This document summarizes a study that investigated the lipolytic (fat-breaking down) effects of extracts from different parts of Satsuma mandarin oranges (Citrus unshu Mark). The study found that extracts from the peel and segment wall (the white part between segments) induced lipolysis in rat fat cells, while extracts from the juice sac did not. High levels of the lipolytic amine synephrine were detected in the peel and segment wall extracts but not the juice sac extract. Segment wall extracts from some other citrus fruits also induced lipolysis, but extracts from grapefruit and lemon did not. The lipolysis induced by Satsuma mandarin segment wall extract was inhibited by a beta-antagon
Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in compariso...Pritam Kolge
Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract.....
This is Journal Club activity Presentation with the reference of various research papers.
This Presentation Contain following...
#Info about Paper
#Highlights
#Introduction
#Materials
#Methods
#Results
#Discussion
#Conclusion
#References
Important Methods used
1)Antioxidants extraction
2)Determination of total phenolics content
3)FRAP Assay
4)Determination of content of phenolic compounds in the
extract
5)Superoxide radical scavenging activity (DPPH)
6)Hydroxyl radical (OH) prevention activity
Journal Club Presentation at Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur.
Thanks for Help and Guidance of Dr. P. B. Choudhari (Assistant Professor, Pharmaceutical Chemistry) and Mr. D. P. Mali Assistant Professor, Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties of pomegranate (punica g...Pritam Kolge
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties
of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed and defatted
seed extracts
This is Journal Club activity Presentation with the reference of various research papers.
This Presentation Contain following...
#Info about Paper
#Abstract
#Materials
#Methods
#Results
#Discussion
#Conclusion
#References
*Important Methods used
#Moisture content
#Fat content
#Acid value
#Peroxide value
#Oxidative stability index
#Total phenols content
#Preparation of Pomegranate seed extracts and calculate extract yield
#Evaluation of antioxidant properties of Pomegranate seed extracts using
-DPPH radicals scavenging activity
-FRAP assay
#Antioxidant efficiency of seed extract (Oxidative stability extract)
#Statistical analysis
Journal Club Presentation at Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur.
Thanks for Help and Guidance of Dr. P. B. Choudhari (Assistant Professor, Pharmaceutical Chemistry) and Dr. A. J. Shinde (Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics)
Isolation and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from phyllanthus emblica...IJSIT Editor
Polyphenol Oxidase (E C 1.10.3.1) from Phyllanthusemblica(Indian Gooseberry) was purified to
homogeneity by ammonium sulphate followed by dialysis and SDS PAGE. The apparent molecular weight was
100 kD. Highly active PPO extract was obtained using 1% (W/V). Triton-X-100 and 0.1M NaCl in 0.2M
phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. The optimum pH was found to be 7 and enzyme activity was stable in range of 300C
- 400C. PPO showed highest activity with Catechol compared to Tyrosine. High inhibitory effects were shown
by EDTA. PPO activity was enhanced by sulphates compared to chlorides. The data obtained in this study help
to better understand fruit browning in Indian Gooseberry
Bioassay Guided Fractionation and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Lupeol fro...inventionjournals
The present study was designed to isolate active compound(s) through activity guided isolation using α-amylase inhibitory activity of crude extract and fractions of Faidherbia albida . The crude and fractions were subjected to inhibitory effect on α-amylase. The ethylacetate fraction showed 91.63% inhibition of the enzyme, column chromatography of the ethylacetate fraction afforded the Compound EFAE 5 which inhibited the enzyme by 82.88% and showed significant α-amylase inhibition. Spectral analysis of the isolated compound confirmed it to be Lupeol by comparison of the spectral data with literature.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Extraction of Pectin from Mangifera Indica Linn. Indian Mango Fruit Peelijtsrd
This study extracted pectin from the fruit peels of Mangifera indica Linn. Indian Mango sold in Catarman. The Mango fruit peels pectin has greenish light brown color, sweet dry smell odor and coarse texture. The 0.5 pectin solution has pH of 4, acidic and is soluble in water but insoluble in both hexane and chloroform reagents. Extracted pectin has 280°C to 284°C high melting point and gelling point of 32°C in 10min. The glucose content of extracted pectin is 2 and few from chloride ions. Extracted pectin is comparable in terms of odor, texture, solubility and glucose content to commercial pectin but quit incomparable in color, pH, melting point, gelling point and chloride ion test. Aurelia Jane Jatap | Melinda C. Getalado ""Extraction of Pectin from Mangifera Indica Linn. (Indian Mango) Fruit Peel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25180.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/25180/extraction-of-pectin-from-mangifera-indica-linn-indian-mango-fruit-peel/aurelia-jane-jatap
Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in compariso...Pritam Kolge
Evaluation of antioxidant properties of pomegranate peel extract in comparison with pomegranate pulp extract.....
This is Journal Club activity Presentation with the reference of various research papers.
This Presentation Contain following...
#Info about Paper
#Highlights
#Introduction
#Materials
#Methods
#Results
#Discussion
#Conclusion
#References
Important Methods used
1)Antioxidants extraction
2)Determination of total phenolics content
3)FRAP Assay
4)Determination of content of phenolic compounds in the
extract
5)Superoxide radical scavenging activity (DPPH)
6)Hydroxyl radical (OH) prevention activity
Journal Club Presentation at Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur.
Thanks for Help and Guidance of Dr. P. B. Choudhari (Assistant Professor, Pharmaceutical Chemistry) and Mr. D. P. Mali Assistant Professor, Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties of pomegranate (punica g...Pritam Kolge
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties
of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed and defatted
seed extracts
This is Journal Club activity Presentation with the reference of various research papers.
This Presentation Contain following...
#Info about Paper
#Abstract
#Materials
#Methods
#Results
#Discussion
#Conclusion
#References
*Important Methods used
#Moisture content
#Fat content
#Acid value
#Peroxide value
#Oxidative stability index
#Total phenols content
#Preparation of Pomegranate seed extracts and calculate extract yield
#Evaluation of antioxidant properties of Pomegranate seed extracts using
-DPPH radicals scavenging activity
-FRAP assay
#Antioxidant efficiency of seed extract (Oxidative stability extract)
#Statistical analysis
Journal Club Presentation at Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur.
Thanks for Help and Guidance of Dr. P. B. Choudhari (Assistant Professor, Pharmaceutical Chemistry) and Dr. A. J. Shinde (Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics)
Isolation and characterization of polyphenol oxidase from phyllanthus emblica...IJSIT Editor
Polyphenol Oxidase (E C 1.10.3.1) from Phyllanthusemblica(Indian Gooseberry) was purified to
homogeneity by ammonium sulphate followed by dialysis and SDS PAGE. The apparent molecular weight was
100 kD. Highly active PPO extract was obtained using 1% (W/V). Triton-X-100 and 0.1M NaCl in 0.2M
phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. The optimum pH was found to be 7 and enzyme activity was stable in range of 300C
- 400C. PPO showed highest activity with Catechol compared to Tyrosine. High inhibitory effects were shown
by EDTA. PPO activity was enhanced by sulphates compared to chlorides. The data obtained in this study help
to better understand fruit browning in Indian Gooseberry
Bioassay Guided Fractionation and α-Amylase Inhibitory Activity of Lupeol fro...inventionjournals
The present study was designed to isolate active compound(s) through activity guided isolation using α-amylase inhibitory activity of crude extract and fractions of Faidherbia albida . The crude and fractions were subjected to inhibitory effect on α-amylase. The ethylacetate fraction showed 91.63% inhibition of the enzyme, column chromatography of the ethylacetate fraction afforded the Compound EFAE 5 which inhibited the enzyme by 82.88% and showed significant α-amylase inhibition. Spectral analysis of the isolated compound confirmed it to be Lupeol by comparison of the spectral data with literature.
Antioxidant and-anticancer-activities-of-moringa-leavesSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Extraction of Pectin from Mangifera Indica Linn. Indian Mango Fruit Peelijtsrd
This study extracted pectin from the fruit peels of Mangifera indica Linn. Indian Mango sold in Catarman. The Mango fruit peels pectin has greenish light brown color, sweet dry smell odor and coarse texture. The 0.5 pectin solution has pH of 4, acidic and is soluble in water but insoluble in both hexane and chloroform reagents. Extracted pectin has 280°C to 284°C high melting point and gelling point of 32°C in 10min. The glucose content of extracted pectin is 2 and few from chloride ions. Extracted pectin is comparable in terms of odor, texture, solubility and glucose content to commercial pectin but quit incomparable in color, pH, melting point, gelling point and chloride ion test. Aurelia Jane Jatap | Melinda C. Getalado ""Extraction of Pectin from Mangifera Indica Linn. (Indian Mango) Fruit Peel"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25180.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/25180/extraction-of-pectin-from-mangifera-indica-linn-indian-mango-fruit-peel/aurelia-jane-jatap
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
Various human diseases have oxidative stress as one of their component. Many herbs have been reported to exhibit properties that combat oxidative stress through their active constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds etc. Different Plants of Dillenicea family has been shown in in vitro experiments to be endowed with antioxidant activity. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate Dillenicea family for its antioxidant activity.
Atropine is a core medicine in the World Health Organization's (WHO) "Essential Drugs List", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Phytochemical screeninig and Pharmacological studies on Leaf and stem extract...faysalahmed35
The acetonic extracts of leaf and stem extracts of Rhynchotechum ellipticum shows good analgesic , anti-diarrhoeal and cytotoxic activity.
R. ellipticum possesses significant Antidiarrhoeal and Analgesic activities that support to the ethnopharmacological uses of this plant. This species can be promoted for the large-scale cultivation and marketing for the benefit of the local communities.
Industrial fermentation-Does Fermentation Really Increase the Phenolic Conten...ShreyaMandal4
Decortication leads to a reduction in minerals, fibers, and antioxidants as phenolic compounds located in the peripheral parts of the grains. Fermentation can be applied to treat the whole nondecorticated flour to prevent functional loss. Bringing out the nutritional benefits of millets upon fermentation will serve us to include millets at a proportion in our meals along with traditional cereals.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Comparative Assessment of Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Comme...AnuragSingh1049
Green Tea, made from Camellia sinensis plant leaves, is one of the most popular drinks in the world. For the past decades, scientists have studied this plant in terms of potential health benefits. Research has shown that green tea helps prevent stroke, malignancy and infections. In this paper, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of 4 samples of green tea from local Tuzla stores were investigated, of which two were of foreign origin. The antioxidant activity of the samples was analyzed using FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results show that the highest content of total phenols and the largest antioxidant capacity has a sample of foreign origin. The content of total phenols in the samples ranges from 60.01 to 79.34 mg GAE/g. The highest FRAP value is 3.34 mmol/g. The antioxidant capacity was also confirmed by the DPPH method. The IC50 value ranges from 0.014 to 0.030 mg/mL.
Unraveling the potential phytochemical compounds of gymnema sylvestre through...University of Pretoria
ABSTRACT
Objective: To profile the chemical composition of ethanolic extract of Gymnema sylvestre through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry technique.
Methods: The chemical compositions of the plant leaf extracts of G. sylvestre were investigated using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (Scion 436-GC Bruker model coupled with a Triple, quadruple mass spectrophotometer) and NIST-MS library.
Results: GC-MS analysis of leaf extracts revealed the existence of Terpenes, alcohols, fatty acids, amine and sterols. The highest % Peak area is hexadecanoic acid, α-Santoline alcohol, recorded the next highest % peak area of 9.05. Major of the compounds belongs to terpeneoid group, namely 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl, Isophytol, Squalene, Nerolidol, β-Amyrin and Cedrene-V6 which constitutes 30.7% of the peak area. The presence of α-Tocopherol-β-D-mannoside and Vitamin E also identified through this study.
Conclusion: From the above finding we can interpret that the G. sylvestre contained a considerable amount of phytoconstituents especially terpenoids. In future, this study will be helpful for the quantitative analysis of phytochemicals as well as formulation studies.
This is Sumaiya Nahid hail from Chittagong, Bangladesh.It's my M.Pharm (Thesis) presentation slide. This is the total display of my hard works.I tried my best to summarize my one year enthusiastic workings.Any suggestions and corrections will be cordially accepted. Thank you all.
Various human diseases have oxidative stress as one of their component. Many herbs have been reported to exhibit properties that combat oxidative stress through their active constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds etc. Different Plants of Dillenicea family has been shown in in vitro experiments to be endowed with antioxidant activity. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate Dillenicea family for its antioxidant activity.
Atropine is a core medicine in the World Health Organization's (WHO) "Essential Drugs List", which is a list of minimum medical needs for a basic health care system.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Phytochemical screeninig and Pharmacological studies on Leaf and stem extract...faysalahmed35
The acetonic extracts of leaf and stem extracts of Rhynchotechum ellipticum shows good analgesic , anti-diarrhoeal and cytotoxic activity.
R. ellipticum possesses significant Antidiarrhoeal and Analgesic activities that support to the ethnopharmacological uses of this plant. This species can be promoted for the large-scale cultivation and marketing for the benefit of the local communities.
Industrial fermentation-Does Fermentation Really Increase the Phenolic Conten...ShreyaMandal4
Decortication leads to a reduction in minerals, fibers, and antioxidants as phenolic compounds located in the peripheral parts of the grains. Fermentation can be applied to treat the whole nondecorticated flour to prevent functional loss. Bringing out the nutritional benefits of millets upon fermentation will serve us to include millets at a proportion in our meals along with traditional cereals.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Comparative Assessment of Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Comme...AnuragSingh1049
Green Tea, made from Camellia sinensis plant leaves, is one of the most popular drinks in the world. For the past decades, scientists have studied this plant in terms of potential health benefits. Research has shown that green tea helps prevent stroke, malignancy and infections. In this paper, antioxidant activity and total phenol content of 4 samples of green tea from local Tuzla stores were investigated, of which two were of foreign origin. The antioxidant activity of the samples was analyzed using FRAP and DPPH methods. The obtained results show that the highest content of total phenols and the largest antioxidant capacity has a sample of foreign origin. The content of total phenols in the samples ranges from 60.01 to 79.34 mg GAE/g. The highest FRAP value is 3.34 mmol/g. The antioxidant capacity was also confirmed by the DPPH method. The IC50 value ranges from 0.014 to 0.030 mg/mL.
Unraveling the potential phytochemical compounds of gymnema sylvestre through...University of Pretoria
ABSTRACT
Objective: To profile the chemical composition of ethanolic extract of Gymnema sylvestre through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry technique.
Methods: The chemical compositions of the plant leaf extracts of G. sylvestre were investigated using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (Scion 436-GC Bruker model coupled with a Triple, quadruple mass spectrophotometer) and NIST-MS library.
Results: GC-MS analysis of leaf extracts revealed the existence of Terpenes, alcohols, fatty acids, amine and sterols. The highest % Peak area is hexadecanoic acid, α-Santoline alcohol, recorded the next highest % peak area of 9.05. Major of the compounds belongs to terpeneoid group, namely 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl, Isophytol, Squalene, Nerolidol, β-Amyrin and Cedrene-V6 which constitutes 30.7% of the peak area. The presence of α-Tocopherol-β-D-mannoside and Vitamin E also identified through this study.
Conclusion: From the above finding we can interpret that the G. sylvestre contained a considerable amount of phytoconstituents especially terpenoids. In future, this study will be helpful for the quantitative analysis of phytochemicals as well as formulation studies.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is everywhere, promising self-driving cars, medical breakthroughs, and new ways of working. But how do you separate hype from reality? How can your company apply AI to solve real business problems?
Here’s what AI learnings your business should keep in mind for 2017.
Study: The Future of VR, AR and Self-Driving CarsLinkedIn
We asked LinkedIn members worldwide about their levels of interest in the latest wave of technology: whether they’re using wearables, and whether they intend to buy self-driving cars and VR headsets as they become available. We asked them too about their attitudes to technology and to the growing role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the devices that they use. The answers were fascinating – and in many cases, surprising.
This SlideShare explores the full results of this study, including detailed market-by-market breakdowns of intention levels for each technology – and how attitudes change with age, location and seniority level. If you’re marketing a tech brand – or planning to use VR and wearables to reach a professional audience – then these are insights you won’t want to miss.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
This slide is about grape seed extract and their structures, along with the extraction methods of grape seed oils. explains about the uses and side effects.Their antioxidant property.
The functional ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage was prepared from jackfruit and aloe vera juice. The blended juice was made by using the different combination of jackfruit and aloe vera juice as T0 (100:0), T1 (90:10), T2 (80:20), T3 (70:30) and T4 (60:40) to improve the flavour and therapeutic properties.
‘Cider wine production using different yeast strains & comparing their efficiency, testing their antimicrobial activity towards E.coli’ fortification with honey for increasing vit b content and helping initial clarification. project author :Ritwik Bhatatcharya, MSc Food technology, BSc (hons)Microbiology. Done as part of Final smseter research project from Punjabi university , Patiala.wokring in QC(wine).Prodcution(FMCG), R&D. check website www.indobrews.com for more information,
Email us at brewindo@gmail.com
cider wine preparation using different yeast culturesguest6de666
cider wine preparation using honey and different yeast cultures (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces uvarum), testing their efficiency based on alcohol production, in single and mixed cultures, fortification by honey to increase vit b content as well help in initial calrification, and testing antimicrobial character of cider types on E.coli
Extraction of Secondary Metabolites from Roots of Acanthus Ilicifolius L and ...inventionjournals
The root extracts of Acanthus ilicifolius L finds a prominent place in folk medicine. In this study, we
extracted alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and total phenols in benzene, ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and
ethanol, their antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The antioxidant activity is executed
by FRAP assay and agar well diffusion method is done to study the antibacterial activity against Enterobacter
aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus
pyogenes. The antibacterial activity of all the extracts was compared with standard antibiotic gentamicin.
The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration [MIC] was determined by serial dilution method. Alkaloids are rich in
acetone and Flavonoids are high in methanol extracts. The acetone extract showed higher antioxidant activity,
while benzene extract was identified to contain lower antioxidant activity. The extent of inhibition by the root
extracts diverge between the solvents used, among them ethanol extracts exhibited higher level of inhibition
against the gram positive test cultures compared to gram negative test cultures employed. Whereas, the acetone
extracts efficacy is more on gram negative test cultures than the gram positive cultures. The MIC was found to
be between 1mg/100µl to 5mg/100µl. This study gives the source for purification and characterization of
bioactive principles that possess antioxidant and antibacterial action from the root of Acanthus ilicifolius.
Total Antioxidant Capacity of Labdane and Pimarane Diterpenoids of Juniperus ...Editor IJCATR
Although Juniperus phoenicea L is a widely distributed wild tree in the south of Saudi Arabia, but its phytochemical and physiological evaluation is still poor. The chromatographic separation of the CH2Cl2/MeOH, 1:1 extract of J, phoenicea L. fruits gave β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, four labdane and two pimarane diterpenoids, including new labdane diterpenoid. Additionally, the volatile compounds of the main petroleum ether extract, as well as the steam-volatile constituents were identified by GC/MS. The separated compounds were identified by spectral tools. The new diterpenoid was identified as 5,9,10-triepicupressic acid.
A previous false identification of sandracopimaric acid, from the fruits of Juniperus phoenicea L. grown in Egypt, was detected and declared to be revised.
Total antioxidant capacity of extracts was estimated using total antioxidant capacity kit of Biodiagnostic, based on Koracevic et al., for biological fluids, with slight modification to suit extracts. Ascorbic acid was used as a reference antioxidant compound. Reasonable results were obtained by applying the modified method on petroleum ether extract, methylene chloride extract and ethyl acetate extract of Juniperus phoenicea L.
Total Antioxidant Capacity of Labdane and Pimarane Diterpenoids of Juniperus ...Editor IJCATR
Although Juniperus phoenicea L is a widely distributed wild tree in the south of Saudi Arabia, but its
phytochemical and physiological evaluation is still poor. The chromatographic separation of the CH2Cl2/MeOH,
1:1 extract of J, phoenicea L. fruits gave β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, four labdane and two pimarane diterpenoids,
including new labdane diterpenoid. Additionally, the volatile compounds of the main petroleum ether extract, as
well as the steam-volatile constituents were identified by GC/MS. The separated compounds were identified by
spectral tools. The new diterpenoid was identified as 5,9,10 -triepicupressic acid.
A previous false identification of sandracopimaric acid, from the fruits of Juniperus phoenicea L. grown in Egypt,
was detected and declared to be revised.
Total antioxidant capacity of extracts was estimated using total antioxidant capacity kit of Biodiagnostic, based on
Koracevic et al., for biological fluids, with slight modification to suit extracts. Ascorbic acid was used as a
reference antioxidant compound. Reasonable results were obtained by applying the modified method on petroleum
ether extract, methylene chloride extract and ethyl acetate extract of Juniperus phoenicea L.
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Cichorium intybus L. Seedsiosrjce
In this study, we aim to demonstrate, separately, the hepatoprotective activity of the total ethanolic
extract as well as the defatted ethanolic extract of Cichorium intybus L., using adult Wister albino rats
(120-170 g) as the experimental animals. The total as well as the defatted alcoholic extracts of Cichorium
intybus L., seeds possess significant hepatoprotective activity; which may be attributed to the individual or
combined effects of the phytoconstituents of each extract separately. In this study, hepatic injury caused by
carbon tetra chloride, was analyzed through estimation of AST (GOT), ALT (GPT), albumin and platelets in
blood samples taken from the veins of orbital plexus of each animal as well as the histopathological
examination of the liver. The effects of the extracts were comparable with standard drug Silymarin. On the other
hand a GC-MS analysis was performed on the fatty acid composition of the lipoidal fraction for the seeds. The
separated fatty acids were converted to their methyl ester and then subjected to the analysis.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
An introduction to the cryptocurrency investment platform Binance Savings.Any kyc Account
Learn how to use Binance Savings to expand your bitcoin holdings. Discover how to maximize your earnings on one of the most reliable cryptocurrency exchange platforms, as well as how to earn interest on your cryptocurrency holdings and the various savings choices available.
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
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1. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol, 53, 547–551, 2007
Lipolysis Induced by Segment Wall Extract from Satsuma Mandarin
Orange (Citrus unshu Mark)
Takahiro TSUJITA and Takeshi TAKAKU
Bioscience, Integrated Center for Sciences, Ehime University, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791–0295, Japan
(Received April 27, 2007)
Summary The lipolysis induced by Satsuma mandarin orange (Citrus unshu Mark) was
investigated using rat fat cells. Peel or segment wall extract from Satsuma mandarin orange
induced the lipolysis in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas juice sac extract did
not induce the lipolysis. High concentration of synephrine, which is an adrenergic amine,
was detected in the peel or segment wall extract, whereas it was not detected in the juice sac
extract. The segment wall extracts from Iyokan and orange had high lipolytic activity,
whereas the extracts from grapefruit and lemon did not have lipolytic activity. The -antag-
onist inhibited the lipolysis elicited by the segment wall extract from Satsuma mandarin
orange, whereas -antagonist did not inhibit the lipolysis induced by the segment wall. The
lipolysis induced by the segment wall was considerably higher in the visceral fat cells when
compared to the subcutaneous fat cells. These results suggest that the segment wall, an edi-
ble fraction, from Satsuma mandarin orange might be useful as a functional food, especially
as a fat-reducing material.
Key Words citrus fruits, segment wall, lipolysis, fat cells, synephrine
Obesity is a social health problem and is associated products during squeezing the Satsuma mandarin
with risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, type 2 diabetes orange fruits. For effective use of these waste products,
mellitus and hypertension. The problem does not only the lipolytic activity of the segment wall from Satsuma
affect developed countries, but also throughout devel- mandarin orange was compared with other citrus
oping countries, there is now a significant increase in fruits.
overweight. Many dietary supplements have been mar-
MATERIALS AND METHODS
keted for weight loss in order to avoid these risk factors.
The extracts of Citrus aurantium (Seville orange or sour Materials. Citrus fruits were obtained from Ehime
orange) have been introduced for anti-obesity treat- Fruit Tree Experiment Station. Collagenase (type IV)
ment (1–3). The dried, entire unripe fruit of C. auran- was purchased from Worthington Biochemical Corp.
tium is used in herbal medicine primarily to treat diges- (Freehold, NJ). Bovine serum albumin was purchased
tive problems. It is called “Kijitsu” in Japanese. Usually, from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Osaka,
C. aurantium extracts from unripe peel are used as Japan). Albumin was extracted by the method of Chen
weight-loss aids and they contain adrenergic amines (7) to remove the free fatty acids.
such as synephrine and octopamine (4). Synephrine is Extract from citrus fruits. The peel or segment wall
the main active constituent of the extract; it elevates the from citrus fruits was lyophilized and 200 mg of lyo-
lipid metabolism since it stimulates lipolysis (5). It is philized material was added to 6 mL of methanol. The
also well known that the amines found in C. aurantium juice sac (3 mL) from Satsuma mandarin or marketed
fruit extract have effects on the cardiovascular system fruit juice (3 mL) was lyophilized and added to 6 mL of
through adrenergic stimulation (6). In this paper, we methanol. After sonication of the methanol mixture for
discovered that the peel or segment wall from the ripe 2 min, the suspension was centrifuged at 2,000 g for
Satsuma mandarin orange contains biological amines 10 min and the upper solution was dried under reduced
and stimulates the lipolysis in fat cells. The peel and seg- pressure using a centrifugal vacuum evaporator, Speed
ment wall are generated in large quantities as waste Vac SC100A (Savant Co.). Water (1 mL) was added to
the dried material and the mixture was sonicated for 2
E-mail: tsujita@m.ehime-u.ac.jp min. After adjusting the pH to 7.0, the mixture was
Abbreviations: TES, N-tris(hydroxylmethyl)methyl-2-ami- centrifuged at 2,000 g for 10 min and the upper solu-
noethanesulfonic acid.
tion was used as the citrus extract.
Botanical name: Satsuma mandarin orange, Ehime nakate
(Citrus unshu Mark); Iyokan, Miyauchi iyo (Citrus iyo Hort ex
Measurement of lipolysis in fat cells. Male Crj:Wistar
Tanaka); Buntan, Tosa-Buntan (Citrus grandis (L) Osbeck); rats weighing 200–250 g were given standard labora-
Hassaku, Citrus hassaku Hort ex Tanaka; Natsumikan, Citrus tory diets (Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd.) and water ad libi-
natsudaidai Hayata; orange, Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck; grape- tum, and maintained according to the Laboratory Ani-
fruit, Citrus pradisi Mocf.; lemon, Citras limon (L) Burm. mal Center guidelines at Ehime University School of
547
2. 548 TSUJITA T and TAKAKU T
Medicine, on a 12-h (7 am to 7 pm) light-dark cycle.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Isolated fat cells were obtained from epididymal adipose
tissues by the method of Rodbell (8). Fat cells (100 L Lipolytic activities of marketed fruit juices
packed volume) were incubated for 1 h at 37˚C in The lipolysis in fat cells induced by the extracts from
200 L of Hank’s buffer (25 mM TES, pH 7.4 contain- marketed fruit juices was measured. Citrus juice
ing 135 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl and 1 mM MgCl2) supple- extracts induced lipolysis, whereas apple and grape
mented with 2.5% bovine serum albumin and 50 L juice extracts did not induce lipolysis (Fig. 1). Other
(corresponding to 10 mg dried material) of the citrus fruit juices such as peach and tomato also did not
extract. The release of FFA was measured as described induce lipolysis (data not shown). It is well known that
previously (9). Briefly, the incubation mixture was citrus fruits contain lipolytic amines such as synephrine
mixed with 3 mL chloroform-heptane (1:1, v/v) con- (5). Synephrine concentration in the extracts from mar-
taining 2% (v/v) methanol and extracted by shaking
the tube horizontally for 10 min in a shaker. The mix-
ture was centrifuged (2,000 g, 10 min), and the
upper aqueous phase removed by suction. Copper
reagent (1 mL) was then added to the lower organic
phase. The tube was shaken for 10 min, the mixture
was centrifuged (2,000 g, 10 min), and 0.5 mL of the
upper organic phase, which contained the copper salts
of the extracted fatty acids, was treated with 0.5 mL
0.1% (w/v) bathocuproine in chloroform containing
0.05% (w/w) 3(2)-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyamisole. Its
absorbance was then measured at 480 nm. Lipolysis
was expressed as microequivalents ( Eq) of FFA
released per 1 mL packed volume fat cells per hour.
Measurement of synephrine concentration in the citrus
extract. Synephrine concentration in the citrus extract
was estimated using a HPLC system (high performance
liquid chromatography system, Gulliver, JASCO Co.).
The citrus extract (100 L) was applied to TSKgel (ODS- Fig. 1. Lipolytic activities in commercial fruit juices.
80TM, 150 60 mm, TOSOH Co.) equilibrated with Lipolysis in rat fat cells induced by marketed fruit juice
water containing 1% trifluoroacetic acid. Synephrine extracts (6 of citrus juices, 5 of apple juices and 4 of
and octopamine were eluted with the same buffer at an grape juices) was determined. Citrus juices were mix-
elution rate of 0.5 mL/min. tures from several citrus fruit juices such as Satsuma
mandarin orange, orange or Iyokan. The results are
Data and statistical analysis. All values are expressed
expressed as mean SE. Values not sharing a letter are
as mean SE. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (non-
significantly different, p 0.05.
paired t-test) in Stat View. Values of p 0.05 were con-
sidered significant.
Fig. 2. Effect on lipolysis in fat cell (A) or synephrine concentration (B) from the extracts from Satsuma mandarin orange
(Citrus unshu Marc.). The extracts were prepared from peel ( ), segment wall ( ) and juice sac ( ) as described in “Mate-
rials and Methods.” The results are expressed as mean SE of four experiments. Values not sharing a letter are significantly
different, p 0.05.
3. Lipolysis Induced by Mandarin Orange 549
Fig. 4. Effect on lipolysis in fat cell from the extracts
from segment walls from various citrus fruits. 50 L
(10 mg dry material) of segment wall extracts were
incubated with fat cells. The results are expressed as
mean SE of four experiments. Values not sharing a let-
ter are significantly different, p 0.05.
amines and these amines decrease with ripening. The
extract of unripe Satsuma mandarin orange (2 mo after
Fig. 3. Typical HPLC chromatogram of the extract from flowering) induced lipolysis; the lipolytic activity of the
segment wall of Satsuma mandarin orange. (A) Absor- whole unripe fruit was 36.4 Eq FFA/10 mg dry
bance 280 nm and (B) lipolytic activity. TSKgel (ODS- weight/h, which was higher than that of unripe Citrus
80TM, 150 60 mm) was equilibrated and eluted with aurantium extract (25.7 Eq FFA/10 mg dry weight/h),
water containing 1% trifluoroacetic acid on flow rate
which has been used commonly as a weight-loss aid
0.5 mL/min.
(10, 11). The lipolytic activities of the peel and segment
wall of the ripe Satsuma mandarin orange were 10.4
keted fruit juices was determined using a HPLC system. and 3.2 Eq FFA/10 mg dry weight/h, respectively. The
Synephrine was contained at a rate of 21.3 4.0 g/mL fruit weight was increased about 13-fold between 2 mo
(12 to 27 g/mL) in citrus juices, but it was not and 6 mo (ripe fruit) after flowering. The weight ratio of
detected in apple or grape juices (data not shown). peel and segment wall contents of the ripe fruit were
Lipolytic activities of Satsuma mandarin orange about 24 and 7%, respectively. Therefore, the peel and
We investigated the lipolytic activity of ripe Satsuma segment wall weight were 3.1-fold and 0.9-fold of the
mandarin orange, which is a typical citrus fruit in unripe fruit weight, respectively. Total lipolytic activity
Japan. The peel extract from Satsuma mandarin orange of the ripe (10.4 3.1 3.2 0.9) fruit was roughly
induced lipolyisis in a concentration-dependent manner equal to that of the unripe fruit.
(Fig. 2A). The extract of the segment wall also induced Lipolytic activities of the segment wall extracts from various
lipolysis in a concentration-dependent manner, about citrus fruits
30% of the peel extract, but the juice sac extract did not We determined the lipolytic activities in fat cells
induce lipolysis. Figure 3 shows the HPLC pattern of the induced by the segment wall extracts from various cit-
segment wall extract from Satsuma mandarin orange. rus fruits (Fig. 4) because the segment wall is an edible
Synephrine was eluted at 10.3 min and octopamine, fraction and it might be useful as a functional food. The
which is another lipolytic amine, was eluted at 9.3 min. segment wall extracts from Iyokan and orange had high
The lipolytic activity of each fraction coincided with the lipolytic activity, whereas the extracts from grapefruit
peaks of these amines (Fig. 3B). The high concentration and lemon did not have lipolytic activity. The lipolytic
of synephrine was determined in the peel extract (Fig. activities from Hassaku and Natsumikan segment walls
2B). The segment wall extract also contained syneph- took a middle position. Differences similar to those of
rine, about 30% of the peel extract, whereas synephrine the lipolytic activity among the citrus fruits were
was not determined in the juice sac extract. Therefore, observed for peel extracts and unripe citrus fruit
the synephrine concentration of the extracts agreed extracts (data not shown). As for the classification of
with the lipolytic power of these extracts. Citrus genus by Tanaka (12), Aurantium Tanaka
Usually, unripe citrus fruits have been introduced for (including orange, Iyokan and Natsumikan) and Acru-
anti-obesity treatment, because it is believed that the men Tanaka (including Satsuma mandarin orange)
unripe citrus fruit contains large amount of biological tend to have high lipolytic activity, and Limonellus
4. 550 TSUJITA T and TAKAKU T
Fig. 5. Effect of -antagonists on lipolysis induced by Fig. 6. Lipolysis induced by segment wall extract from
the segment wall extract from Satsuma mandarin Satsuma mandarin orange in rat visceral (epididymal
orange. 50 L (10 mg dry material) of segment wall and omental) and subcutaneous (abdominal and femo-
extracts were incubated with fat cells. Propranolol ral) fat cells. 50 L (10 mg dry material) of segment
( 1-, 2- and 3-antagonist, ), atenolol ( 1-antago- wall extracts were incubated with fat cells. The results
nist, ), ICI118551 ( 2-antagonist, ) and SR59230A are expressed as mean SE of four experiments. Values
( 3-antagonist, ). The results are expressed as mean not sharing a letter are significantly different, p 0.05.
SE of four experiments.
important roles in the lipolysis in fat cells induced by
Tanaka (including lemon) and Cephalocitrus Tanaka catecholamines. One reason for this demonstration is
(including Bunntan, Hassaku and Grapefruit) tend to our sonication experiment; sonication of fat cells caused
have the low lipolytic activity. Further experiments need an increase in lipolysis in the absence of lipolytic stimu-
to determine this tendency. lants and loss of catecholamine responsiveness. The
Lipolytic activities of segment walls from Satsuma mandarin lipolysis induced by the segment wall extract from Sa-
orange tsuma mandarin orange may also be dependent on the
It is well known that the -blocker inhibits the lipoly- substrate, endogenous lipid droplets, because the lipoly-
sis in fat cells induced by biological amines such as tic induction by the extract was lost by sonication of fat
norepinephrine. Figure 5 shows the effect of -blockers cells (data not shown). Further studies are needed to
on lipolysis induced by the segment wall extract from clarify the lipolytic mechanism of the segment wall
Satsuma mandarin orange. Selective -antagonists extract from Satsuma mandarin orange.
( 1-, 2-, and 3-) inhibited the lipolysis induced by Next we examined the lipolysis induced by the extract
the segment wall extract in a concentration-dependent of the segment wall from Satsuma mandarin orange in
manner, and the inhibition patterns were almost the rat visceral (epididymal and omental) and subcutane-
same. A non-selective -antagonist, propranolol, at a ous (abdominal and femoral) fat cells. As shown in Fig.
concentration of 10 5 M completely inhibited the lipoly- 6, the lipolysis induced by the segment wall extract was
sis elicited by the segment wall extract, whereas - considerably higher in the visceral fat cells when com-
antagonist phenoxybenzamine did not inhibit the lipol- pared to the subcutaneous fat cells. The -antagonist,
ysis up to 10 3 M (data not shown). These results sug- propranolol, at a concentration 10 5 M completely
gest that the segment wall extract from Satsuma man- inhibited the lipolysis in visceral or subcutaneous fat
darin orange is nonselective -agonist. The mechanism cells, whereas the -antagonist, phenoxybenzamine,
of catecholamine ( -agonist)-induced lipolysis in fat did not inhibit the lipolysis up to 10 3 M in the either
cells has been explained in the cyclic AMP-protein type of fat cells (data not shown).
kinase cascade (13, 14). According to this cascade, cat- Obesity is a major health problem facing the devel-
echolamine stimulates adenylate cyclase in fat cell oped and developing world. Visceral fat accumulation is
membranes and increases the cyclic AMP content of the a particular risk factor for disease such as hyperlipi-
cells. This increase in cyclic AMP then stimulates pro- demia, coronary artery disease, hypertension and type
tein kinase activity, which in turn activates the hor- 2 diabetes (18–20). Many dietary supplements have
mone-sensitive lipase and stimulates lipolysis. However, been on sale for weight loss. Citrus aurantium extracts
we attended to the role of endogenous lipid droplets of have been introduced for anti-obesity treatment in view
fat cells and demonstrated that lipolysis induced by cat- of their composition in adrenergic amines (4, 5). In this
echolamines on fat cells might be dependent on endog- paper, we discovered that other ripe citrus fruits also
enous lipid droplets (15–17). Our data suggest that hor- contained adrenergic amines and stimulated lipolysis in
mone sensitive lipase protein translocation from the fat cells (Fig. 4), and the segment wall of citrus fruit is a
cytosol to the lipid droplets (not activate hormone sensi- good candidate for anti-obesity treatment because it
tive lipase) and changes in the physicochemical charac- contains adrenergic amines and stimulates lipolysis in
ter of the endogenous lipid droplet surfaces may play fat cells, especially visceral fat cells. The segment wall
5. Lipolysis Induced by Mandarin Orange 551
from citrus fruit is an edible fraction and is generated in 10) Hazz S, Fontaine KR, Cutter G, Limdi N, Perumean-
large quantities as a waste product during the squeez- Chaney S, Allison DB. 2006. Citrus aurantium and syn-
ing of citrus fruits. Furthermore, the segment wall con- ephrine alkaloids in the treatment of overweight and
tains dietary fibers such as pectin. We previously obesity: an update. Obes Rev 7: 79–88.
11) Gougeon R, Harrigan K, Tremblay JF, Hedrei P, Lama-
reported that citrus pectin inhibited pancreatic lipase
rche M, Morais JM. 2005. Increase in the thermic effect
activity and reduced lipid adsorption (21). It is well
of food in women by adrenergic amines extracted from
known that pectin lowers plasma and liver cholesterol Citrus aurantium. Obes Res 13:1187–1194.
in several animals and humans (22–25). Therefore, the 12) Tanaka T. 1954. Species Problems in Citrus, 152 pp.
use of the citrus segment wall as a safe and inexpensive Japan Soc Promotion Sci, Tokyo.
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