979until 1979

6. ln the lateln the late 1970s1970s andand earlyearly 80s80s,,
the way users accessed computerthe way users accessed computer
systems was very complex. Theysystems was very complex. They
had to memorize and type a lot ofhad to memorize and type a lot of
commands just to see the contentscommands just to see the contents
of a disk, to copy files or toof a disk, to copy files or to
respond to a single prompt.respond to a single prompt.
ln fact, it was only expertsln fact, it was only experts
who used computers, sowho used computers, so
there was no need for athere was no need for a
user-friendly interface.user-friendly interface.
Lines 3_9Lines 3_9

7. What doesWhat does GUIGUI stand forstand for
GGraphicalraphical UUserser IInterfacenterface
Lines 10_11Lines 10_11
ln 1984 Apple producedln 1984 Apple produced
thethe MacintoshMacintosh,,
the first computer withthe first computer with
a mouse and a graphicala mouse and a graphical
user interfaceuser interface Macs were designed withMacs were designed with
one clear aim:one clear aim: toto
facilitate interactionfacilitate interaction
with the computerwith the computer..

8. A few years later, MicrosoftA few years later, Microsoft
launched Windows, anotherlaunched Windows, another
operating system based onoperating system based on
graphics and intuitive tools.graphics and intuitive tools.
Nowadays, computers are used byNowadays, computers are used by
all kinds of people, and as a resultall kinds of people, and as a result
there is a growing emphasis onthere is a growing emphasis on
accessibility and user-friendlyaccessibility and user-friendly
systems .systems .
Lines 16_18Lines 16_18

9. What doesWhat does WIMPWIMP stand forstand for
WWindows,indows, IIcons,cons, MMenusenus
andand PPointerointer
Lines 19_20Lines 19_20

10. This is calledThis is called
DESKTOPDESKTOP
These areThese are
calledcalled ICONSICONS
ICONSICONS representrepresent
FOLDERS orFOLDERS or
Files whichFiles which
contain programscontain programs
or documentsor documents

11. FACT….FACT….
All the programs haveAll the programs have
a high level ofa high level of
consistency, withconsistency, with
similar toolbars, menusimilar toolbars, menu
bars, buttons andbars, buttons and
dialog boxesdialog boxes
Lines 29_30Lines 29_30

12. What’sWhat’s MULTITASKINGMULTITASKING??
It means youIt means you
can run severalcan run several
programs andprograms and
do various tasksdo various tasks
- at the same- at the same
time.time. Lines 33_34Lines 33_34

13. The most popular OS’sThe most popular OS’s
The Windows family -The Windows family -
designed by Microsoft anddesigned by Microsoft and
used on most PCs. Theused on most PCs. The
most recent version ismost recent version is
Windows Vista.Windows Vista.
Line 36Line 36

14. Mac OS created byMac OS created by
Apple and used on 40Apple and used on 40
Macintosh computers.Macintosh computers.
Line 39Line 39

15. Line 41Line 41
Unix Unix - a multi-userUnix Unix - a multi-user
system, found onsystem, found on
mainframes andmainframes and
workstations in corporateworkstations in corporate
installations.installations.

16. Linux open-source software developedLinux open-source software developed
underunder
thethe GNUGNU General Public License. ThisGeneral Public License. This
meansmeans
45 anybody can copy its source code,45 anybody can copy its source code,
change it and distribute it. lt is usedchange it and distribute it. lt is used
in computers, appliances and smallin computers, appliances and small
devices.devices.
GNU is Not UnixGNU is Not Unix
Line 45Line 45

17. Windows Mobile - usedWindows Mobile - used
on most PDAs andon most PDAs and
smartphones (PDAssmartphones (PDAs
incorporating mobileincorporating mobile
phones).phones).
Line 48Line 48

18. Palm OS - usedPalm OS - used
on Palmon Palm
handheldhandheld
devicesdevices.
Line 51Line 51

19. RIM - used on BlackBerryRIM - used on BlackBerry
communication devices.communication devices.
Developed by Research InDeveloped by Research In
Motion.Motion.
Line 54Line 54
RIM stands forRIM stands for
RResearchesearch IInn MMotionotion

20. The Symbian OS - usedThe Symbian OS - used
by some phone makers,by some phone makers,
including Nokia andincluding Nokia and
Siemens.Siemens.
Line 55Line 55

21. These computer platforms differ in areasThese computer platforms differ in areas
such assuch as
1.1.device installationdevice installation
2.2. network connectivitynetwork connectivity
3.3.compatibility withcompatibility with
application software.application software.

22. softwaresoftware
system softwaresystem software
application softwareapplication software
operating systemoperating system

23. 1-text_based1-text_based
2-It used mouse & graphical user interface2-It used mouse & graphical user interface
4_By double clicking the program icon or a4_By double clicking the program icon or a
document icondocument icon
6_Unix6_Unix
7-Open source software like Linux is freely7-Open source software like Linux is freely
distributeddistributed
8_windows mobile8_windows mobile

24. ‫المستخدم‬ ‫واجهة‬‫المستخدم‬ ‫واجهة‬
‫إجراءات‬‫إجراءات‬
‫أوامر‬‫أوامر‬
‫أدوات‬‫أدوات‬
‫المكتب‬ ‫سطح‬‫المكتب‬ ‫سطح‬
‫المتداخلة‬ ‫المجلدات‬‫المتداخلة‬ ‫المجلدات‬
‫برنامج‬ ‫يطلق‬‫برنامج‬ ‫يطلق‬
‫المصدر‬ ‫شفرة‬‫المصدر‬ ‫شفرة‬

25. menu barmenu bar
drop downdrop down
program iconprogram icon
Folder iconFolder icon
Document iconDocument icon
windowwindow
Hard drive iconHard drive icon
Scroll barScroll bar
desktopdesktop
dockdock

26. Home BasicHome Basic
entertainmententertainment
visual stylevisual style
Business organizationsBusiness organizations
SpeechSpeech
recognitionrecognition
Anti_spywareAnti_spyware
InternetInternet
attacksattacks
MicrosoftMicrosoft
officeoffice
WordWord
processorprocessor
PresentationPresentation
graphicsgraphics

27. Countable NounsCountable Nouns
Countable nouns are easy to recognize. TheyCountable nouns are easy to recognize. They
are things that weare things that we can countcan count. For. For
example: "pen". We can count pens. We canexample: "pen". We can count pens. We can
have one, two, three or more pens. Here arehave one, two, three or more pens. Here are
some more countable nouns:some more countable nouns:
dog, cat, animal, man, person
bottle, box, litre
coin, note, dollar
cup, plate, fork
table, chair, suitcase, bag

29. Countable nouns can be singular or plural:Countable nouns can be singular or plural:
My cat is playingMy cat is playing..My cats are playing.My cats are playing.

30. Uncountable NounsUncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are substances, conceptsUncountable nouns are substances, concepts
etc that weetc that we cannot divide intocannot divide into
separate elementsseparate elements. We cannot. We cannot
"count" them. For example, we cannot count"count" them. For example, we cannot count
"milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or"milk". We can count "bottles of milk" or
"litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk""litres of milk", but we cannot count "milk"
itself. Here are some more uncountable nounsitself. Here are some more uncountable nouns
music, art, love, happinessmusic, art, love, happiness
advice, information, newsadvice, information, news
furniture, luggagefurniture, luggage
rice, sugar, butter, waterrice, sugar, butter, water
electricity, gas, powerelectricity, gas, power
money, currencymoney, currency

31. We usually treat uncountable nounsWe usually treat uncountable nouns
as singular. We use a singular verb.as singular. We use a singular verb.
For exampleFor example
This news is very important. This news is very important.
Your luggage looks heavyYour luggage looks heavy.

32. We do not usually use the indefinite
article a/an with uncountable nouns.
We cannot say "an information" or "a
music". But we can say a something
of:
a piece of news
a bottle of water
a grain of rice

33. We can use some and any with uncountable nouns:
I've got some money.
Have you got any rice?
We can use a little and much with uncountable nouns:
I've got a little money.
I haven't got much rice

34. Here are some more examples of countable and uncountable nounsHere are some more examples of countable and uncountable nouns
CountableCountable
UncountableUncountable
dollardollar moneymoney
songsong musicmusic
suitcasesuitcase luggageluggage
tabletable furniturefurniture
batterybattery electricityelectricity
bottlebottle winewine
reportreport informationinformation
tiptip adviceadvice
journeyjourney traveltravel
jobjob workwork
viewview sceneryscenery

35. Nouns that can be Countable and UncountableNouns that can be Countable and Uncountable
Sometimes, the same noun can beSometimes, the same noun can be
countable and uncountable, often with a change ofcountable and uncountable, often with a change of
meaningmeaning..
CountableCountable UncountableUncountable
There are two hairs inThere are two hairs in
my coffee!my coffee!
hairhair I don't have much hair.I don't have much hair.
There are two lights inThere are two lights in
our bedroom.our bedroom.
lightlight Close the curtain. There's too muchClose the curtain. There's too much
light!light!
Shhhhh! I thought IShhhhh! I thought I
heard a noise.heard a noise.
noisenoise It's difficult to work when there is tooIt's difficult to work when there is too
much noise.much noise.
Have you got a paperHave you got a paper
to read? (= newspaper)to read? (= newspaper)
paperpaper I want to draw a picture. Have you gotI want to draw a picture. Have you got
some paper?some paper?
Our house has sevenOur house has seven
rooms.rooms.
roomroom Is there room for me to sit here?Is there room for me to sit here?
We had a great time atWe had a great time at
the party.the party.
timetime Have you got time for a coffee?Have you got time for a coffee?
Macbeth is one ofMacbeth is one of
Shakespeare's greatestShakespeare's greatest
works.works.
workwork
I have no money. I need work!I have no money. I need work!

36. Home basicHome basic
entertainmententertainment
business organizationbusiness organization
Visual styleVisual style
Microsoft OfficeMicrosoft Office
speech recognitionspeech recognition
word processorword processoranti- spywareanti- spyware
internet attacksinternet attacks
presentationpresentation
graphicsgraphics

37. cc CUCU
cc
uu
cc uu
uuccCUCU CUCU

38. anan
aa
TheThe
----
aa
aa
---- ----

39. AA
ee
oo
uu
ii
An