Cybercrime involves any criminal activity using computers, networks or networked devices. It can be carried out by individuals or organizations, and some cybercriminals are highly skilled while others are novices. Common types of cybercrime include cyberextortion, cryptojacking, software piracy, credit card fraud, cyberespionage, and identity theft. The true costs of cybercrime are difficult to assess but can include financial losses, damage to investor perception and company value, loss of customers and reputation, fines and legal costs, and direct costs of responding to attacks. A case study example showed credit card fraud occurring when someone made an unauthorized online purchase using a stolen credit card number, negatively impacting the victimized customer and online