An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, they are mutated or expressed at high levels. Most normal cells undergo a programmed form of rapid cell death (apoptosis) when critical functions are altered.
Cancer is mainly caused by the conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. The process is known as oncogenesis.
This slide will help to get an idea about oncogenesis and also the proto-oncogenes which get converted.
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer. In tumor cells, they are mutated or expressed at high levels. Most normal cells undergo a programmed form of rapid cell death (apoptosis) when critical functions are altered.
Cancer is mainly caused by the conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. The process is known as oncogenesis.
This slide will help to get an idea about oncogenesis and also the proto-oncogenes which get converted.
The epigenetic regulation of DNA-templated processes has been intensely studied over the last 15
years. DNA methylation, histone modification, nucleosome remodeling, and RNA-mediated targeting regulate many biological processes that are fundamental to the genesis of cancer. Here, we
present the basic principles behind these epigenetic pathways and highlight the evidence suggesting that their misregulation can culminate in cancer. This information, along with the promising clinical and preclinical results seen with epigenetic drugs against chromatin regulators, signifies that it
is time to embrace the central role of epigenetics in cancer.
angiogenesis, anti angiogenic agents, angiogenic mechanism, types of angiogenesis, wound healing, disorders of angiogenesis, tumour angiogenesis, factors of angiogenesis, theurepeutic angiogenesis, father of tumour angiogenesis, terminology of angiogenesis, angiogenesis in health and disease, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, arteriogenesis, intussusceptive agiogenesis, angioblasts, angiogenesis inhibitors, william harvey, judah folkman, interferon, thromospondin,sprouting angiogenesis, VEGF,FGF, PDGF, matrix metalloproteinases ,
The Wnt cascade has emerged as a critical regulator of stem cells. In many tissues, activation of Wnt signaling has also been found to be associated with cancer. Understanding the regulation by Wnt signaling may serve as a paradigm for understanding the dual nature of self-renewal signals.
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
Role of cancer stem cells in cancer therapyniper hyd
Cancer is one of the leading cause of death, till to date there is no perfect treatment due to its stem cell relapse which is not responding to conventional therapies like chemo, radio, surgery. so we should target the cancer stem cell with novel targets like nano, and immunotherapies.
Cancer is a condition in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy the body tissues. there are mainly 4 types of genes in our body when get altered it will lead to cancer. they are proto oncogenes, tumor suppresser genes, Micro RNA genes and mutated genes. these genes are important for the regulation of cell cycle and other functions in the body. once they get mutated either their function is lost permanently or get enhanced. This change is unwanted in the body and it may cause uncontrolled cell division.
Cell within a tumor that possess the capacity to self-renew and to cause the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor”.
“CSC can thus only be defined experimentally by their ability to recapitulate the generation of a continuously growing tumor”.
The epigenetic regulation of DNA-templated processes has been intensely studied over the last 15
years. DNA methylation, histone modification, nucleosome remodeling, and RNA-mediated targeting regulate many biological processes that are fundamental to the genesis of cancer. Here, we
present the basic principles behind these epigenetic pathways and highlight the evidence suggesting that their misregulation can culminate in cancer. This information, along with the promising clinical and preclinical results seen with epigenetic drugs against chromatin regulators, signifies that it
is time to embrace the central role of epigenetics in cancer.
angiogenesis, anti angiogenic agents, angiogenic mechanism, types of angiogenesis, wound healing, disorders of angiogenesis, tumour angiogenesis, factors of angiogenesis, theurepeutic angiogenesis, father of tumour angiogenesis, terminology of angiogenesis, angiogenesis in health and disease, diabetic retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity, macular degeneration, rheumatoid arthritis, arteriogenesis, intussusceptive agiogenesis, angioblasts, angiogenesis inhibitors, william harvey, judah folkman, interferon, thromospondin,sprouting angiogenesis, VEGF,FGF, PDGF, matrix metalloproteinases ,
The Wnt cascade has emerged as a critical regulator of stem cells. In many tissues, activation of Wnt signaling has also been found to be associated with cancer. Understanding the regulation by Wnt signaling may serve as a paradigm for understanding the dual nature of self-renewal signals.
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
Role of cancer stem cells in cancer therapyniper hyd
Cancer is one of the leading cause of death, till to date there is no perfect treatment due to its stem cell relapse which is not responding to conventional therapies like chemo, radio, surgery. so we should target the cancer stem cell with novel targets like nano, and immunotherapies.
Cancer is a condition in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy the body tissues. there are mainly 4 types of genes in our body when get altered it will lead to cancer. they are proto oncogenes, tumor suppresser genes, Micro RNA genes and mutated genes. these genes are important for the regulation of cell cycle and other functions in the body. once they get mutated either their function is lost permanently or get enhanced. This change is unwanted in the body and it may cause uncontrolled cell division.
Cell within a tumor that possess the capacity to self-renew and to cause the heterogeneous lineages of cancer cells that comprise the tumor”.
“CSC can thus only be defined experimentally by their ability to recapitulate the generation of a continuously growing tumor”.
Its about cancer biology where it includes characteristics features of cancer, hallmarks of cancer, protooncogenes oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, chromosomal translocation, oncogenic viruses, cellular transformation to induce cancer, molecular basis of diagnosis of cancer, development of cancer, carcinogenes, types of cancer, mutation in developing cancer, prevelance of cancer, conversion of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes, oncogene in human cancer, oncogene fusion protein, oncogene activation by chromosomal translocation, BRCA1 and BRCA2, p53, oncogene targeted drugs, CAR-T-cell therapy, Immunotherapy, Monoclonal antibodies.
The term angiogenesis is generally applied to the growth of .docxssusera34210
The term angiogenesis is generally applied
to the growth of microvessel sprouts the size
of capillary blood vessels, a process that is
orchestrated by a range of angiogenic factors
and inhibitors (FIG.1). Although proliferating
endothelial cells undergoing DNA synthesis
are a common hallmark of angiogenic
microvascular sprouts, extensive sprouts
can grow for periods of time, mainly by the
migration of endothelial cells1. Physiological
angiogenesis is distinct from arteriogen-
esis and lymphangiogenesis and occurs in
reproduction, development and wound
repair. It is usually focal, such as in blood
coagulation in a wound, and self-limited
in time, taking days (ovulation), weeks
(wound healing) or months (placentation).
By contrast, pathological angiogenesis can
persist for years. Pathological angiogenesis is
necessary for tumours and their metastases
to grow beyond a microscopic size and it can
give rise to bleeding, vascular leakage and
tissue destruction. These consequences of
pathological angiogenesis can be responsible,
directly or indirectly, for the symptoms, inca-
pacitation or death associated with a broad
range of ‘angiogenesis-dependent diseases’2.
Examples of such diseases include cancer,
autoimmune diseases, age-related macular
degeneration and atherosclerosis (TABLE 1).
The concept of angiogenesis-dependent
diseases originated in 1972 with the recogni-
tion that certain non-neoplastic diseases, such
as the chronic inflammatory disease psoriasis,
depend on chronic neovascularization to
provide a conduit for the continual delivery
of inflammatory cells to the inflammatory
site3–5. Subsequently, other non-neoplastic
diseases were recognized to be in part angio-
genesis dependent, for example, infantile
haemangiomas6, peptic ulcers7, ocular
neovascularization8, rheumatoid arthritis9 and
atherosclerosis3,10,11. This led to a more general
understanding that the process of angiogen-
esis itself could be considered as an ‘organ-
izing principle’. Organizing principles are
common in the physical sciences, and are now
starting to be recognized in biology — other
examples might be inflammation or apopto-
sis, which are also aspects of many otherwise
unrelated diseases. The heuristic value of
such a principle is that it permits connections
between seemingly unrelated phenomena.
For example, the discovery of a molecular
mechanism for one phenomenon might be
more rapidly demonstrated for a second
phenomenon if one understands a priori that
the two are connected. Furthermore, when
the mechanisms underlying different diseases
can be related in this way, the development
of therapeutics for one disease could aid
the development of therapeutics for others.
Although it remains to be determined to what
extent treating pathological angiogenesis in
different angiogenesis-dependent diseases will
be successful, the recent approval of ranibi-
zumab (Lucentis; Genentech) — an antibody
fragment bas ...
It is an abnormal mass of tissue which is a classic sign of inflammation.
It is a fluid filled lesion that may or may not be formed by an abnormal growth of neoplastic cells that appears enlarged in size.
The term cancer refers to a new growth which has the ability to invade surrounding tissues, metastasize and which may eventually lead to the patient's death if untreated.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
2. Introduction
• Tumor angiogenesis refers to the process by which new blood vessels
are formed to supply nutrients and oxygen to a growing tumor mass.
• It involves the development of a network of blood vessels within the
tumor microenvironment.
• In normal physiology, angiogenesis is tightly regulated and occurs
primarily during embryonic development, wound healing, and tissue
repair.
• in cancer, tumor cells stimulate the formation of new blood vessels to
sustain their growth and enable their invasion into surrounding
tissues.
3. • Tumor angiogenesis is driven by the release of pro-angiogenic factors,
such as VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor), by cancer cells
and other cells within the tumor microenvironment. These factors
promote the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells, which
are the building blocks of blood vessels.
• The process of tumor angiogenesis involves the remodeling of the
extracellular matrix and the sprouting of new blood vessels from pre-
existing vessels. These newly formed blood vessels provide the tumor
with the necessary nutrients, oxygen, and growth factors for
continued expansion.
4. • The presence and extent of tumor angiogenesis have been shown to
correlate with tumor progression, metastasis, and poor clinical
outcomes in various types of cancer.
• targeting tumor angiogenesis has become a promising therapeutic
strategy, leading to the development of anti-angiogenic drugs aimed
at inhibiting blood vessel formation within tumors.
5. The Role of Angiogenesis in Tumor Growth
• Explanation of how tumors induce angiogenesis
• Increased demand for nutrients and oxygen in growing tumors
• Formation of new blood vessels to support tumor growth
• Role of angiogenic factors such as VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth
Factor)
• Angiogenesis as a hallmark of cancer
6. Mechanisms of Tumor Angiogenesis
• Activation of endothelial cells and recruitment of pericytes
• Stimulation of pro-angiogenic factors
• Inhibition of anti-angiogenic factors
• Extracellular matrix remodeling and vessel sprouting
• Formation of new blood vessels
7. Angiogenic Switch and Tumor Progression
• Concept of angiogenic switch in tumor development
• Transition from avascular to vascular tumor growth
• Influence of hypoxia and oxygen sensing pathways
• Upregulation of pro-angiogenic factors in response to hypoxia
• Acceleration of tumor growth and metastasis after angiogenic switch
8. Clinical Significance of Tumor Angiogenesis
• Diagnostic and prognostic implications
• Assessment of tumor angiogenesis through immunohistochemistry
• Correlation between angiogenesis and tumor grade/stage
• Predictive value of angiogenesis for response to therapy
• Potential for anti-angiogenic therapies in cancer treatment
9. Biomarkers and Targets for Anti-Angiogenic
Therapy
• Overview of angiogenesis-related biomarkers
• VEGF as a key target for anti-angiogenic therapies
• Other targets, such as PDGF (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor)
• Available anti-angiogenic agents and their mechanisms of action
• Challenges and limitations of anti-angiogenic therapy
10. Anti-Angiogenic Therapy in Clinical Practice
• Approved anti-angiogenic drugs and their indications
• Examples of targeted therapies, such as bevacizumab and sorafenib
• Combination therapies with chemotherapy or radiation
• Common side effects and management strategies
• Patient selection criteria for anti-angiogenic treatment
