This presentation contains ;-
1. Definition of community
2. Definition of health
3. definition of nursing
4. Causes of poor health
5. Definition of community health nursing
6. Types of communities
7. community health
8. Public health
9. Aims of public health
10. Aims of community health nurse
11. Objectives of community health nursing
12. Principles of community health nursing
13. Function of community health nurse
14. The mission of community health nursing
15. concepts of health
16. components of community health nursing
17. Scope of community health nursing
18. Community health nursing roles
community introduction, characteristics, principlesAbhinav Bhatt
unit -1 introduction of community health nursing, it related to field of nursing, that added introduction of community, community health, and community health nursing and characteristics, and principles.
This presentation contains ;-
1. Definition of community
2. Definition of health
3. definition of nursing
4. Causes of poor health
5. Definition of community health nursing
6. Types of communities
7. community health
8. Public health
9. Aims of public health
10. Aims of community health nurse
11. Objectives of community health nursing
12. Principles of community health nursing
13. Function of community health nurse
14. The mission of community health nursing
15. concepts of health
16. components of community health nursing
17. Scope of community health nursing
18. Community health nursing roles
community introduction, characteristics, principlesAbhinav Bhatt
unit -1 introduction of community health nursing, it related to field of nursing, that added introduction of community, community health, and community health nursing and characteristics, and principles.
For the nurse to be effective in the dynamic complex health care system and to help client to achieve the outcome , nurses need to be knowledgeable , resourceful and able to work well with other health care practioners.
historical development of community health nursing and community health nursing- world and India
M.Sc. Nursing 1st year
Community health nursing
unit-I
This topic is related to sociology...
It is very useful for B.Sc. nursing students....
In this ppt include detail about society, community, difference between society and community, personal disorganization etc.
For the nurse to be effective in the dynamic complex health care system and to help client to achieve the outcome , nurses need to be knowledgeable , resourceful and able to work well with other health care practioners.
historical development of community health nursing and community health nursing- world and India
M.Sc. Nursing 1st year
Community health nursing
unit-I
This topic is related to sociology...
It is very useful for B.Sc. nursing students....
In this ppt include detail about society, community, difference between society and community, personal disorganization etc.
26 May 2014 Narendra Modi was sworn in as the Prime Minister of India, who acquired the general elections with a massive mandate, right earnestly started working tirelessly to correct economic slowdown, containing inflation, getting rid of corruption and introducing financial inclusion program and so on,
Yet 67 years of misrule made people numb, and were entirely disconnected with the government, were at the clemency of the politicians taking the freebies they had at the time of elections.For votes the minorities were pampered with quotas and reservations. The oppressed remained in the same posture, turned into voting machines.
Modi’s interaction with the masses is something, which the people never experienced earlier, and made them understand that they are the principal constituents of the country and the government and the political leaders are there solely to accomplish their welfare.
Modi set the government, with clear-cut instructions to the ministers, and bureaucracy to hold along the developmental programs. Modi embarked on his international expedition to strengthen ties with countries for trade facilitations and significant issues like terrorism, climate change and so on. His activities in the international arena yielded substantial results and ignited new hope for sustained partnership in the development.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. TYPES OF COMMUNITIES IN
INDIA
(RURAL, URBAN & REGIONAL)
Unit VIII – Sociology of Nursing
2. Types of Communities in India
(Rural, Urban and Regional)
Features of village community &
Characteristics of Indian villages – Panchayat System, Social dynamics.
Community Development Project & Planning
Changes in Indian Rural Life
Availability of health Facilities in rural and its impact on health and health
practices
Urban community – Features
The Growth of cities; Urbanization and its impact on Health and health
practices
Major Urban Problems – Urban slums
Region; Problems and impact on Health
3. Village community
The village emerged with significant that means a passed
from nomadic mode of collective life of the settled one.
It is a difficult to form a precise definition of the term village.
Generally it is understood to mean a small area with small
population.
Which follows agriculture not only as an occupation but also
a way of life.
The village is the oldest permanent community of man.
4. Features of village community
Community consciousness
Role of neighbourhood
Joint family
Faith in Religion
Simplicity
5. Features of village community
Community Consciousness:
The village dwellers have a sense of unity.
The relations between the village people are intimate.
They are personally known each other.
Their customs, conventions and culture are common.
Role of Neighbourhood:
Its very importance.
The village people assists each other and thus they have
closest neighbourhood relations.
E.g. they share their sarrows and joys etc.,,
6. Features of village community
Joint family:
In village the joint family system still retains.
The agricultural occupations requires the cooperation of all the
family members.
Faith in Religion:
The villages have deep faith in religion and god.
In agriculture and family activities they starts with worshipping.
Simplicity:
They are far from the evils of modern civilization.
They live peaceful life, sincere, hardworking, moral life and
governed by norms.
7. Characteristics of Indian villages
Isolation and Self-Sufficiency
Peace and Simplicity
Lack of Conservation
Poverty and Illiteracy
Local self-government
8. Characteristics of Indian villages
Isolation and self-sufficiency:
The inhabitants of the village had very little do with the
people outside.
All their essential needs were satisfied in the village itself.
Peace and simplicity:
Their atmosphere is simplicity, calmness and peace
prevailing.
The villagers led a simple life, eat frugally, dress simply,
and live in mud-walled house completely lacking in the
trapping of modern civilization.
9. Characteristics of Indian villages
Lack of Conservatism:
The village are strongly attached to old customs and
traditions.
They love old ways and are less eager to follow the advice
of zealous social reformers regarding their marriage and
other customs.
Poverty and illiteracy:
They are generally poor with a very low income.
Beside poverty the village people steeped in ignorance and
illiteracy.
10. Characteristics of Indian villages
Local self-government:
The village in ancient India enjoyed a considerable
measure of autonomy or self-government.
The villagers managed their own affairs through the
traditional institutions of panchayat.
11. Panchayat system
The villagers managed their own affairs through the traditional
institution of Panchayat.
With the advent of Britishers in India and their introduction of a
highly centralized system of administration the importance of
Panchayat began to decline.
The judicial powers were taken over by the British courts and the
officers were appointed to look after the administrative affairs of
the villages.
This change produced unpleasant result.
12. Panchayat system
Since the times of Lord Ripon attempts were made to
revive the old system of village local self-government,
but the progress was very slow in this direction.
With the attainment of freedom now fresh efforts are
being made to strengthen the Panchayat system and
made Panchayat play a better part in the work of
national reconstruction.
The 73rd
Amendment Act, 1993 has led the foundation
of strong and vibrant Panchayat Raj institution in the
country.
13. Reason for declining panchayat raj
The coming Zamindari system
Establishment of police and judicial courts
Industrial development and consequent shifting of
rural population to cities
The impact of materialistic and individualistic
tendencies
14. Functions of Panchayat
Essential functions:
Construction of village roads and provide for street lights.
Extension of health services.
Look after the property of the Panchayat.
Maintain records of vital statistics, such as birth and death.
Organize mela, exhibition, film shows etc.,
To provide facilities for primary and adult education.
Development of agriculture.
Providing facilities for safe drinking water.
Make provision for better quality manure and seeds.
Prevention of communicable diseases.
Maternal and child welfare.
Sanitation of the village.
15. Functions of Panchayat
Non-essential functions.
Establishment of cooperative societies in the village.
Development of cottage industries.
Teaching new techniques of agriculture.
Organizing sports, games and other recreational activities.
Improve the quality of animals and provide facilities for treatment of
animals.
Relief work at the time of famine, flood etc.,
Providing library and reading room facilities.
Providing facilities of radio, TV etc at some common place.
Improve the school work.
16. Community development project & planning
In the community development project and planning,
aim at a comprehensive and all-round development of
rural people.
It is a movement designated to promote better living for
the whole community with the active participation both
at the levels of government and community.
The planning commission of India – “An attempt to bring
about a social and economic transformation of village life
through the efforts of the people themselves”.
17. Aim of community development project
Integrated development – social, cultural and economic aspects of rural
life.
Development of a sense of responsibility and awareness among the
villagers.
Development of initiative among the villagers.
Development of agriculture and allied matters like animal husbandry.
Providing better communication, health, sanitation, housing and
education facilities.
Development of cottage industry.
Providing more opportunities for employment.
Development of co-operative efforts.
Women and child welfare.
18. The pattern of the programme
The community development programme was launched in 55
selected projects on October 2, 1952.
Each projects covering as area of 300 villages with a population of
about 3 lakhs.
The pattern was revised in 1958.
Level of the of programme.
At the central level – Ministry.
At the state level – CM, Minister.
At the district level – MP, MLA, Collector.
At the block level – BDO.
Village level – Gram Sevak
19. Important programme and community development
and integrated rural development programme
Agriculture
Transportation and Communication
Health and Sanitation
Education
Cottage industry
Training
Housing
Social welfare
Rural manpower programme
Well construction
Applied Nutrition Programme
20. Changes in Indian rural life
Caste system
Jajmani system
Family system
Marriage system
Living standards
Economic system
Political system.
21. Changes in Indian rural life
Caste system:
The economic policy and the laws of British rulers induced the
different castes to adopt occupations other than the traditional
one.
Jajmani system:
The occupations adopted by the village people are not entirely
hereditary or based on caste system, nor the payment for
services.
Family system:
Nuclear families have taken is place.
The family control over its members in matters of diet, dress
and marriage has weakened.
22. Changes in Indian rural life
Marriage system:
Love marriages and divorces are increasing.
The individual qualities like education, economic, beauty
and appearance of the marriage partners are given
preference over the old family status.
Living standards:
The standard of living in the village community is gradually
going higher.
23. Changes in Indian rural life
Economic system:
The educated rural youth seeks jobs in cities rather
than settle on the land.
Political system:
The setting up of Panchayat has led to the growth of
political consciousness among the village people.
The newspaper, radio and television in some areas
have added to their political knowledge.
24. Availability of health facilities in
rural and its impact on health and
health practices
25. Conti…
Majority of the rural areas are not concerned with environmental
sanitation, drainage system is not adequately maintained and water
reservoirs – these form the breeding places for insects.
As the practice of public health is with the groups (voluntary groups)
and villagers there is a need for the support and co-operation of the
people.
Prevention of disease, prolonging life and promoting the health of the
people are possible through organized village effort and PHC, Sub-
centre, Mobile Clinic, Rural Health Centre, Public-Private
Partnership Centre.
Village leaders, youth groups, mahila mandals etc., of the village can
be identified and they can involve in getting the co-operation of the
villages for health care services.
26. Conti…
Through the Panchayat System medical camps can be organized
for the early diagnosis and treatment of the diseases.
Community Development Programmes (NRHM, midday meals,
women and child welfare, family welfare programmes, etc.,) can
be launched to the village with the voluntary groups which will
ensure a standard of living for the maintenance of the health.
Dais and village guides (Area Nurse or ANM) can be trained
adequately and their services can be utilized.
Such workers can influence people very easily and deliver
fundamental health services.
Such health workers can reach the last man of the village often
and deliver health services.
27. Urban community
Urban community/City community/ Civilized society are the terms
which are used synonymously.
Those places have local authority like municipality and
containment board.
Other requirements of a minimum population of 5,000 at least
75% of the working population engaged in non-agricultural .
Large, density and permanent settlement of socially heterogeneous
individuals living place.
The word ‘urbane’ suggests this way of life; it indicates
fashionable living.
28. Features of Urban community
Namelessness
Homelessness
Class extremes
Social Heterogeneity
Social distance
Energy and speed
29. Features of Urban community
Namelessness:
They meet and speck without knowing each other’s
name.
A citizen may live for several years in a city and may
not know the names of one-third of the people who
live in the same city area.
Homelessness:
Many low class people pass their nights on platform.
Even the child does not get any place for play.
30. Features of Urban community
Class extremes:
In a city are found the richest as well as poorest
people.
People living in luxury and grand mansions as well as
platform.
Social heterogeneity:
The personal traits, the occupations, the cultural life
and the ideas of the members of the urban community
vary wide.
31. Features of Urban community
Social distance:
Social distance is a product of anonymity and
heterogeneity.
The city dwellers feels lonely.
Energy and speed:
People with ambition work at a tremendous speed, day
and night.
Which others also to work similarly.
32. Growth of Cities
In every great civilization there has been migration from the village
to the city.
In western Europe the cities become more numerous and the growth
of cities kept going on.
The 19th
century was a period of true urban revolution in advance.
What are the factors which led to the growth of cities?
Surplus Resources
Industrialization and Commercialization
Development of Transport and Communication
Economic pull of the city
Educational and Recreational facility
33. Growth of cities
Surplus resources:
In ancient times these resources were acquired through
under dominate of man by man. (Slavery, forced labour
and taxation by ruling)
In modern times man has won over nature and extended
his power.
He has exploited the natural resources through
technological improvements that now relatively few people
can supply the basic needs of many.
34. Growth of cities
Industrialization and commercialization:
Invention of machinery, development of steam power,
application of huge capital led to the establishment of huge
manufacturing plants which brought about the mobility of
immobile groups of workers rushing their concentration around a
factory area.
While industrialization has stimulated city growth, trade and
commerce also have played an important part in urban
expansion.
The development of modern marketing institutions (no need for
face to face transactions) and of methods of exchange have
greatly contributed to the growth of cities.
35. Growth of cities
Development of transport and communication:
These facilities which are satisfying the urban dwellers
desire.
Industrialization depends upon transportation and
communication so that raw material and manufactured
goods can be transmitted to others.
The local transport added to the population of the city by
extending its boundaries.
36. Growth of cities
Economic pull of the city:
City provide more opportunity for personal
advancement than the rural areas.
Modern business and commerce pull young men to the
cities where they are paid liberal salaries.
Employment opportunity are more in the city than in
the village.
37. Growth of cities
Educational and recreational facilities:
Until recently all high schools were in cities in India.
Most training schools, examination centres,
competitive examinations centres, colleges and
technical schools are urban.
Most big libraries are situated in cities.
Amusement park theatres and musical drama are in
urban.
38. Urbanization and its impact on
health and health practices
The common diseases among the slum dwellers
are:
Fever, Skin infections, Eye infections, Malnutrition,
Viral infections, Chronic toxicity, STD (Sexual
Transmitted Diseases), Accidents, Drug abuse,
Alcoholism, Crime, Delinquency, Suicide, prostitution
etc.,
39. Causes for diseases
Industrial pollution
Over-crowding
Poor hygienic practices
Food and water contamination
40. Strategies to improve urban health
problems
Provision of safe drinking water
Maintain housing standards
Proper disposal of liquid an solid waste
Conducting health awareness prgrammes
41. Major Urban Problems
Poverty – Unemployment – Crime – Child labour –
juvenile delinquency – drug addiction – alcoholism –
slums – water problem – accident – family
disorganization–drainage – traffic – power shortage –
pollution – over crowding – increasing social evils etc.,
42. Urban slums
Slums is a serious problem in the urban community.
In India at least 25% of the urban population living in slums.
But in some cities like Kolcutta, Mumbai and Kanpur, more than
50% living in slums.
Slums are breeding centres of diseases and different types of
crime.
Slum clearance is being carried out by the Govt. as well as
private agencies.
Control of rural-urban migration is also needed to prevent slums.
43. Causes of slum
Poverty
Absence of proper housing facilities
Migration
Rapid raise of urban populations
Careless and neglect of house owners
High rental rate in the city
Lack of cheap transport system
Unplanned growth of cities
The attraction of the city
Negligence of govt. and municipality.
44. Ill – effects of slum
Individual disorganization
Family disorganization
Health and sanitation
Social disorganization
Moral degeneration
45. The regional community
It is a large area where there are a many similarity among
the population.
People have specified pattern of life in specified regions.
A region may or may not match with state or national
boundaries.
It usually combines rural and urban communities.
Where society held together for a length of time with
common cultural characteristics and linguistic
specification.
46. Regions in India
India has various regions, which have geographic,
cultural and linguistic significance.
Southern region
Central region
Western region
Northern region
North-eastern region
Regions will have sub-regions, e.g. in southern region;
Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Tamil.
47. Problems and impact on Health
Promotes National Disintegrate:
With the regional and linguistic feelings the unity and
integrity of the nation is affected.
So the national policies not reach or avoid health care to
the region.
Administration problems:
Bigger states with more number of districts will have
administrative problems.
So districts hospital and health care service establishing
poor performance.
48. Problems and impact on Health
Deteriorates Economic Progress of the Nation:
Narrow regional feeling will affect nation’s well-being.
Neighbouring states will not cooperate with each other
and affects the national development, e.g.
Cauvery water disputes between Tamilnadu and
Karnadaka, Mullai Periyar dam issues between Kerala
and Tamilnadu.
So the neighbouring states not cooperate with health
care services to other regions.