This document proposes a two-factor authentication system using mobile devices. It uses a combination of one-time passwords (OTP) as the first factor and encrypted user credentials stored on the mobile device as the second factor. An OTP algorithm is developed that uses aspects like the IMEI, IMSI, username, PIN, hour and minute to generate unique and hard to guess passwords. The system can operate in two modes - a connectionless mode where OTP is generated locally on the device, or an SMS-based mode where the device requests the OTP from the server via SMS. A security and usability analysis is presented, showing the system is secure against various attacks and users are willing to accept lower usability for higher security.
Location Based Services in M-Commerce: Customer Trust and Transaction Securit...CSCJournals
It is understood by studies that wireless data services is crucial for users to access locationbased services. As in location-dependent services, the data value for a data item depends on geographical locations. In general, the Location Based Services includes the services to identify the location of a person or object like searching of the nearest Banking, Cash Machine Receiving Alerts, Location Based Advertising etc. With the rapid adoption of mobile devices as a primary interface to network of services, there is a considerable risk with respect to authentication and authorization. To guard against risk, trustworthy authentication and secure communication are essential especially in Location Based Services. The purpose of this study is to identify security risks in mobile transactions specially in location based services like mobile banking. Current mobile banking authentication is challenging and identified as a major security risk. Identify the factors why customer distrusts mobile banking. Furthermore, identifying security issues between mobile devices and mobile banking systems. Finding which approach is more suitable and secure for mobile banking transaction between customer and bank.
An Overview on Authentication Approaches and Their Usability in Conjunction w...IJERA Editor
The usage of sensitive online services and applications such as online banking, e-commerce etc is increasing day by day. These technologies have tremendously improved making our daily life easier. However, these developments have been accompanied by E-piracy where attackers try to get access to services illegally. As sensitive information flow through Internet, they need support for security properties such as authentication, authorization, data confidentiality. Perhaps static password (User ID & password) is the most common and widely accepted authentication method. Online applications need strong password such as a combination of alphanumeric with special characters. In general, having one password for a single service may be easy to remember, but controlling many passwords for different services poses a tedious task on users online applications . Usually users try to use same password for different services or make slight changes in the password which can be easy for attacker to guess adding increased security threat. In order to overcome this, stronger authentication solutions need to be suggested and adapted for services based network.
A secure communication in smart phones using two factor authenticationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Location Based Services in M-Commerce: Customer Trust and Transaction Securit...CSCJournals
It is understood by studies that wireless data services is crucial for users to access locationbased services. As in location-dependent services, the data value for a data item depends on geographical locations. In general, the Location Based Services includes the services to identify the location of a person or object like searching of the nearest Banking, Cash Machine Receiving Alerts, Location Based Advertising etc. With the rapid adoption of mobile devices as a primary interface to network of services, there is a considerable risk with respect to authentication and authorization. To guard against risk, trustworthy authentication and secure communication are essential especially in Location Based Services. The purpose of this study is to identify security risks in mobile transactions specially in location based services like mobile banking. Current mobile banking authentication is challenging and identified as a major security risk. Identify the factors why customer distrusts mobile banking. Furthermore, identifying security issues between mobile devices and mobile banking systems. Finding which approach is more suitable and secure for mobile banking transaction between customer and bank.
An Overview on Authentication Approaches and Their Usability in Conjunction w...IJERA Editor
The usage of sensitive online services and applications such as online banking, e-commerce etc is increasing day by day. These technologies have tremendously improved making our daily life easier. However, these developments have been accompanied by E-piracy where attackers try to get access to services illegally. As sensitive information flow through Internet, they need support for security properties such as authentication, authorization, data confidentiality. Perhaps static password (User ID & password) is the most common and widely accepted authentication method. Online applications need strong password such as a combination of alphanumeric with special characters. In general, having one password for a single service may be easy to remember, but controlling many passwords for different services poses a tedious task on users online applications . Usually users try to use same password for different services or make slight changes in the password which can be easy for attacker to guess adding increased security threat. In order to overcome this, stronger authentication solutions need to be suggested and adapted for services based network.
A secure communication in smart phones using two factor authenticationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
One time password(OTP) is the
authentication method used in online banking system today.
Hackers are getting better each day at cracking sensitive
information. Once this happened, they can gain access to our
private network and steal our sensitive business information. A
common technology used for the delivery of OTPs is text
messaging.OTP over SMS might not be encrypted by any serviceprovider.
In addition, the cell phones which is used to receive the
SMS also play an important role, in which more than one phone
comes into account. The vulnerable parts of the cell phone
network can be mount to man-in-the-middle attack[13]. To
overcome the difficulties the virtual password concept is
introduced. The virtual password concept involves a small
amount of human computing to secure user’s passwords in online
environments. To provide high security, we enhance the
existing system with virtualization concept [1]. Hacker may guess
our password but he cannot access our account because he
cannot access virtual password. The major hacking threats like
phishing, key-logger, shoulder-surfing attacks, and multiple
attacks cannot affect our schema. In user-specified functions, we
adopted secret little functions in which security is enhanced.
Virtual password is a password that is valid for only one login
session or transaction and after that it becomes obsolete [12]. The
calculation of the virtual password is done at the client side which
reduces the delay of time in receiving OTP via SMS. To make the
client more convenient in calculating the virtual password an
application is used which reduces the work of the client. This
method is more instant than the traditional OTP system used
today.
ENHANCED AUTHENTICATION FOR WEB-BASED SECURITY USING KEYSTROKE DYNAMICSIJNSA Journal
Current password authentication system was proven not secure enough to protect the information from intruders. However, various research has been done and the results show the value of FRR still low and the value of FAR still high. Thus, one of the methods suggests, is enhancing the current system using keystroke dynamics. Keystroke dynamics is a type of biometric authentication that does not require any special hardware, easy to use as the same routine as normal password authentication. Therefore, this research proposed an authentication system using keystroke dynamics to prevent the system from intruders. A system is developed that consist of two parts which are enrolment and verification. Then, a prototype is developed for testing process that consists of 3 main modules, namely Enrolment, Client/Server Connection
and, Verification and Retraining. Based on the testing, the system proved that the keystroke dynamic authentication system was able to implement in client/server environment and shows the value of EER is low that indicates it provide a better system authentication. In future, the system can be improved by enhancing the security, performance, and user interface.
Database Security Two Way Authentication Using Graphical PasswordIJERA Editor
As data represent a key asset for today's organizations. The problem is that how to protect this data from
attackers, theft and misuse is at the forefront of any organization’s mind. Even though today several data
security techniques are available to protect database and computing infrastructure, many such as network
security and firewalls tools are unable to prevent attacks from insider. Insider is a person working in
organization who can try to access the sensitive data. This paper proposes a two-way authentication method
which fuses knowledge-based secret and personal trait information.
Using Geographical Location as an Authentication Factor to Enhance mCommerce ...CSCJournals
Smartphones are increasingly used to perform mCommerce applications whilst on the move. 50% of all Smartphone owners in the U.S. used their Smartphone for banking transactions in the first quarter of 2011. This is an increase of nearly 100% compared to the year before. Current techniques used to remotely authenticate the client to the service provider in an mCommerce application are based on “static” authentication factors like passwords or tokens. The fact that the client is on the move, whilst using these mCommerce applications is not considered or used to enhance the authentication security. This paper is concerned with including client’s geographical location as an important authentication factor to enhance security of mCommerce applications, especially those requiring robust client authentication. Techniques to integrate location as an authentication factor as well as techniques to generation location-based cryptographic keys are reviewed and discussed. This paper further outlines restrictions of location as an authentication factor and gives recommendations about correct usage of client’s location information for mCommerce application’s authentication on Smartphones.
A MOBILE BASED ANTI-PHISHING AUTHENTICATION SCHEME USING CHALLENGE-RESPONSE A...ijiert bestjournal
Quick Response (QR) code are 2D (two dimension) matrix code. Here it is use for secure authentication. Now days Internet is most commonlyused medium to access the information. People are using many website like online banking,insurance,shopping etc. these websites requires the strong authentication. Using a pair of username and password authentication scheme is not secure enough since attacker can collect information from web phishing and computer infection. Various malware or intended programs attempt to capture the confidential information from personal computer. Therefore,secure authentication scheme is required. Many authentication methods have been developed such as one time password,SMS base OTP system and some using bio-metric feature. Some of these authentications are fail due to network problem and increases the cost. People are increasingly used in all life fields,especially with the wide spread of Android smart phones which are used as QR-code scanners
SFAMSS:A S ECURE F RAMEWORK F OR ATM M ACHINES V IA S ECRET S HARINGijcsit
As ATM applications deploy for a banking system, th
e need to secure communications will become critica
l.
However, multicast protocols do not fit the point-t
o-point model of most network security protocols wh
ich
were designed with unicast communications in mind.
In recent years, we have seen the emergence and the
growing of ATMs (Automatic Teller Machines) in bank
ing systems. Many banks are extending their activit
y
and increasing transactions by using ATMs. ATM will
allow them to reach more customers in a cost
effective way and to make their transactions fast a
nd efficient. However, communicating in the network
must satisfy integrity, privacy, confidentiality, a
uthentication and non-repudiation. Many frameworks
have
been implemented to provide security in communicati
on and transactions. In this paper, we analyze ATM
communication protocol and propose a novel framewor
k for ATM systems that allows entities communicate
in a secure way without using a lot of storage. We
describe the architecture and operation of SFAMSS i
n
detail. Our framework is implemented with Java and
the software architecture, and its components are
studied in detailed.
This paper analyzes the various authentication systems implemented for enhanced security and private reposition
of an individual’s login credentials. The first part of the paper describes the multi-factor authentication (MFA) systems, which, though not applicable to the field of Internet of Things, provides great security to a user’s credentials. MFA is followed by a brief description of the working mechanism of interaction of third party clients with private resources over the OAuth protocol framework and a study of the delegation based authentication system in IP-based IoT.
Continuous improvements in technology and quality of life have had a strong impact on the development of payment techniques. With the evolution of near-field communication (NFC) technology, contactless payment has received recent attention because of its short-range, conducive nature. As mobile computing made great leaps due to enormous development in the smart phone platform, companies like Google, Samsung, and Apple embedded NFC in smart phones to provide on-the-go payment capabilities, eliminating the need for payment cards. But due to interoperability and high cost, these technologies are not available to everyone. Dr. B Srinivasa Rao | Ch. Sphoorthi | K. TejaSree | G. Sai Snigdha | V. S R Harika"Pay-Cloak:Biometric" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11430.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/11430/pay-cloakbiometric/dr-b-srinivasa-rao
A secure communication in smart phones using two factor authenticationeSAT Journals
Abstract Most secure systems face security attacks mainly at the client side. Two Factor Authentication (TFA) provides improved protection to the system at the client side by prompting to provide something they know and something they have. This system uses a one time password(OTP) generation method which doesn’t require client-server communication, which frees the system from cost of sending a dynamic password each time the client wants to login. The OTP generation uses the factors that are unique to the user and is installed on a smart phone in Android platform owned by the user. An OTP is valid for a minutes time, after which, is useless. The system thus provides better client level security – a simple low cost method which protects system from hacking techniques like key logging, phishing, shoulder surfing, etc. Keywords—Authentication, OTP, key logging, phishing
One time password(OTP) is the
authentication method used in online banking system today.
Hackers are getting better each day at cracking sensitive
information. Once this happened, they can gain access to our
private network and steal our sensitive business information. A
common technology used for the delivery of OTPs is text
messaging.OTP over SMS might not be encrypted by any serviceprovider.
In addition, the cell phones which is used to receive the
SMS also play an important role, in which more than one phone
comes into account. The vulnerable parts of the cell phone
network can be mount to man-in-the-middle attack[13]. To
overcome the difficulties the virtual password concept is
introduced. The virtual password concept involves a small
amount of human computing to secure user’s passwords in online
environments. To provide high security, we enhance the
existing system with virtualization concept [1]. Hacker may guess
our password but he cannot access our account because he
cannot access virtual password. The major hacking threats like
phishing, key-logger, shoulder-surfing attacks, and multiple
attacks cannot affect our schema. In user-specified functions, we
adopted secret little functions in which security is enhanced.
Virtual password is a password that is valid for only one login
session or transaction and after that it becomes obsolete [12]. The
calculation of the virtual password is done at the client side which
reduces the delay of time in receiving OTP via SMS. To make the
client more convenient in calculating the virtual password an
application is used which reduces the work of the client. This
method is more instant than the traditional OTP system used
today.
ENHANCED AUTHENTICATION FOR WEB-BASED SECURITY USING KEYSTROKE DYNAMICSIJNSA Journal
Current password authentication system was proven not secure enough to protect the information from intruders. However, various research has been done and the results show the value of FRR still low and the value of FAR still high. Thus, one of the methods suggests, is enhancing the current system using keystroke dynamics. Keystroke dynamics is a type of biometric authentication that does not require any special hardware, easy to use as the same routine as normal password authentication. Therefore, this research proposed an authentication system using keystroke dynamics to prevent the system from intruders. A system is developed that consist of two parts which are enrolment and verification. Then, a prototype is developed for testing process that consists of 3 main modules, namely Enrolment, Client/Server Connection
and, Verification and Retraining. Based on the testing, the system proved that the keystroke dynamic authentication system was able to implement in client/server environment and shows the value of EER is low that indicates it provide a better system authentication. In future, the system can be improved by enhancing the security, performance, and user interface.
Database Security Two Way Authentication Using Graphical PasswordIJERA Editor
As data represent a key asset for today's organizations. The problem is that how to protect this data from
attackers, theft and misuse is at the forefront of any organization’s mind. Even though today several data
security techniques are available to protect database and computing infrastructure, many such as network
security and firewalls tools are unable to prevent attacks from insider. Insider is a person working in
organization who can try to access the sensitive data. This paper proposes a two-way authentication method
which fuses knowledge-based secret and personal trait information.
Using Geographical Location as an Authentication Factor to Enhance mCommerce ...CSCJournals
Smartphones are increasingly used to perform mCommerce applications whilst on the move. 50% of all Smartphone owners in the U.S. used their Smartphone for banking transactions in the first quarter of 2011. This is an increase of nearly 100% compared to the year before. Current techniques used to remotely authenticate the client to the service provider in an mCommerce application are based on “static” authentication factors like passwords or tokens. The fact that the client is on the move, whilst using these mCommerce applications is not considered or used to enhance the authentication security. This paper is concerned with including client’s geographical location as an important authentication factor to enhance security of mCommerce applications, especially those requiring robust client authentication. Techniques to integrate location as an authentication factor as well as techniques to generation location-based cryptographic keys are reviewed and discussed. This paper further outlines restrictions of location as an authentication factor and gives recommendations about correct usage of client’s location information for mCommerce application’s authentication on Smartphones.
A MOBILE BASED ANTI-PHISHING AUTHENTICATION SCHEME USING CHALLENGE-RESPONSE A...ijiert bestjournal
Quick Response (QR) code are 2D (two dimension) matrix code. Here it is use for secure authentication. Now days Internet is most commonlyused medium to access the information. People are using many website like online banking,insurance,shopping etc. these websites requires the strong authentication. Using a pair of username and password authentication scheme is not secure enough since attacker can collect information from web phishing and computer infection. Various malware or intended programs attempt to capture the confidential information from personal computer. Therefore,secure authentication scheme is required. Many authentication methods have been developed such as one time password,SMS base OTP system and some using bio-metric feature. Some of these authentications are fail due to network problem and increases the cost. People are increasingly used in all life fields,especially with the wide spread of Android smart phones which are used as QR-code scanners
SFAMSS:A S ECURE F RAMEWORK F OR ATM M ACHINES V IA S ECRET S HARINGijcsit
As ATM applications deploy for a banking system, th
e need to secure communications will become critica
l.
However, multicast protocols do not fit the point-t
o-point model of most network security protocols wh
ich
were designed with unicast communications in mind.
In recent years, we have seen the emergence and the
growing of ATMs (Automatic Teller Machines) in bank
ing systems. Many banks are extending their activit
y
and increasing transactions by using ATMs. ATM will
allow them to reach more customers in a cost
effective way and to make their transactions fast a
nd efficient. However, communicating in the network
must satisfy integrity, privacy, confidentiality, a
uthentication and non-repudiation. Many frameworks
have
been implemented to provide security in communicati
on and transactions. In this paper, we analyze ATM
communication protocol and propose a novel framewor
k for ATM systems that allows entities communicate
in a secure way without using a lot of storage. We
describe the architecture and operation of SFAMSS i
n
detail. Our framework is implemented with Java and
the software architecture, and its components are
studied in detailed.
This paper analyzes the various authentication systems implemented for enhanced security and private reposition
of an individual’s login credentials. The first part of the paper describes the multi-factor authentication (MFA) systems, which, though not applicable to the field of Internet of Things, provides great security to a user’s credentials. MFA is followed by a brief description of the working mechanism of interaction of third party clients with private resources over the OAuth protocol framework and a study of the delegation based authentication system in IP-based IoT.
Continuous improvements in technology and quality of life have had a strong impact on the development of payment techniques. With the evolution of near-field communication (NFC) technology, contactless payment has received recent attention because of its short-range, conducive nature. As mobile computing made great leaps due to enormous development in the smart phone platform, companies like Google, Samsung, and Apple embedded NFC in smart phones to provide on-the-go payment capabilities, eliminating the need for payment cards. But due to interoperability and high cost, these technologies are not available to everyone. Dr. B Srinivasa Rao | Ch. Sphoorthi | K. TejaSree | G. Sai Snigdha | V. S R Harika"Pay-Cloak:Biometric" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11430.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/other/11430/pay-cloakbiometric/dr-b-srinivasa-rao
A secure communication in smart phones using two factor authenticationeSAT Journals
Abstract Most secure systems face security attacks mainly at the client side. Two Factor Authentication (TFA) provides improved protection to the system at the client side by prompting to provide something they know and something they have. This system uses a one time password(OTP) generation method which doesn’t require client-server communication, which frees the system from cost of sending a dynamic password each time the client wants to login. The OTP generation uses the factors that are unique to the user and is installed on a smart phone in Android platform owned by the user. An OTP is valid for a minutes time, after which, is useless. The system thus provides better client level security – a simple low cost method which protects system from hacking techniques like key logging, phishing, shoulder surfing, etc. Keywords—Authentication, OTP, key logging, phishing
Android Based Total Security for System AuthenticationIJERA Editor
In this Paper [5], A highly severe menace to any computing device is the impersonation of an authenticate user. The most frequent computer authentication scheme is to use alphanumerical usernames and passwords. But the textual passwords are prone to dictionary attacks, eves dropping, shoulder surfing and social engineering. As such, graphical passwords have been introduced as an alternative to the traditional authentication process. Though the graphical password schemes provide a way of making more user friendly passwords, while increasing the level of security, they are vulnerable to shoulder surfing. To address this problem, text can be used in combination with the colors and images to generate the session passwords, thereby making a stronger authentication means. In general, session passwords are those that can be used only once and for every new session, a new password is engendered. This paper [7] describes a method of implementing two factor authentication using mobile phones. The proposed method guarantees that authenticating to services, such as online banking or ATM machines, is done in a very secure manner. The proposed system involves using a mobile phone as a software token for One Time Password generation. The generated One Time Password is valid for only a short user defined period of time and is generated by factors that are unique to both, the user and the mobile device itself. Additionally, an SMS-based mechanism is implemented as both a backup mechanism for retrieving the password and as a possible mean of synchronization. The proposed method has been implemented and tested. Initial results show the success of the proposed method.
A BASTION MOBILEID-BASED AUTHENTICATION TECHNIQUE (BMBAT)IJNSA Journal
Despite their proven security breaches, text passwords have been dominating all other methods of human authentication over the web for tens of years, however, the frequent successful attacks that exploit the passwords vulnerable model raises the need to enhance web authentication security. This paper proposes BMBAT; a new authentication technique to replace passwords, that leverages the pervasive user mobile
devices, QR codes and the strength of symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. In BMBAT, the user’s
mobile device acts as a user identity prover and a verifier for the server; it employs a challenge-response model with a dual mode of encryption using AES and RSA keys to mutually authenticate the client to the server and vice-versa. BMBAT combats a set of attack vectors including phishing attacks, man in the middle attacks, eavesdropping and session hijacking. A prototype of BMBAT has been developed and evaluated; the evaluation results show that BMBAT is a feasible and competitive alternative to passwords.
A BASTION MOBILEID-BASED AUTHENTICATION TECHNIQUE (BMBAT)IJNSA Journal
Despite their proven security breaches, text passwords have been dominating all other methods of human authentication over the web for tens of years, however, the frequent successful attacks that exploit the passwords vulnerable model raises the need to enhance web authentication security. This paper proposes BMBAT; a new authentication technique to replace passwords, that leverages the pervasive user mobile
devices, QR codes and the strength of symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. In BMBAT, the user’s mobile device acts as a user identity prover and a verifier for the server; it employs a challenge-response model with a dual mode of encryption using AES and RSA keys to mutually authenticate the client to the server and vice-versa. BMBAT combats a set of attack vectors including phishing attacks, man in the middle attacks, eavesdropping and session hijacking. A prototype of BMBAT has been developed and evaluated; the evaluation results show that BMBAT is a feasible and competitive alternative to passwords.
A Secure and Robust Cloud-based Prototype for Online Transaction using Androi...IJMTST Journal
The current scenario of mobile application based payment processes requires web or mobile channel which can be applicable for authenticating the identity of a remote user. Most of the current activities such as online banking, online shopping, etc. are configured with mobile devices. Since the applicability of m-commerce included various financial transactions along with personal details sharing, therefore, the vulnerability of performing attacks and threats by users have increased. The current research trend highlights that multi-factorial authentication techniques can be reinstalled on other devices, for overcoming this situation. This study introduces an android application based multi-level security model which is very lightweight, user-friendly, and distributed application to overcome the security issues in m-commerce platforms. Each module is made up of several supportive modules performing various operations and contributing to the performance enhancement of the proposed system. The performance evaluation of the proposed system ensures cost effectiveness regarding resource allocation and highly secure environment for online transactions using a trusted third party.
Three Step Multifactor Authentication Systems for Modern Securityijtsrd
Three factor authentication includes all major features in password authentication such as one factor authentication. Using passwords and two factor authentication is not enough to provide the best protection in the digital age significantly. Advances in the field of information technology. Even when one or two feature authentication was used to protect the remote control system, hacking tools, it was a simple computer program to collect private keys, and private generators made it difficult to provide protection. Security threats based on malware, such as key trackers installed, continue to be available to improve security risks. This requires the use of safe and easy to use materials. As a result, Three Level Security is an easy to use software. Soumyashree RK | Goutham S "Three Step Multifactor Authentication Systems for Modern Security" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49785.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/49785/three-step-multifactor-authentication-systems-for-modern-security/soumyashree-rk
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Novel Passwordless Authentication Scheme for Smart Phones Using Elliptic Cu...ADEIJ Journal
Today, a large number of people access internet through their smart phones to login to their bank accounts, social networking accounts and various other blogs. In such a scenario, user authentication has emerged as a major security issue in mobile internet. To date, password based authentication schemes have been extensively used to provide authentication and security. The password based authentication has always been cumbersome for the users because human memory is transient and remembering a large number of long and complicated passwords is impossible. Also, it is vulnerable to various kinds of attacks like brute force, rainbow table, dictionary, sniffing, shoulder surfing and so on. As the main contribution of this paper, a new passwordless authentication scheme for smart phones is presented which not only resolves all the weaknesses of password based schemes but also provide robust security. The proposed scheme relieves users from memorizing and storing long and complicated passwords. The proposed scheme uses ECDSA which is based on Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC). ECC has remarkable strength and efficiency advantages in terms of bandwidth, key sizes and computational overheads over other public key cryptosystems. It is therefore suitable for resource constraint devices like smart phone. Furthermore, the proposed scheme incorporate CAPTCHA which play a very important role in protecting the web resources from spamming and other malicious activities. To the best of our knowledge, until now no passwordless user authentication protocol based on ECC has been proposed for smart phones. Finally, the security and functionality analysis shows that compared with existing password based authentication schemes, the proposed scheme is more secure and efficient.
PingID provides cloud-based, adaptive multi-factor authentication (MFA) that adds an extra layer of protection for Microsoft Azure AD, AD FS, Office 365, VPN & and all of your apps. Learn more!
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
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Two aspect authentication system using secure
1. TWO ASPECT AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM USING SECURE
MOBILE DEVICES
S.Uvaraj1
, Dr.E.Mohan2
1
M.E/CSE, Arulmigu Meenakshi Amman College of Engineering, Kanchipuram, India.
ujrj@rediffmail.com
2
Prof/CSE, Pallavan College of Engineering, Kanchipuram, India.
emohan1971@gmail.com
Abstract
Mobile devices are becoming more pervasive and
more advanced with respect to their processing power
and memory size. Relying on the personalized and
trusted nature of such devices, security features can
be deployed on them in order to uniquely identify a
user to a service provider. In this paper, we present a
strong authentication mechanism that exploits the use
of mobile devices to provide a two-aspect
authentication system. Our approach uses a
combination of one-time passwords, as the first
authentication aspect, and credentials stored on a
mobile device, as the second aspect, to offer a strong
and secure authentication approach. By Adding an
SMS-based mechanism is implemented as both a
backup mechanism for retrieving the password and as
a possible mean of synchronization. We also present
an analysis of the security and usability of this
mechanism. The security protocol is analyzed against
an adversary model; this evaluation proves that our
method is safe against various attacks, most
importantly key logging, shoulder surfing, and
phishing attacks. Our simulation result evaluation
shows that, although our technique does add a layer
of indirectness that lessens usability; participants
were willing to trade-off that usability for enhanced
security once they became aware of the potential
threats when using an untrusted computer.
Keywords: Computer network security, mobile
handsets, one-time password, smart mobile phones
1. Introduction
Today security concerns are on the rise in all areas
such as banks, governmental applications, healthcare
industry, military organization, educational
institutions, etc. Government organizations are
setting standards, passing laws and forcing
organizations and agencies to comply with these
standards with non-compliance being met with wide-
ranging consequences. There are several issues when
it comes to security concerns in these numerous and
varying industries with one common weak link being
passwords. Mobile-OTP was introduced in 2003. As
of 2012 there are more than 40 independent
implementations of the Mobile-OTP algorithm
making it a de facto standard for strong mobile
authentication. Most systems today rely on static
passwords to verify the user’s identity. However,
such passwords come with major management
security concerns. Users tend to use easy-to-guess
passwords, use the same password in multiple
accounts, write the passwords or store them on their
machines, etc. Furthermore, hackers have the option
of using many techniques to steal passwords such as
shoulder surfing, snooping, sniffing, guessing, etc.
Several ‘proper’ strategies for using passwords have
been proposed [1]. Some of which are very difficult
to use and others might not meet the company’s
security concerns. Two aspect authentication using
devices such as tokens and ATM cards has been
proposed to solve the password problem and have
shown to be difficult to hack. Two aspect
authentication also have disadvantages which include
the cost of purchasing, issuing, and managing the
tokens or cards. From the customer’s point of view,
using more than one two- aspect authentication
system requires carrying multiple tokens/cards which
are likely to get lost or stolen.
Mobile phones have traditionally been regarded as a
tool for making phone calls. But today, given the
advances in hardware and software, mobile phones
use have been expanded to send messages, check
emails, store contacts, etc. Mobile connectivity
options have also increased. After standard GSM
connections, mobile phones now have infra-red,
Bluetooth, 3G, and WLAN connectivity. Most of us,
if not all of us, carry mobile phones for
communication purpose. Several mobile banking
services available take advantage of the improving
capabilities of mobile devices. From being able to
receive information on account balances in the form
of SMS messages to using WAP and Java together
with GPRS to allow fund transfers between accounts,
stock trading, and confirmation of direct payments
via the phone’s micro browser [12].
Installing both vendor-specific and third party
applications allow mobile phones to provide
expanded new services other than communication.
Consequently, using the mobile phone as a token will
make it easier for the customer to deal with multiple
two aspect authentication systems; in addition it will
reduce the cost of manufacturing, distributing, and
maintaining millions of tokens. We have developed a
scheme that enables the use of mobile devices for
authenticating users to a web service provider. The
approach provides a two- aspect authentication
mechanism by combining one-time passwords
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2. (OTPs), as the first authentication aspect, together
with encrypted user credentials stored on a mobile
phone as the second authentication aspect. In this
approach, we treated the mobile device as a trusted
digital wallet to securely encrypt and store users' long
term credentials. These credentials (i.e., her username
and password) are encrypted using the public key of
the service provider, stored on the mobile device, and
are transferred to the service provider when needed.
The storage of long term credentials on the mobile
device enables users to use stronger passwords for
their accounts, as they don't need to remember and
retype the passwords for each and every login time.
One-time passwords further protect the stored
credentials on the cell phone, if stolen or lost, by
requiring additional information at the time of log in.
In addition to a description of this authentication
protocol, we present the results of security and
usability evaluations of our two- aspect mobile
authentication system. The security analysis evaluates
the mobile authentication mechanism against an
adversary model. Our analysis shows that the security
of our devised method is improved over similar
authentication approaches that use mobile devices
[MvO07, MWL04, PKP06, WGM04], due to the
addition of the OTP which leads to having a strong
authentication mechanism. Furthermore, the results
of our usability study show that our participants were
willing to adopt the new technology once became
aware of the potential threats to their passwords when
using untrusted computers. Participants indicated
they would accept a lower level of usability in return
for the higher level of security of the mobile
technology. However, for this new technology to be a
complete replacement to conventional
username/password based systems, it should be
signicantly simpler.
In this paper, we propose and develop a complete two
aspect authentication system using mobile phones
instead of tokens or cards. The system consists of a
server connected to a GSM modem and a mobile
phone client running a J2ME application. Two modes
of operation are available for the users based on their
preference and constraints. The first is a stand-alone
approach that is easy to use, secure, and cheap. The
second approach is an SMS-based approach that is
also easy to use and secure, but more expensive. The
system has been implemented and tested.
In the next section we provide a related works about
authentication aspect s and existing two aspect
authentication systems. Section 3 & 4 describes the
proposed system design, the OTP algorithm, client,
server, and the database. Section 6 & 7 provides
simulation setup and results of testing the system.
Section 8 concludes the paper and provides future
work.
2. RELATED WORKS
By definition, authentication is the use of one or more
mechanisms to prove that you are who you claim to
be. Once the identity of the human or machine is
validated, access is granted.
Three universally recognized authentication aspect s
exist today: what you know (e.g. passwords), what
you have (e.g. ATM card or tokens), and what you
are (e.g. biometrics). Recent work has been done in
trying alternative aspects such as a fourth aspect, e.g.
somebody you know, which is based on the notion of
vouching [10]. Two aspect authentications [4] is a
mechanism which implements two of the above
mentioned aspects and is therefore considered
stronger and more secure than the traditionally
implemented one aspect authentication system.
Withdrawing money from an ATM machine utilizes
two aspect authentications; the user must possess the
ATM card, i.e. what you have, and must know a
unique personal identification number (PIN), i.e.
what you know. Passwords are known to be one of
the easiest targets of hackers. Therefore, most
organizations are looking for more secure methods to
protect their customers and employees. Biometrics
are known to be very secure and are used in special
organizations, but they are not used much in secure
online transactions or ATM machines given the
expensive hardware that is needed to identify the
subject and the maintenance costs, etc. Instead, banks
and companies are using tokens as a mean of two
aspect authentication. A security token is a physical
device that an authorized user of computer services is
given to aid in authentication. It is also referred to as
an authentication token or a cryptographic token.
Tokens come in two formats: hardware and software.
Hardware tokens are small devices which are small
and can be conveniently carried. Some of these
tokens store cryptographic keys or biometric data,
while others display a PIN that changes with time. At
any particular time when a user wishes to log-in, i.e.
authenticate, he uses the PIN displayed on the token
in addition to his normal account password. Software
tokens are programs that run on computers and
provide a PIN that change with time. Such programs
implement a One Time Password (OTP) algorithm.
OTP algorithms are critical to the security of systems
employing them since unauthorized users should not
be able to guess the next password in the sequence.
The sequence should be random to the maximum
possible extent, unpredictable, and irreversible.
Aspects that can be used in OTP generation include
names, time, seed, etc. Several commercial two
aspect authentication systems exist today such as
BestBuy’s BesToken, RSA’s SecurID [6], and Secure
Computing’s Safeword [2]. BesToken applies two-
aspect authentication through a smart card chip
integrated USB token. It has a great deal of
functionality by being able to both generate and store
users’ information such as passwords, certificates and
keys. One application is to use it to log into laptops.
In this case, the user has to enter a password while
the USB token is plugged to the laptop at the time of
the login. A hacker must compromise both the USB
and the user account password to log into the
laptop.SecurID from RSA uses a token (which could
be hardware or software) whose internal clock is
synchronized with the main server. Each token has a
unique seed which is used to generate a pseudo-
random number. This seed is loaded into the server
upon purchase of the token and used to identify the
user. An OTP is generated using the token every 60
seconds. The same process occurs at the server side.
A user uses the OTP along with a PIN which only he
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3. knows to authenticate and is validated at the server
side. If the OTP and PIN match, the user is
authenticated [8]. In services such as ecommerce, a
great deal of time and money is put into countering
possible threats and it has been pointed out that both
the client and the server as well as the channel of
communication between them is imperative [1].
Using tokens involves several steps including
registration of users, token production and
distribution, user and token authentication, and user
and token revocation among others [6]. While tokens
provide a much safer environment for users, it can be
very costly for organizations. For example, a bank
with a million customers will have to purchase,
install, and maintain a million tokens. Furthermore,
the bank has to provide continuous support for
training customers on how to use the tokens. The
banks have to also be ready to provide replacements
if a token breaks or gets stolen. Replacing a token is a
lot more expensive than replacing an ATM card or
resetting a password. From the customer’s
prospective, having an account with more than one
bank means the need to carry and maintain several
tokens which constitute a big inconvenience and can
lead to tokens being lost, stolen, or broken. In many
cases, the customers are charged for each token. We
propose a mobile-based software token that will save
the organizations the cost of purchasing and
maintaining the hardware tokens. Furthermore, will
allow customers to install multiple software tokens
on their mobile phones. Hence, they will only worry
about their mobile phones instead of worrying about
several hardware tokens.
3. SYSTEM DESIGN
In this paper, we propose a mobile-based software
token system that is supposed to replace existing
hardware and computer-based software tokens. The
proposed system is secure and consists of three parts:
(1) software installed on the client’s mobile phone,
(2) server software, and (3) a GSM modem connected
to the server. The system will have two modes of
operation:
• Connection-Less Authentication System: A
onetime password (OTP) is generated without
connecting the client to the server. The mobile phone
will act as a token and use certain aspects unique to it
among other aspects to generate a one-time password
locally. The server will have all the required aspects
including the ones unique to each mobile phone in
order to generate the same password at the server side
and compare it to the password submitted by the
client. The client may submit the password online or
through a device such as an ATM machine. A
program will be installed on the client’s mobile
phone to generate the OTP.
• SMS-Based Authentication System: In case the
first method fails to work, the password is rejected, or
the client and server are out of sync, the mobile
phone can request the one time password directly
from the server without the need to generate the OTP
locally on the mobile phone. In order for the server to
verify the identity of the user, the mobile phone sends
to the server, via an SMS message, information
unique to the user. The server checks the SMS
content and if correct, returns a randomly generated
OTP to the mobile phone. The user will then have a
given amount of time to use the OTP before it
expires. Note that this method will require both the
client and server to pay for the telecommunication
charges of sending the SMS message.
A. OTP Algorithm
In order to secure the system, the generated OTP
must be hard to guess, retrieve, or trace by hackers.
Therefore, its very important to develop a secure
OTP generating algorithm. Several aspects can be
used by the OTP algorithm to generate a difficult-to-
guess password. Users seem to be willing to use
simple aspects such as their mobile number and a
PIN for services such as authorizing mobile
micropayments [9]. Note that these aspects must exist
on both the mobile phone and server in order for both
sides to generate the same password. In the proposed
design, the following aspects were chosen:
• IMEI number: The term stands for International
Mobile Equipment Identity which is unique to each
mobile phone allowing each user to be identified by
his device. This is accessible on the mobile phone
and will be stored in the server’s database for each
client.
• IMSI number: The term stands for International
Mobile Subscriber Identity which is a unique number
associated with all GSM and Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) network
mobile phone users. It is stored in the Subscriber
Identity Module (SIM) card in the mobile phone.
This number will also be stored in the server’s
database for each client.
• Username: Although no longer required because
the IMEI will uniquely identify the user anyway. This
is used together with the PIN to protect the user in
case the mobile phone is stolen.
• PIN: This is required to verify that no one other
than the user is using the phone to generate the user’s
OTP. The PIN together with the username is data that
only the user knows so even if the mobile phone is
stolen the OTP cannot be generated correctly without
knowing the user’s PIN. Note that the username and
the PIN are never stored in the mobile’s memory.
They are just used to generate the OTP and discarded
immediately after that. In order for the PIN to be hard
to guess or brute-forced by the hacker, a minimum of
8-characters long PIN is requested with a mixture of
upper- and lower-case characters, digits, and
symbols.
• Hour: This allows the OTP generated each hour to
be unique.
• Minute: This would make the OTP generated each
minute to be unique; hence the OTP would be valid
for one minute only and might be inconvenient to the
user. An alternative solution is to only use the first
digit of the minute which will make the password
valid for ten minutes and will be more convenient for
the users, since some users need more than a minute
to read and enter the OTP. Note that the software can
modified to allow the administrators to select their
preferred OTP validity interval.
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4. • Day: Makes the OTP set unique to each day of the
week.
• Year/Month/Date: Using the last two digits of the
year and the date and month makes the OTP unique
for that particular date. The time is retrieved by the
client and server from the telecommunication
company. This will ensure the correct time
synchronization between both sides.
The above aspects are concatenated and the result is
hashed using SHA-256 which returns a 256 bit
message. The message is then XOR-ed with the PIN
replicated to 256 characters. The result is then
Base64 encoded which yields a 28 character message.
The message is then shrunk to an administrator-
specified length by breaking it into two halves and
XOR-ing the two halves repeatedly. This process
results in a password that is unique for a ten minute
interval for a specific user. Keeping the password at
28 characters is more secure but more difficult to use
by the client, since the user must enter all 28
characters to the online webpage or ATM machine.
The shorter the OTP message the easier it is for the
user, but also the easier it is to be hacked. The
proposed system gives the administrator the
advantage of selecting the password’s length based
on his preference and security needs.
B. Client Design
A J2ME program is developed and installed on the
mobile phone to generate the OTP. The program has
an easy to-use GUI that is developed using the
NetBeans drag and drop interface. The program can
run on any J2ME-enabled mobile phone. The OTP
program has the option of (1) generating the OTP
locally using the mobile credentials, e.g. IMEI and
IMSI numbers, or (2) requesting the OTP from the
server via an SMS message. The default option is the
first method which is cheaper since no SMS
messages are exchanged between the client and the
server. However, the user has the option to select the
SMS-based method. In order for the user to run the
OTP program, the user must enter his username and
PIN and select the OTP generation method. The
username, PIN, and generated OTP are never stored
on the mobile phone.If the user selects the
connection-less method the username and PIN are
used to locally generate the OTP and are discarded
thereafter. The username and PIN are stored on the
server’s side to generate the same OTP. If the user
selects the SMS-based method, the username and
PIN, in addition to the mobile identification aspects,
are encrypted via a 256-bit symmetric key in the OTP
algorithm and sent via an SMS to the server. The
server decrypts the message via the same 256-bit
symmetric key, extracts the identification aspects,
compares the aspects to the ones stored in the
database, generates an OTP and sends the OTP to the
client’s mobile phone if the aspects are valid. The
advantage of encrypting the SMS message is to
prohibit sniffing or man-in-the-middle attacks. The
256-bit key will be extremely hard to brute-force by
the hacker. Note that each user will have a pre-
defined unique 256-bit symmetric key that is stored
on both the server and client at registration time.
C. Database Design
A database is needed on the server side to store the
client’s identification information such as the first
name, last name, username, pin, password, mobile
IMEI number, IMSI number, unique symmetric key,
and the mobile telephone number for each user. The
password field will store the hash of the 10 minute
password. It will not store the password itself. Should
the database be compromised the hashes cannot be
reversed in order to get the passwords used to
generate those hashes. Hence, the OTP algorithm will
not be traced.
D. Server Design
A server is implemented to generate the OTP on the
organization’s side. The server consists of a database
as described in Section 3.C and is connected to a
GSM modem for SMS messages exchange. The
server application is multithreaded. The first thread is
responsible for initializing the database and SMS
modem, and listening on the modem for client
requests. The second thread is responsible for
verifying the SMS information, and generating and
sending the OTP. A third thread is used to compare
the OTP to the one retrieved using the connection-
less method. In order to setup the database, the client
must register in person at the organization. The
client’s mobile phone/SIM card identification
aspects, e.g. IMEI/IMSI, are retrieved and stored in
the database, in addition to the username and PIN.
The J2ME OTP generating software is installed on
the mobile phone. The software is configured to
connect to the server’s GSM modem in case the SMS
option is used. A unique symmetric key is also
generated and installed on both the mobile phone and
server. Both parties are ready to generate the OTP at
that point.
4. EXISTING OTP ALGORITHM
Certain types of encryption in the networks, by their
mathematical properties cannot be easily overcome
by brute force. An example of this is the one-time
password algorithm (OTP) [5], where every clear text
bit has a corresponding key bit. One-time passwords
rely on the ability to generate a truly random
sequence of key bits. A brute force attack would
eventually reveal the correct decoding, but also every
other possible combination of bits, and would have
no way of distinguishing one from the other. A small,
100-byte, one-time-password encoded string
subjected to a brute force attack would eventually
reveal every 100-byte string possible, including the
correct answer, but possibly low chance. Here we
have analyzed one-time password algorithm for a
secure network [6] available today based on mobile
authentication and we have listed the possible attacks
[7] to the one-time password algorithm.
One-Time Password Algorithm
In existing one-time password algorithm, Java
MIDlet is a client application and we assume that this
runs in client mobile phones which can be able to
receive one time passwords. A MIDlet is an
application that uses the Mobile Information Device
Profile (MIDP) of the Connected Limited Device
Configuration (CLDC) for the Java ME environment.
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5. Typical applications include games running on
mobile devices and cell phones which have small
graphical displays, simple numeric keypad interfaces
and limited network access over HTTP. This whole
design describes the two main protocols used by Java
MIDlet system. Initially, the user downloads the
client (Java MIDlet) to his mobile phone. Then the
client executes a protocol to register with both server
and a service provider utilizing server system for user
authentication. After the successful execution of the
activation protocol the user can run the authentication
protocol an unlimited number of times.
Activation Protocol
After the user has downloaded the client software
from a service onto his mobile phone, he must
activate the phone as an OTP receiver before it can be
used for authentication to a web-based secure service
[8]. The activation protocol takes place between five
parties: the user, the user’s mobile phone, the user’s
PC, the Server (SE), and the service provider (SP).
The main steps of the protocol are summarized
below.
1. The user authenticates himself to SP using
credentials already known to SP.
2. When the user asks to activate his mobile phone as
an OTP receiver, SP redirects the user’s browser to
SE with a URL that contains an activation request
and a Secure Object [9].
3. SE verifies that the Secure Object comes from SP,
and gets the user’s phone number and other unique
identification number like IMEI.
4. SE sends an activation code to the user’s PC and
an SMS message to the user’s phone asking it to start
the client software.
5. The mobile phone asks the user to enter the
activation code, available on his PC, and transmits
the code to SE.
6. SE verifies that the activation code is the same as
the one sent to the PC, and sends a challenge to the
mobile phone together with an encryption key K0
(The role of K0 is explained separately).
7. The user chooses a personal identification number
(PIN) and enters it on the mobile phone, which
generates a security code and a response. The
response is the encryption of the challenge using the
security code as key. The security code and response
are sent to SE, and SE stores the security code.
8. SE verifies that the response and the security code
correspond to the challenge, and if so, the user has
activated the mobile phone as an OTP receiver for
use with SP.
These steps should ensure that the PC and the mobile
phone are in the same location, or at least that there
exists a communication link between the person
using the PC and the holder of the phone. Since the
person using the PC is authenticated and has
transferred the activation code to the phone, we can
assume that this person really wants to activate the
mobile phone as an OTP generator.
Authentication Protocol
The OTP-based authentication protocol takes place
between five parties: the user, the user’s mobile
phone, the user’s PC, the SE, and SP. The main steps
of the protocol are described below.
1. The user enters the identity he shares with SP on
its login page.
2. SP asks the user for an OTP, and sends a request to
ES to generate an OTP for the user.
3. SE first sends an SMS to the user’s mobile phone
to start the client software. It then sends a challenge
to the phone together with two encryption keys Ki
and Ki+1 (The role of Ki and Ki+1 is explained
separately).
4. The user enters his PIN on the phone, and the
phone computes the same security code generated at
the time of activation. The phone then encrypts the
challenge with the security code as key and sends the
cipher text as a response to SE.
5. ES verifies that the response from the mobile
phone corresponds to the challenge, and sends an
OTP to the phone.
6. The user enters the OTP on the SP’s login page,
and SP contacts ES to verify that the OTP is indeed
the correct one for this user.
Fig1. Existing OTP Generation Mechanism
Fig1 shows architecture of existing OTP mechanism.
The authentication protocol’s main goal is to ensure
that only the legitimate user can obtain an OTP from
SE. The goal is not achieved fully because the
phone’s response to SE challenge is the encryption of
the challenge using the key (security code) made
during activation. The answer for this challenge may
be known to non-legitimate users also. The correct
generation of this key requires the correct PIN and
other unique information, which possibly other
person who are not legitimate also is supposed to
have. This person was in turn authenticated at the
time of activation; hence we cannot be confident that
he is the legitimate user.
5. PROPOSAL
Here we designed a PassText based authentication
scheme in order to produce a security code instead of
using a challenge. Our proposed idea explores the
usage of PassText [14] which is impossible to break
with brute force attack and stay remains as
unpredictable. Proposed works are listed below.
Proposed Activation Protocol
1. The user authenticates himself to SP using
credentials already known to SP.
2. When the user asks to activate his mobile phone as
an OTP receiver, SP redirects the user’s browser to
SE with a URL that contains an activation request
and a Secure Object.
3. SE verifies that the Secure Object comes from SP,
and gets the user’s phone number and other unique
identification number like IMEI. Here users have to
specify PIN.
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6. 4. SE sends an activation code to the user’s PC and
an SMS message to the user’s phone asking it to start
the client software.
5. The mobile phone asks the user to enter the
activation code, available on his/her PC, and
transmits the code to SE.
6. SE verifies that the activation code is the same as
the one sent to the PC, and sends a Passphrase to the
mobile phone together with an encryption key K0.
7. The user chooses a personal identification number
(PIN) and enters it on the mobile phone, which
generates a security code and a PassText response.
The response is the encryption of the PassText using
the security code as key. PassText is known only to
the legitimate user. The security code and response
are sent to SE, and SE stores the security code.
8. SE verifies that the response and the security code
correspond to the PassPhrase send, and if so, the user
has activated the mobile phone as an OTP receiver
for use with SP.
Fig2. Proposed Layout of Activation Protocol
In the above proposed protocol, Passphrase is a
simple passage given by either a user or SP and it
sent from SP to user while activation process. User
converts this Passphrase into PassText by some
remember able changes. These changes are known to
and done by only legitimate users. So this leads to
maximum security and so security level for this
scheme becomes unpredictable and proposed security
level of this measure described later.
Proposed Authentication Protocol
The proposed protocol steps are as follows. This
ensures the necessary authentication steps for
recognizing legitimate user.
1. User requesting SP for an OTP at the first step,
rather than user enters the secure login page.
2. SP verifies the mobile request with existing
database and if it’s approved request, SP request SE
to generate an OTP for the user.
3. SE sends a PassPhrase to the phone together with
two encryption keys Ki and Ki+1.
4. The user enters his PIN and PassText from
Passphrase on the phone, and so the mobile computer
security code. The mobile then encrypts the PassText
with the security code as key and sends the cipher
text as a response to SE.
5. ES verifies that the response from the mobile
phone corresponds to the passphrase, and sends a sms
to the users mobile to login using the identity shares
with SP.
6. Now session cookie is activated by SE and it will
be send to user’s PC after completing login session
by the user.
7. If session cookie has arrived to user’s PC, secure
login page will be redirected automatically by session
cookie after a successful logon process finished by a
user. If user logins already without mobile
authentication, secure page will not be redirected as
there is no session cookie. This method completely
avoids malicious user to login with the secure system.
8. Redirected URL will request OTP for a secure
authentication. Now SE will send an OTP to user
mobile through SP.
9. User can authenticate them by the OTP received
through mobile. Successful users only can receive
OTP from SP after completing a strong mobile
authentication.
This proposed protocol ensures that only legitimate
users are accessing the secure system and it also
avoids malware based attacks. It’s proven that
PassText is a string which is known neither only to
the legitimate users nor to unauthorized. So brute
force attack turns to be zero and its measures are
discussed later.
Fig3. Proposed Layout of Authentication Protocol
Generation of Security code and Responses
The hash function SHA-1 and the encryption
algorithm AES with a 16-byte key are used to
generate the security code and the responses. Hashing
is denoted by H () and encryption with key K is
denoted by EK (). The security code, SC, is computed
by the following hash, truncated to 16 bytes,
SC=H(PIN||IMEI||CR||SPID)16 (1)
where || denotes concatenation. PIN is a secret
number with at least four digits entered by the user;
IMEI is a 14 digit code uniquely identifying the
mobile phone where the Java MIDlet client is
installed; CR or client reference is a 40-byte random
string generated on the mobile phone during the
activation protocol; and SPID is a public value
identifying the SP to whom the user wishes to
authenticate. The client reference needs to be stored
on the mobile phone for later use. It is only stored in
encrypted form. During the activation protocol it is
encrypted using AES with the key K0 which is sent
by ES together with the PassPhrase. When the client
reference is needed in the authentication protocol it is
first decrypted using Ki, and when it goes back into
storage it is encrypted using Ki+1. The keys Ki and
Ki+1 are sent from SE together with the challenge in
the authentication protocol. The generation of a 16-
International Journal of Computer Science and Management Research Vol 2 Issue 6 June 2013
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7. byte response, R, to a Passphrase PP, is defined by
the expression,
R = ESC (PP) (2)
where SC is the 16-byte security code defined by (1)
and PP is a 16-byte PassPhrase received from ES.
6. SIMULATION SETUP
It has been analyzed that in order to thwart the
possible attacks in a secure system, three
countermeasures have to be considered. To protect
against malware-based replay attack, the proposed
activation protocol needs to be secured against the
replay of old requests. SE must ensure that each
secure object is only used once. Also it should not be
allowed to activate another mobile phone as OTP
generator for an account, if there already exists a
mobile phone activated for the specific account. In
order to protect against malware-based impersonation
attack and phishing attack there is a need for a tighter
control over the transition from old OTP generator to
a new mobile phone. Simulation was done between a
system and a mobile phone which is having the
capacity of receiving and storing the secure object
(Fig 4). Mobile phone can be replaced with any
device which should have an enough capacity to
manipulate a secure object. While analyzing the
existing one-time password algorithm, obtained
results shows that brute force attack is possible in
most of the secure networks. Even though an OTP
giving more reliability, according to the
cryptographic policy, brute force attack will try all
possible combinations of passwords until it finds the
correct one. It is very difficult to defend against brute
force. First when a user requests SP to provide an
OTP, SP verifies that whether the mobile request has
been registered already. If not, the request will be
discarded immediately. If the requested is approved,
SE sends a Passphrase which can be considered as a
challenge to the user along with the keys. By the help
of personal identification number and a passtext,
mobile phone will generate a response to the
challenge. Here we have designed a schema which
will ensure that same challenge and response should
not be given to different users. In this way a secure
system can be protected safely from a number of
user’s. If the response is approved to ES, a message
will be sent to user’s mobile.
Fig4. Simulation setup (Making of OTP)
After getting the confirmation message from ES, user
will logon by having his/her own credentials. This
mechanism completely avoids malware based
impersonation attack since user will not advised to
use URL at the first step itself. Fig6. User logon
process when the authenticated user logon into the
system, SE will send a session cookie to the user’s
PC and this will redirect to the secure system. If the
user have an OTP token, SE will never send session
cookie and this will be stop the malicious users to
access the secure system.
7. SIMULATION RESULTS
It seems unfair to say that any set of alphanumeric
characters are equally easy to commit to memory. For
example “A7Jo0” and word “commit” are not both
equal to six units of memory. We have compared
password space with different password schemas we
can identify the most secure approaches with respect
to brute force attack. Table2 demonstrates
comparison of password space and password length
for popular user authentication schemas. Table2
shows that the approach presented by us is both more
secured and the easiest to remember. At the same
time, it is relatively fast to produce during an
authentication procedure.
Table II
Password space comparison.
SYSTEM TESTING
The server was implemented using Java. A Siemens
MC35i GSM modem was used for sending and
receiving SMS messages on the server side. The
smslib3.2.0 [17] library was used to send the
messages and the SHA 4j [16] library was used to
hash the password. An Oracle 10g was used as a
database. The client was implemented using J2ME
and installed on a Nokia E60 and Nokia E61 phone.
Both methods, the connection-less and SMS-based,
were tested. In the first method, fake user accounts
were setup on both the mobile phone and server. The
mobile phone was used to generate 5000 random
OTPs at various times of the day and all 5000
generated OTPs matched the OTPs generated on the
server side. The use of date and time from the
telecommunication company helped solve the
synchronization problem.
8. CONCLUSIONS
Today, single aspect authentication, e.g. passwords,
is no longer considered secure in the internet and
banking world. Easy-to-guess passwords, such as
names and age, are easily discovered by automated
password-collecting programs. Two aspect
authentications has recently been introduced to meet
the demand of organizations for providing stronger
authentication options to its users. In most cases, a
Authentication
System
Alphabet
Password
Length
Password Space
Size
Password 64 8 Char 2.8 x 1014
Pin Number 10
4
Numbers
1 x 104
Text with
Graphical
Assistant
10 spaces 8 Char 2 x 106
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8. hardware token is given to each user for each
account. The increasing number of carried tokens and
the cost the manufacturing and maintaining them is
becoming a burden on both the client and
organization. Since many clients carry a mobile
phone today at all times, an alternative is to install all
the software tokens on the mobile phone. This will
help reduce the manufacturing costs and the number
of devices carried by the client. This paper focuses on
the implementation of two-aspect authentication
methods using mobile phones. It provides the reader
with an overview of the various parts of the system
and the capabilities of the system. The proposed
system has two option of running, either using a free
and fast connection-less method or a slightly more
expensive SMSbased method. Both methods have
been successfully implemented and tested, and shown
to be robust and secure. The system has several
aspects that make it difficult to hack. Future
developments include a more user friendly GUI and
extending the algorithm to work on Blackberry,
Palm, and Windows-based mobile phones. In
addition to the use of Bluetooth and WLAN features
on mobile phones for better security and cheaper
OTP generation.
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