Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is spread through the air from person to person via coughs or sneezes. Symptoms vary depending on the location of infection in the body, but may include cough, chest pain, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves tests of sputum, blood, or tissue samples. Treatment requires taking multiple antibiotics over a period of 6-9 months under direct observation to prevent drug resistance.

1. TUBERCULOSIS
DEFINITION: It is a communicable infectious disease caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
• Coughing, sneezing and consuming
food contaminated by TB patients
• Droplet infections and use of materials
contaminated by TB patients
• Ingestion of Mycobacterium bovis found
in unpasteurized milk
• Droplet infection and direct contact with
TB patients
Directly observed treatment, short course strategy.
DOTS
Anti-tubercular regimen according to patient category
(WHO )
S.N
O
TYPE OF
PATIENT
DURATION
OF
TREATMENT
REGIMEN
C I
1.
New
sputum
positive
Intensive phase
(2 months ) INH+RMP+ETB+PZA
2.
Sputum
negative
pulmonary
tb.
Intensive phase
(2 months)
INH+RMP+ETB+PZA
3.
Seriously
ill
Continuous phase
(4 months)
INH+RMP
C II
1.
Relapse Intensive phase
(3 months)
INH+RMP+ETB+PZA
For 2 months +SM
2.
Treatment
failure
Continuous phase
(5 months)
INH+RMP+ETB
CII
I 1.
New smear
negative
Intensive phase (
2 months)
INH+RMP+PZA
2.
Extra
pulmonary
Continuous phase
(4 months )
INH+RMP
PHARMACOLOGICAL TREATMENT:
LIST OF FIRST LINE AGENTS:
• ISONIAZID
• RIFAMPICIN
• ETHAMBUTOL
• PYRAZINAMIDE
• STREPTOMYCIN
LIST OF SECOND LINE AGENTS:
• CYCLOSPORINE
• KANAMYCIN
• AMIKACIN
• LEVOFLOXACIN
• CYCLOSERINE
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
CLASSIFICATION OF TB
1.Pulmonary TB
2.Extrapulmonary TB
• Lymph node TB
• Pleural TB
• TB of upper airways
• Skeletal TB
• Genitourinary TB
• Miliary TB
• Pericardial
TB
• Gastrointesti
nal TB
• Tuberculosis
Meningitis
INCUBATION PERIOD: 2-12 WEEKS
ETIOLOGY
Causative organism:
1.In Human: Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis
Characteristics:
• Gram positive
• Obligate aerobe
• Non motile rod
• 0.2 – 0/6×2-4 µm2
2.In Animals: Mycobacterium bovis
Prevention of transmission:
Patient counselling:
•Patients should understand the importance of
adherence to medication.
•Patients are instructed to stay isolated from family
members to reduce the risk of spread.
•Family members of infected person to be
assessed for TB immediately, especially children
under age of 5.
•The harmless red colorizing effects of
Rifampicin on urine, other secretions, and contact
lenses should be discussed with the patient.
•Emphasise the importance of following indication
to monitor the progress of therapy.
RISK FACTOR
PREPARED BY: SAKTHI PRIYA.J ; MONISHA.P ;VYSALI.A; SNEHA.E;
MONISHA.J; ARIVARASI.L
GUIDED BY:
DR.B.SENTHILNATHAN( PROFESSOR AND HEAD DEPT. OF PHARMACY
PRACTICE
PROF.MRS.VEDHA PAL JEYAMANI (DEPT. OF PHARMACY PRACTICE)
JAYA COLLEGE OF PARAMEDICAL SCIENCES, COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
DIAGNOSIS
1. Tuberculin skin Test.
 Mantoux Test.
2. Sputum smear.
Ziehl – Neelsen or
Fluorescent staining.
3. TB Blood test. (IGRAs).
 Interferon Gamma Release Assays.
4. Chest X-ray.
5. TB Molecular Test.
6. TB culture Test.