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types of personality as per by Abhi.pptx
- 2. PERSONALITY • The term Personality refers to those enduring qualities of an individual that are shown in their ways of behaving in a wide variety of circumstances. • We use it to distinguish between people. • Personality differs from mental disorder. • The behaviours that define it have been present throughout adult life, • The behaviours that define mental disorder differ from the person’s previous behaviour.
- 3. THE IMPORTANCE OF PERSONALITY • Different personality- predisposition to different Psychiatric disorders. • ‘Pathoplastic’ factors • Influence how patient approaches to treatment. • Dictate different strategies for establishing and maintaining a successful therapeutic relationship.
- 4. ORIGINS OF PERSONALITY • FREUDIAN THEORY • NEO-FREUDIAN THEORY
- 5. Neo-Freudians The term "neo-Freudian" refers to those early followers of Freud who at some point accepted the basic tenets of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis but later dissented from it.
- 6. THINKING OF NEOFREUDIANS They place great emphasis on The reaction of the individual to his current environment Anxiety Emphasis on childhood developmental period There is less emphasis on sexuality and the analysis of infantile sexual experiences”
- 7. Neo-Freudians • Carl Jung • Harald Schultz-Hencke • Erik Erikson • Karen Horney • Erich Fromm • Frieda Fromm-Reichmann • Harry Stack Sullivan • Clara Thompson • Abram Kardiner • Alfred Adler
- 8. Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory 1. Topographical Model 2. Structural Model 3. Instincts and Anxieties 4. Psychosexual Human Development 5. Assumptions on Human Nature 8
- 14. Examples Of The Id, Ego, And Superego Skipping a workout: •The id: I want to skip my workout because I feel lazy and just want to relax. •The superego: I shouldn’t skip the workout because it’s essential for my health and discipline. •The ego: I can do a shorter workout today and make up for it with a longer session tomorrow. Buying an expensive item: •The id: I want this luxury bag now because it’s stylish and will make me feel good. •The superego: I shouldn’t spend so much on a bag when I could save or use that money for more essential things. The ego: I’ll save a portion of my salary for a few months, and if I still want it, I’ll buy the bag as a reward.
- 16. Karen Horney 1. Biography 2. Childhood + Need for Safety 3. Basic Anxiety 4. Neurotic Needs + Trends 5. The Self Image 6. Feminism 16 “I do not want to found a new school but to build on the foundations Freud has laid” Theories of personality Lindzey and Hall 4th edition pg 147
- 17. THE CONCEPT OF ABNORMAL PERSONALITY • Some personalities are obviously abnormal— for example,paranoid personalities characterized by extreme suspiciousness , sensitivity, and mistrust. • However, It is impossible to draw a sharp dividing line between normal and abnormal personalities. • Abnormal personalities are in practice recognized because of the pattern of their characteristics, • But our current classification demand that we identify criteria for inclusion. • However, precisely which criteria should be used to make this distinction remain controversial.
- 18. THE CONCEPT OF ABNORMAL PERSONALITY • There have been two criterion to use • statistical criterion, abnormal personalities are quantitative variations from the normal,and the dividing line is decided by a cut- off score on an appropriate measure. • This approach is attractive, as it parallels that used successfully when defining abnormalities of intelligence, it appears non- judgemental, and it has obvious value in research. However, its usefulness in clinical practice is uncertain
- 19. THE CONCEPT OF ABNORMAL PERSONALITY • social criterion, abnormal personalities are those that cause the individual to suffer, or to cause suffering to other people. For example, an abnormally sensitive and gloomy personality causes suffering for the individual who has it, and an emotionally cold and aggressive personality causes suffering for others. • These criteria are subjective and lack the precision of the first approach, but they serve the needs of clinical practice better and they have been widely adopted.
- 20. TYPES OF PERSONALITY • As per HIPPOCRATES • Based on specific body fluids- • Choleric, Melancholic, Phlegmatic and Sanguine.
- 21. PERSONALITY DISORDERS • Grouping into clusters • In DSM- 5, but not in ICD- 10, personality disorders are • grouped into three ‘clusters’: • 1. Cluster A: paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal. • 2. Cluster B: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic. • 3. Cluster C: avoidant, dependent, and obsessive–compulsive.
- 22. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- When we say that mentally ill persons are ‘not their normal selves’, we are drawing on our understanding of their personality and usual behaviour.
- Freud used the analogy of an iceberg to describe the three levels of the mind. On the surface is consciousness, which consists of those thoughts that are the focus of our attention now, and this is seen as the tip of the iceberg. The preconscious consists of all which can be retrieved from memory. The third and most significant region is the unconscious. Here lie the processes that are the real cause of most behavior. Like an iceberg, the most important part of the mind is the part you cannot see. Freud (1915) described the conscious mind, which consists of all the mental processes of which we are aware, and this is seen as the tip of the iceberg. For example, you may be feeling thirsty at this moment and decide to get a drink The preconscious contains thoughts and feelings that a person is not currently aware of, but which can easily be brought to consciousness (1924). It exists just below the level of consciousness, before the unconscious mind. The preconscious is like a mental waiting room, in which thoughts remain until they “succeed in attracting the eye of the conscious” (Freud, 1924, p. 306). This is what we mean in our everyday usage of the word available memory. For example, you are presently not thinking about your mobile telephone number, but now it is mentioned you can recall it with ease. Mild emotional experiences may be in the preconscious, but sometimes traumatic and powerful negative emotions are repressed, hence not available in the preconscious. ‘SUBCONCSIOUS’ IN COMMON LANGUAGE
- Freud viewed the unconscious mind as a vital part of the individual. It is irrational, emotional, and has no concept of reality, so its attempts to leak out must be inhibited. Content contained in the unconscious mind is generally deemed too anxiety-provoking to be allowed in consciousness. It is maintained at an unconscious level where, according to Freud, it still influences our behavior. The unconscious mind comprises mental processes inaccessible to consciousness but that influence judgments, feelings, or behavior (Wilson, 2002). Sigmund Freud emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind, and a primary assumption of Freudian theory is that the unconscious mind governs behavior to a greater degree than people suspect. Indeed, the goal of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious.
- Perhaps Freud’s single most enduring and important idea was the human psyche (personality). Freud’s personality theory (1923) saw the psyche structured into three parts (i.e., tripartite), the id, ego, and superego, all developing at different stages in our lives. These are systems, not parts of the brain, or in any way physical, but rather hypothetical conceptualizations of important mental functions. According to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the id is the primitive and instinctual part of the mind that contains sexual and aggressive drives and hidden memories, the super-ego operates as a moral conscience, and the ego is the realistic part that mediates between the desires of the id and the super-ego. The id is a part of the unconscious that contains all the urges and impulses, including what is called the libido, a kind of generalized sexual energy that is used for everything from survival instincts to appreciation of art. The id operates on the pleasure principle (Freud, 1920), that every unconscious wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequences. When the id achieves its demands, we experience pleasure, and when it is denied, we experience ‘unpleasure’ or tension
- Freud’s ego is the rational part of the psyche that mediates between the instinctual desires of the id and the moral constraints of the superego, operating primarily at the conscious level. The ego is “that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world.” (Freud, 1923, p. 25) The ego is the only part of the conscious personality. It’s what the person is aware of when they think about themselves and what they usually try to project toward others. The ego develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the real external world. It is the decision-making component of personality. Ideally, the ego works by reason, whereas the id is chaotic and unreasonable ego follows the reality principle
- Freud’s superego is the moral component of the psyche, representing internalized societal values and standards. It contrasts with the id’s desires, guiding behavior towards moral righteousness and inducing guilt when standards aren’t met. The superego incorporates the values and morals of society, which are learned from one’s parents and others. It develops around 3 – 5 years during the phallic stage of psychosexual development. The superego consists of two systems: The conscience and the ideal self. The conscience is our “inner voice” that tells us when we have done something wrong. The conscience can punish the ego by causing feelings of guilt. For example, if the ego gives in to the id’s demands, the superego may make the person feel bad through guilt. The superego is also somewhat tricky, in that it will try to portray what it wants the person to do in grandiose, glowing terms, what Freud called the ego-ideal, which arises out of the person’s first great love attachment (usually a parent). The ideal self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary picture of how you ought to be, and represents career aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to behave as a member of society.
- Reacting to criticism: The id: I’m upset and want to snap back immediately because they hurt my feelings. The superego: I should remain calm and composed, taking criticism professionally and not personally. The ego: I’ll consider the feedback, see if there’s any truth to it, and respond diplomatically, asking for clarification if needed.