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PRESENTATION ABOUT TOTAL STATION: PRICIPLES AND USAGE

TOTAL STATION

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Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 1 Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat Civil Engineering Department Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) Irbid-Jordan E-mail: mobaidat@just.edu.jo Home-Page: www.just.edu.jo/mobaidat
TOTAL STATION Basic Principle A total station integrates the functions of a theodolite for measuring angles, an EDM for measuring distances, digital data and a data recorder. Examples of total stations are the Sokkia Set4C and the Geodimeter 400 series.  All total stations have similar constructional features regardless of their age or level of technology, and all perform basically the same functions.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 3  Introduction:  Measurements Capabilities:  Distances (H, V , S)  Angles (H, V)  3-D Coordinates: with the aid of trigonometry the angles and distances may be used to calculate the coordinates of actual positions (X, Y, and Z or northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points, or the position of the instrument from known points, in absolute terms.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 4  The data may be downloaded from the theodolite to a computer and application software will generate a map of the surveyed area.  Some total stations also have a GPS  The best quality total stations are capable of measuring angles down to 0.5 arc-second. Inexpensive "construction grade" total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc- seconds.  Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated microwave or infrared carrier signal, generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's optical path, and bounced off of the object to be measured.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 5  Most total stations use a purpose-built glass prism as the reflector for the EDM signal, and can measure distances out to a few kilometers, but some instruments are "reflectorless", and can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light in color, out to a few hundred meters.  The typical Total Station EDM can measure distances accurate to about 0.1 millimeter or 1/1000-foot, but most land surveying applications only take distance measurements to 1.0 mm or 1/100-foot.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 6  Some modern machines are 'robotic' allowing the operator to control the machine from a distance via remote control. This eliminates the need for an assistant staff member to hold the reflector prism over the point to be measured. The operator holds the reflector him/herself and controls the machine from the observed point.
7 EDM Electro-Optical Distance Measurement Direct (length measurement) eg measuring tape Geometrical (Optical) Electronic (W ave Physics) Indirect (distance measurement) Distance M easurement Principle of operation: Velocity = distance / time
8 EDM is very useful in measuring distances that are difficult to access or long distances. It measures the time required for a wave to sent to a target and reflect back.
Operation: A wave is transmitted and the returning wave is measured to find the distance traveled.
10 2 p n L   
11 Distances determined by calculating the number of wavelengths travelled. Errors are generally small and insignificant for short distances. For longer distances they canbe more important. Errors can be accounted for manually, or by the EDM if it has the capability. Velocity of light can be affected by: Temperature Atmospheric pressure Water vapor content
· First introduced in the late 1950’s • At first they were complicated, large, heavy, and suited primarily for long distances  · Current EDM’s use either infrared (lightwaves) or microwaves (radio waves)  · Microwaves require transmitters/receivers at both ends  · Infrared use a transmitter at one end and a reflecting prism at the other and are generally used  more frequently.  · They come in long (10-20 km), medium (3-10 km), and short range (.5- 3 km).  · They are typically mounted on top of a theodolite, but can be mounted directly to a tribrach. EDM = Electronic Distance Measuring
13 *EDM Properties * Ranges Long (10-20 km), Med (3-10), Short (.5-3). Range limits up to 50 km Total station
Measures and Records: Horizontal Angles Vertical Angles and Slope Distances Calculates: Horizontal Distance Vertical Distance Azimuths of Lines X,Y,Z Coordinates Layout, Etc.
15 EDM Characteristics 750-1000 meters range Accurate to ±5mm + 5 ppm Operating temperature between -20 to +50 degrees centigrade 1.5 seconds typical for computing a distanc, 1 second when tracking. Slope reduction either manual or automatic. Some average repeated measurements. Signal attenuation. battery operated and can perform between 350 and 1400 measurements.
16 Prisms Made from cube corners Have the property of reflecting rays back precisely in the same direction. They can be tribrach-mounted and centered with an optical plummet, or they can be attached to a range pole and held vertical on a point with the aid of a bulls-eye level.
17
Advances In Computers, Lasers & Batteries
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 19
More advanced instrument Total station Theodolite, EDM, data processor & display unit combined Instant data conversion into 3-D coordinates Interface with computers Total station with memory cards
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 21 Total Stations Leica Topcon Sokkia Pentax
Components of a Total Station  EDM  Electronic theodolite  On-Board Micro-processor  Data Collector (built in or separate unit)  Data Storage (internal or memory card)  Prisms
Micro-processor Averages multiple angle measurements Averages multiple distance measurements Computes horizontal and vertical distances Corrections for temp, pressure and humidity Computes inverses, polars, resections Computes X, Y and Z coordinates P A B “RESECTION”
Specifications Range Reflectorless –> 3 – 70 meters Single Prism -> 1 – 2000 m Triple Prism -> 1 – 2200 m Accuracy Angles –> 1 - 5” Distance –> 3mm + 2ppm (prism) -> 4mm + 3ppm (reflectorless) Data Storage 2000 – 4000 points
Field to Finish Operation • Control/operation (robotic) • Measurement and basic comps • Final Comps, checks and outputs • Transfer remotely (radio/cell phone) • Memory card USB and Compact Flash • Automatic target recognition
Continuing Evolution of Measurement Technologies  Leica Smartstation  Topcon Imaging TS Merging TS and GPS Merging TS and Lidar Terrestrial Photogrammetry? High Resolution Satellite Imagery GoogleEarth Broadcast of Real-Time Corrections
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 27
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 28
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 29
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 30
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 31
Features:- Total solution for surveying work, Most accurate and user friendly, Gives position of a point (x, y and z) w. r. t. known point (base point), EDM is fitted inside the telescope, Digital display,
On board memory to store data, Compatibility with computers, Measures distance and angles and displays coordinates, Auto level compensator is available, Can work in lesser visibility also, Can measure distances even without prismatic target for lesser distances, Is water proof, On board software are available, Can be used for curve layout after feeding data.
New total stations have atmospheric correction, and auto-focus. In addition, these series incorporates a quick distance measuring mode and a high data storage capacity for increased productivity. The new Total station gives the unique opportunity for long range distance monitoring of up to 9000m to a single prism. Using the scan functionality of software allows fully automated monitoring of the prism in direction of the line of sight.
USES:- Total Stations can be used for: General purpose angle measurement • General purpose distance measurement • Provision of control surveys • Contour and detail mapping • Setting out and construction work
Factors influencing the use of Total Stations: • A clear line of sight between the instrument and the measured points is essential. • The precision of the instrument is dependent on the raw repeatabilities of the direction and distance measurements. • A well defined measurement point or target/prism is required to obtain optimal precision and accuracy. • The accuracy of direction and distance measurement is subject to a number of instrumental errors and the correct field procedures.
Auxiliary Equipment Required • Targets or Prisms to accurately define the target point of a direction measurement. • A data recorder if one is not integrated into the total station. • A download cable and software on a PC to capture and process the captured digital data to produce contour and detail maps.
Topcon: Pulse Total Station GPT- 2000 series  Using pulse laser technology  Support both prism/non-prism mode  High accuracy:  Millimeter accuracy in distance measurement (5mm+2ppm xD in non prism mode; 3mm+2ppmxD in prism mode)  1”/ 5” (H & V) angle measurement accuracy  Fast data acquisition:  0.3 sec tacking mode  1.2 second fine mode  Long range:  Prism: 7,000m  Non prism: 150m  All weather operation: water /dust proof  Large data storage: 8000 points  Laser plummet
Total Station GTS-800/800A series from Topcon  Motorized & automatic tracking – high speed rotation (up to 50º /sec) and high speed auto-tracking (up to 5º /sec)  Remote control through radio link or optical remote controller – enables one man operation  Flexible data management: Huge data storage – 2Mb memory plus PCMCIA card, space for data and software  User friendly  Large graphic display  Built-in MS-DOS OS  Compact and light weight  Water / dust resistant  Handheld data collector  TDS Survey Pro software allows more functions: job classification, stake out, etc.
 Motorized, automatic target recognition, reflectorless and remote control  Accuracy:  Angle measurement: from 1.5” to 5”  Distance measurement: 3mm+2ppm w/o reflector; 2mm+2ppm w/ reflector  Range: 200m (w/o reflector) to 7.5 km (w/reflector)  Time  1sec w/ reflector  3 sec w/o reflector  Data storage: PCMCIA card or export via RS232  Software supports:  computations of area, height, tie distance etc.  stake outs  Exchange data between instrument and PC  Create code list Leica TCRA1100 series Total Station
Competitive Comparison Motor drive performance and compensation range is similar to competing models SOKKIA SRX Leica TPS1200 Trimble S6 Trimble 5600 Topcon GPT-8200A Topcon GPT-9000A Maximum Speed 45º / sec 45º / sec 115º/ sec ? 50º/ sec 85º/ sec Trigger Key Y N/A Y N/A N/A N/A Compensator Dual-axis Dual-axis Dual-axis Dual-axis Dual-axis Dual-axis Working range +/- 4’ +/- 4’ +/- 6’ +/- 6’ +/- 4’ +/- 6’
SRX Sokkia SRX is a completely new, revolutionary, next-generation Robotic Total Station – Stress-free Complete Remote Control – RED-Tech EX Enhanced Reflectorless EDM – IACS Technology RAB-code angle encoder – Bluetooth Wireless Technology – Multiple Data Interfaces
New Features Completely new environmental-friendly design New motors and jog dials for precise positioning and accurate aiming Side mounted trigger key New precise and reliable absolute encoders New dual-mode Auto-pointing and Auto-tracking New enhanced On-Demand Remote Control System Integrated long-range Bluetooth wireless technology New Enhanced EXtended reflectorless technology New touch screen color display Windows CE 5 operating system New On-board software Compact Flash Card support (up to 1GB) and USB ports Serial data/power port. Flexible power system Dust proof and waterproof construction even when external devices are connected
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 44 TC TCM
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 45
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 46  TPS: Total Positioning System  Motorized version: Automatic target recognition system.  Regular version: manual target recognition system Total Stations  Advantages:  More functionality and flexibility  Improve comfort and productivity  Enhance display capabilities (LCD)  High accuracy (0.5“ angles, 1mm±ppm distances)
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 47 Available Total Stations in the Laboratory  TC 1200: Non-motorized (Manual)  TCM 1800: Motorized Leica Total Station  Setup:  Centering: Laser plummet or optical one;  Leveling: legs and screws.
Laser Plummet
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 49
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 50
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 51
GPT2000 series Display
Leica TCRA1100 series Range Range-Reflector 3 km (circular prism) 1.5 km (360 degree prism) Reflectorless - standard range 80m (without reflector) 5 km (circular prism) Reflectorless - eXtended Range 200m (without reflector) 7.5 km (circular prism)
GTS800A Series
External Interface The external interface provides a way for the instrument to communicate with a PC, a laptop, a palm or a data logger. All the models here have this
The laser total station
The laser total station combines a laser based distance measuring device with a highly accurate device to measure angles (vertical and horizontal) The total station can convert all field observations into a data file which can be downloaded directly into a computer mapping application.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 58  Smart Total Stations
Jigger Errors Telescope errors Levelling errors Manufacturing errors Observation errors
The Telescope Parallax error Collimation error
Total Station Components – Head – Data Collector – Tri-pod – Survey Rod with prism (adjustable height from .25ft to 25ft
Total Station Components – Head
Total Station Components – Data Collector
Total Station Components – Tri-pod
Total Station Components – Survey Rod with prism
Application Widely in use Good for every type of scene Accesses points that are hidden behind objects Can be used at night and in moderately foul weather conditions Setup is about 5 minutes Can be used while emergency crews are on scene
Manpower Requirements One operator and one person for each prism. At least one prism is necessary. There are systems that can be operated by one person. Once the data is collected, it must be uploaded onto a computer to process
Different Types of Usage May be used during the on-scene investigation May be used after the scene is cleared by having the evidence marked May be used again to add points not previously collected. The data may be merged onto an aerial view of the scene. Combining Total Station and Photogametry
If used during the on-scene investigation, the investigator would place the prism at each point of reference and a “shot” would be taken. This would be repeated for each point of reference, the vehicles, roadway evidence, and traffic control. The dimensions of the roadway may also have be referenced. Typical Application
Typical Application The base would be placed and marked so it could be used again if necessary. Using the system while the on-scene investigation is being made extends the time on-scene. Whether this is best for the situation depends on the roadway and traffic conditions.
Typical Application If the evidence is marked, the scene can be “shot” on a better date and time for the traffic conditions. All the obstructions would be gone and the traffic can be controlled with better planning and appropriate manpower.
Setup :  Leveling Centering
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 78 Some Geometrical Concepts
Offsets [ perpendicular lines ] 3 - 4 - 5 [ phythagorion theorem ] . Minimum distance . Arc method . Any instrument .
Offsets 3 - 4 - 5 [ phythagorion theorem ] :- C2 = a2 + b2 Minimum distance :- If d4>d3>d1>d2 d1 is perpendicular If Δ is low then the accuracy increased . d1 d4 d3 d2 Δ
Arc method Offsets
Offset  instrument :- 1. Theodolite . 2. Compass . 3. Total station . 4. Tacheometer . theodolite
Geometrical concept for surveying Distance intersection . Angle intersection . Polar method . Offset method . Graphical method .
1- distance intersection Distance AP and BP B P A
2- Offset method B A C P Distance CB or CA Distance CP Angle C (90°)
3-Polar intersection  Distance AP & Angle  B P A
4- Angle intersection Angle ө & γ B P A ө γ
2- Triangle
Vertical angles Z XY Elevated angle Depression angle 40 Zenith angle Zenith angle = 90 – elevation angle OR Zenith angle = 90 + depression angle
Coordinate Geometry Rectangular coordinate system Global coordinate system
X Y i (Xi,Yi) j (Xj,Yj) dij=√ (Xj-Xi)² + ( Yj-Yi)² Xj –Xi= Departure Yj – Yi = Latitude Tan(αij)= (Xj – Xi) / (Yj- Yi) αij=Tanˉ¹((Xj-Xi) / (Yj – Yi))= Tanˉ¹(Departure / Latitude)
Case 1: i j X Y αij Given: (xi,yj ) Measured : dij , αij Required : ( xj , Yj) Departure = dij * sin(αij) Latitude = dij * cos(αij) Xj = Xi + Departure = Xi+ dij * sin(αij) Yj= Yi + Latitude = Yi + dij * cos(αij)
Case 2: Polar method Ө N i k j Given: (Xi , Yi) , (Xj , YJ) Measured : dik , Ө Required : ( Xk , Yk) αik = αij - Ө Xk= Xi+ dik * sin(αik) Yk= Yi + dik * cos(αik)
Case 3 : Angle intersection β Ө i j k X Y Given: (Xi , Yi) , (Xj , YJ) Measured : β , Ө Required : ( Xk , Yk) αik = αij - Ө Use sin law dik = dij sinβ Sin(180 - Ө-β)
Xk= Xi+ dik * sin(αik) Yk= Yi + dik * cos(αik)
4- Distance intersection αik dik Ө djk i j k Given: (Xi , Yi) , (Xj , YJ) Measured : dik,djk Required : ( Xk , Yk) dij=√ (Xj-Xi)² + ( Yj-Yi)² By using cosine law djk²=dik²+dij²-2dik*dij*cosӨ αik=αij-Ө Xk= Xi+ dik * sin(αik) Yk= Yi + dik * cos(αik)
5- Resection c b A B C P ship β M N R Ө γ
Trigonometry leveling h1 h2 α β h1 + h2 = Height of building h1 = d tanα h2 = d tanβ d
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 101 Leica Programs  Orientation and height transfer  Resection  Tie distance  Stakeout  Free station  Reference line  Remote height  Hidden point  Area  Sets of angles  Traverse  Local resection  Road line and road plus  COGO
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 102 Orientation and Height Transfer  Set instrument at known point  The program calculates an angular correction for the instrument’s horizontal circle using reference points with known E and N  Knowing height of instrument and reflector, station elevation could be found
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 103 Modes of the Programs  Measure mode: elevation, Easting, Northing, distances, etc.  Calculation mode: orientation, elevation, standard deviation, etc.  Plot mode: a plot showing the measurement configuration.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 104 Resection  Deduce the 3-D coordinates for the instrument station and the orientation of the horizontal circle from measurements of two target points of known E and N.  For simultaneous determination of the station elevation, heights of the instrument and reflector must be known, and elevation of the target points.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 105 Tie Distance  Calculates the length and azimuth of a line connecting two points.  Polygonal mode: calculate the distance between the last two points measured.  Radial mode: calculate the distance between the last point measured (radial point) and a fixed center point.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 106 Stakeout  Set instrument on a known point with the instrument orientation.  The program allows points with known coordinates to be placed in the field.  The program permits selection of either 2D or 3D stakeout modes.  The stakeout values of each point are computed in relation to the base formed by the last two points.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 107  Types of Stakeout:  Azimuth and distance (Polar method)
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 108  Orthogonal Stakeout  Orthogonal offsets are computed using the baseline between the last measured point and the instrument station
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 109  Stakeout with auxiliary points
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 110  Stakeout from coordinate differences (elevation differences measurements)
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 111 Free Station  Deduce the 3D coordinates for the instrument station and the horizontal orientation of it .  For elevation measurement, heights of instrument and reflector, and target elevation must be known.  Direction of target points can be determined as can any combination of direction and distance
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 112 Reference Line  Specialized form of stakeout used for construction and building alignment. It permits positioning of a point referred to a line.  The distance and angle between two points is calculated
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 113 Remote Height  The elevation of a remote height point is calculated from the zenith angle to the target and from the measured distance to a reflector situated vertically below or above that target.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 114 Hidden Point  Allows measurements to a point that is not directly visible using a special hidden-point rod.  The data for the hidden point are calculated from measurements to the prisms mounted on the pole with a known spacing and a known length of pole. The pole still may be kept slope.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 115 Area  An area can be defined by a series of straight lines and arcs.  Arcs are defined by 3 radial points or 2 radial points and radius.
Coordinate method y x 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 - 1 - 5 - 2 - 3 - 4 -
Coordinate method x y x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 x5 y5 x6 y6 x1 y1 n n Area =1/2 [ Σ +ve –Σ –ve ] i i
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 118 Sets of Angles  Permits direction measurements of targets of which coordinates are not necessarily known.  A minimum of two full sets must be observed.  Measurements in two faces must exist for each target.  The average direction of all sets and SD is computed.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 119 Traverse  The instrument moves from one station to the next, previously measured point.  The program continuously computes the coordinates of the station and aligns the horizontal circle.  Plot traverse and compute azimuths.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 120 Local Resection  Two points are measured from any instrument station.  First point measured forms the center of a local coordinates (N,E,H=0)  Second point measured determines the direction of the positive N-axis  Distance between the two points ≥50 mm  Program could deduce the 3-D local coordinates for instrument station and H-orientation to 2 target points.  To compute position coord. At least 4 elements are necessary (2 distances and 2 directions)
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 121 Road Line  Suitable for setting out points which are determined by chainage and C.L. along calculated alignment.  If V-alignment and X-section are defined for the alignment, the points can be calculated and setout spatially (road stakeout)
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 122  Conversely, if a point in the vicinity of the alignment has been determined by measurement, the chainage and C.L. offset can be determined (X-section check).  Permitted elements in H-alignment:  Straight, Curve , Spiral, and End of project.  Permitted elements in V-alignment:  Straight, Curve , Parabola, and End of project.  Permitted elements in X-Section:  Chainage, Offset, Height Difference relative to axis.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 123
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 124
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 125 Road Plus  Allows for the stakeout of roads using the typical offset method of construction staking.  In addition, the program supports station equations, X-Section assignment by station, X- Section definition, X-Section interpolation, superelevation, widening, and slope stake/catch points.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 126
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 127
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 128 COGO  Inverse (Polar Calculation): Computes the directional distance between two points.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 129  Traverse routine: Computes a new coordinates point given a direction and a distance from a known point (Polar plotting)
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 130  Intersections routine: Computes  Bearing-Bearing intersection.  Bearing-Distance intersection.  Distance-Distance intersection.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 131  Bearing-Bearing Intersection
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 132  Bearing-Distance Intersection
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 133  Distance-Distance Intersection
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 134  Point Arc Routine: Computes a radius point given any three points
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 135  Offsets Subroutine:  Distance-Point straight line  Orthogonal-Point calculation
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 136  Monitoring
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 137 Exercises  Total Station Setup.  Practicing components of the instrument.  Practicing the software of the instrument.  Practicing: Stakeout, Layout, etc.  Practicing all the routines of the instrument.  Practicing SURFER software.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 138 Projects  Project 1: Stakeout of a given coordinates boundaries at JUST campus.  Project 2: Layout of a building and a road at JUST campus.  Project 3: Use total station’s output coordinates in SURFER SOFTWARE to plot contours and make earth work computations.  Project 4: Integrate total station’s output with CAD and Land Development Software.
Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 139 Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat Civil Engineering Department Jordan University of Science and Technology (J.U.S.T.) Irbid, JORDAN E-Mail : mobaidat@just.edu.jo Website: www.just.edu.jo/mobaidat

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PRESENTATION ABOUT TOTAL STATION: PRICIPLES AND USAGE

  • 1.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 1 Total Stations Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat Civil Engineering Department Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) Irbid-Jordan E-mail: mobaidat@just.edu.jo Home-Page: www.just.edu.jo/mobaidat
  • 2.
    TOTAL STATION Basic Principle Atotal station integrates the functions of a theodolite for measuring angles, an EDM for measuring distances, digital data and a data recorder. Examples of total stations are the Sokkia Set4C and the Geodimeter 400 series.  All total stations have similar constructional features regardless of their age or level of technology, and all perform basically the same functions.
  • 3.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 3  Introduction:  Measurements Capabilities:  Distances (H, V , S)  Angles (H, V)  3-D Coordinates: with the aid of trigonometry the angles and distances may be used to calculate the coordinates of actual positions (X, Y, and Z or northing, easting and elevation) of surveyed points, or the position of the instrument from known points, in absolute terms.
  • 4.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 4  The data may be downloaded from the theodolite to a computer and application software will generate a map of the surveyed area.  Some total stations also have a GPS  The best quality total stations are capable of measuring angles down to 0.5 arc-second. Inexpensive "construction grade" total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc- seconds.  Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated microwave or infrared carrier signal, generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's optical path, and bounced off of the object to be measured.
  • 5.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 5  Most total stations use a purpose-built glass prism as the reflector for the EDM signal, and can measure distances out to a few kilometers, but some instruments are "reflectorless", and can measure distances to any object that is reasonably light in color, out to a few hundred meters.  The typical Total Station EDM can measure distances accurate to about 0.1 millimeter or 1/1000-foot, but most land surveying applications only take distance measurements to 1.0 mm or 1/100-foot.
  • 6.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 6  Some modern machines are 'robotic' allowing the operator to control the machine from a distance via remote control. This eliminates the need for an assistant staff member to hold the reflector prism over the point to be measured. The operator holds the reflector him/herself and controls the machine from the observed point.
  • 7.
    7 EDM Electro-Optical Distance Measurement Direct (lengthmeasurement) eg measuring tape Geometrical (Optical) Electronic (W ave Physics) Indirect (distance measurement) Distance M easurement Principle of operation: Velocity = distance / time
  • 8.
    8 EDM is veryuseful in measuring distances that are difficult to access or long distances. It measures the time required for a wave to sent to a target and reflect back.
  • 9.
    Operation: A wave istransmitted and the returning wave is measured to find the distance traveled.
  • 10.
  • 11.
    11 Distances determined bycalculating the number of wavelengths travelled. Errors are generally small and insignificant for short distances. For longer distances they canbe more important. Errors can be accounted for manually, or by the EDM if it has the capability. Velocity of light can be affected by: Temperature Atmospheric pressure Water vapor content
  • 12.
    · First introducedin the late 1950’s • At first they were complicated, large, heavy, and suited primarily for long distances  · Current EDM’s use either infrared (lightwaves) or microwaves (radio waves)  · Microwaves require transmitters/receivers at both ends  · Infrared use a transmitter at one end and a reflecting prism at the other and are generally used  more frequently.  · They come in long (10-20 km), medium (3-10 km), and short range (.5- 3 km).  · They are typically mounted on top of a theodolite, but can be mounted directly to a tribrach. EDM = Electronic Distance Measuring
  • 13.
    13 *EDM Properties * Ranges Long(10-20 km), Med (3-10), Short (.5-3). Range limits up to 50 km Total station
  • 14.
    Measures and Records: HorizontalAngles Vertical Angles and Slope Distances Calculates: Horizontal Distance Vertical Distance Azimuths of Lines X,Y,Z Coordinates Layout, Etc.
  • 15.
    15 EDM Characteristics 750-1000 metersrange Accurate to ±5mm + 5 ppm Operating temperature between -20 to +50 degrees centigrade 1.5 seconds typical for computing a distanc, 1 second when tracking. Slope reduction either manual or automatic. Some average repeated measurements. Signal attenuation. battery operated and can perform between 350 and 1400 measurements.
  • 16.
    16 Prisms Made from cubecorners Have the property of reflecting rays back precisely in the same direction. They can be tribrach-mounted and centered with an optical plummet, or they can be attached to a range pole and held vertical on a point with the aid of a bulls-eye level.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 19
  • 20.
    More advanced instrument Total station Theodolite,EDM, data processor & display unit combined Instant data conversion into 3-D coordinates Interface with computers Total station with memory cards
  • 21.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 21 Total Stations Leica Topcon Sokkia Pentax
  • 22.
    Components of aTotal Station  EDM  Electronic theodolite  On-Board Micro-processor  Data Collector (built in or separate unit)  Data Storage (internal or memory card)  Prisms
  • 23.
    Micro-processor Averages multiple anglemeasurements Averages multiple distance measurements Computes horizontal and vertical distances Corrections for temp, pressure and humidity Computes inverses, polars, resections Computes X, Y and Z coordinates P A B “RESECTION”
  • 24.
    Specifications Range Reflectorless –> 3– 70 meters Single Prism -> 1 – 2000 m Triple Prism -> 1 – 2200 m Accuracy Angles –> 1 - 5” Distance –> 3mm + 2ppm (prism) -> 4mm + 3ppm (reflectorless) Data Storage 2000 – 4000 points
  • 25.
    Field to FinishOperation • Control/operation (robotic) • Measurement and basic comps • Final Comps, checks and outputs • Transfer remotely (radio/cell phone) • Memory card USB and Compact Flash • Automatic target recognition
  • 26.
    Continuing Evolution ofMeasurement Technologies  Leica Smartstation  Topcon Imaging TS Merging TS and GPS Merging TS and Lidar Terrestrial Photogrammetry? High Resolution Satellite Imagery GoogleEarth Broadcast of Real-Time Corrections
  • 27.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 27
  • 28.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 28
  • 29.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 29
  • 30.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 30
  • 31.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 31
  • 32.
    Features:- Total solution forsurveying work, Most accurate and user friendly, Gives position of a point (x, y and z) w. r. t. known point (base point), EDM is fitted inside the telescope, Digital display,
  • 33.
    On board memoryto store data, Compatibility with computers, Measures distance and angles and displays coordinates, Auto level compensator is available, Can work in lesser visibility also, Can measure distances even without prismatic target for lesser distances, Is water proof, On board software are available, Can be used for curve layout after feeding data.
  • 34.
    New total stationshave atmospheric correction, and auto-focus. In addition, these series incorporates a quick distance measuring mode and a high data storage capacity for increased productivity. The new Total station gives the unique opportunity for long range distance monitoring of up to 9000m to a single prism. Using the scan functionality of software allows fully automated monitoring of the prism in direction of the line of sight.
  • 35.
    USES:- Total Stations canbe used for: General purpose angle measurement • General purpose distance measurement • Provision of control surveys • Contour and detail mapping • Setting out and construction work
  • 36.
    Factors influencing theuse of Total Stations: • A clear line of sight between the instrument and the measured points is essential. • The precision of the instrument is dependent on the raw repeatabilities of the direction and distance measurements. • A well defined measurement point or target/prism is required to obtain optimal precision and accuracy. • The accuracy of direction and distance measurement is subject to a number of instrumental errors and the correct field procedures.
  • 37.
    Auxiliary Equipment Required •Targets or Prisms to accurately define the target point of a direction measurement. • A data recorder if one is not integrated into the total station. • A download cable and software on a PC to capture and process the captured digital data to produce contour and detail maps.
  • 38.
    Topcon: Pulse TotalStation GPT- 2000 series  Using pulse laser technology  Support both prism/non-prism mode  High accuracy:  Millimeter accuracy in distance measurement (5mm+2ppm xD in non prism mode; 3mm+2ppmxD in prism mode)  1”/ 5” (H & V) angle measurement accuracy  Fast data acquisition:  0.3 sec tacking mode  1.2 second fine mode  Long range:  Prism: 7,000m  Non prism: 150m  All weather operation: water /dust proof  Large data storage: 8000 points  Laser plummet
  • 39.
    Total Station GTS-800/800Aseries from Topcon  Motorized & automatic tracking – high speed rotation (up to 50º /sec) and high speed auto-tracking (up to 5º /sec)  Remote control through radio link or optical remote controller – enables one man operation  Flexible data management: Huge data storage – 2Mb memory plus PCMCIA card, space for data and software  User friendly  Large graphic display  Built-in MS-DOS OS  Compact and light weight  Water / dust resistant  Handheld data collector  TDS Survey Pro software allows more functions: job classification, stake out, etc.
  • 40.
     Motorized, automatictarget recognition, reflectorless and remote control  Accuracy:  Angle measurement: from 1.5” to 5”  Distance measurement: 3mm+2ppm w/o reflector; 2mm+2ppm w/ reflector  Range: 200m (w/o reflector) to 7.5 km (w/reflector)  Time  1sec w/ reflector  3 sec w/o reflector  Data storage: PCMCIA card or export via RS232  Software supports:  computations of area, height, tie distance etc.  stake outs  Exchange data between instrument and PC  Create code list Leica TCRA1100 series Total Station
  • 41.
    Competitive Comparison Motor driveperformance and compensation range is similar to competing models SOKKIA SRX Leica TPS1200 Trimble S6 Trimble 5600 Topcon GPT-8200A Topcon GPT-9000A Maximum Speed 45º / sec 45º / sec 115º/ sec ? 50º/ sec 85º/ sec Trigger Key Y N/A Y N/A N/A N/A Compensator Dual-axis Dual-axis Dual-axis Dual-axis Dual-axis Dual-axis Working range +/- 4’ +/- 4’ +/- 6’ +/- 6’ +/- 4’ +/- 6’
  • 42.
    SRX Sokkia SRX isa completely new, revolutionary, next-generation Robotic Total Station – Stress-free Complete Remote Control – RED-Tech EX Enhanced Reflectorless EDM – IACS Technology RAB-code angle encoder – Bluetooth Wireless Technology – Multiple Data Interfaces
  • 43.
    New Features Completely newenvironmental-friendly design New motors and jog dials for precise positioning and accurate aiming Side mounted trigger key New precise and reliable absolute encoders New dual-mode Auto-pointing and Auto-tracking New enhanced On-Demand Remote Control System Integrated long-range Bluetooth wireless technology New Enhanced EXtended reflectorless technology New touch screen color display Windows CE 5 operating system New On-board software Compact Flash Card support (up to 1GB) and USB ports Serial data/power port. Flexible power system Dust proof and waterproof construction even when external devices are connected
  • 44.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 44 TC TCM
  • 45.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 45
  • 46.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 46  TPS: Total Positioning System  Motorized version: Automatic target recognition system.  Regular version: manual target recognition system Total Stations  Advantages:  More functionality and flexibility  Improve comfort and productivity  Enhance display capabilities (LCD)  High accuracy (0.5“ angles, 1mm±ppm distances)
  • 47.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 47 Available Total Stations in the Laboratory  TC 1200: Non-motorized (Manual)  TCM 1800: Motorized Leica Total Station  Setup:  Centering: Laser plummet or optical one;  Leveling: legs and screws.
  • 48.
  • 49.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 49
  • 50.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 50
  • 51.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 51
  • 52.
  • 53.
    Leica TCRA1100 seriesRange Range-Reflector 3 km (circular prism) 1.5 km (360 degree prism) Reflectorless - standard range 80m (without reflector) 5 km (circular prism) Reflectorless - eXtended Range 200m (without reflector) 7.5 km (circular prism)
  • 54.
  • 55.
    External Interface The external interface providesa way for the instrument to communicate with a PC, a laptop, a palm or a data logger. All the models here have this
  • 56.
  • 57.
    The laser totalstation combines a laser based distance measuring device with a highly accurate device to measure angles (vertical and horizontal) The total station can convert all field observations into a data file which can be downloaded directly into a computer mapping application.
  • 58.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 58  Smart Total Stations
  • 59.
    Jigger Errors Telescope errors Levellingerrors Manufacturing errors Observation errors
  • 60.
  • 61.
    Total Station Components – Head –Data Collector – Tri-pod – Survey Rod with prism (adjustable height from .25ft to 25ft
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64.
  • 65.
  • 66.
    Application Widely in use Goodfor every type of scene Accesses points that are hidden behind objects Can be used at night and in moderately foul weather conditions Setup is about 5 minutes Can be used while emergency crews are on scene
  • 67.
    Manpower Requirements One operatorand one person for each prism. At least one prism is necessary. There are systems that can be operated by one person. Once the data is collected, it must be uploaded onto a computer to process
  • 68.
    Different Types ofUsage May be used during the on-scene investigation May be used after the scene is cleared by having the evidence marked May be used again to add points not previously collected. The data may be merged onto an aerial view of the scene. Combining Total Station and Photogametry
  • 69.
    If used duringthe on-scene investigation, the investigator would place the prism at each point of reference and a “shot” would be taken. This would be repeated for each point of reference, the vehicles, roadway evidence, and traffic control. The dimensions of the roadway may also have be referenced. Typical Application
  • 71.
    Typical Application The basewould be placed and marked so it could be used again if necessary. Using the system while the on-scene investigation is being made extends the time on-scene. Whether this is best for the situation depends on the roadway and traffic conditions.
  • 74.
    Typical Application If theevidence is marked, the scene can be “shot” on a better date and time for the traffic conditions. All the obstructions would be gone and the traffic can be controlled with better planning and appropriate manpower.
  • 77.
  • 78.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 78 Some Geometrical Concepts
  • 79.
    Offsets [ perpendicularlines ] 3 - 4 - 5 [ phythagorion theorem ] . Minimum distance . Arc method . Any instrument .
  • 80.
    Offsets 3 - 4- 5 [ phythagorion theorem ] :- C2 = a2 + b2 Minimum distance :- If d4>d3>d1>d2 d1 is perpendicular If Δ is low then the accuracy increased . d1 d4 d3 d2 Δ
  • 81.
  • 82.
    Offset  instrument :- 1.Theodolite . 2. Compass . 3. Total station . 4. Tacheometer . theodolite
  • 83.
    Geometrical concept for surveying Distanceintersection . Angle intersection . Polar method . Offset method . Graphical method .
  • 84.
  • 85.
    2- Offset method B A CP Distance CB or CA Distance CP Angle C (90°)
  • 86.
  • 87.
    4- Angle intersection Angleө & γ B P A ө γ
  • 88.
  • 89.
    Vertical angles Z XY Elevated angle Depressionangle 40 Zenith angle Zenith angle = 90 – elevation angle OR Zenith angle = 90 + depression angle
  • 91.
    Coordinate Geometry Rectangular coordinatesystem Global coordinate system
  • 92.
    X Y i (Xi,Yi) j (Xj,Yj) dij=√(Xj-Xi)² + ( Yj-Yi)² Xj –Xi= Departure Yj – Yi = Latitude Tan(αij)= (Xj – Xi) / (Yj- Yi) αij=Tanˉ¹((Xj-Xi) / (Yj – Yi))= Tanˉ¹(Departure / Latitude)
  • 93.
    Case 1: i j X Y αij Given: (xi,yj) Measured : dij , αij Required : ( xj , Yj) Departure = dij * sin(αij) Latitude = dij * cos(αij) Xj = Xi + Departure = Xi+ dij * sin(αij) Yj= Yi + Latitude = Yi + dij * cos(αij)
  • 94.
    Case 2: Polarmethod Ө N i k j Given: (Xi , Yi) , (Xj , YJ) Measured : dik , Ө Required : ( Xk , Yk) αik = αij - Ө Xk= Xi+ dik * sin(αik) Yk= Yi + dik * cos(αik)
  • 95.
    Case 3 :Angle intersection β Ө i j k X Y Given: (Xi , Yi) , (Xj , YJ) Measured : β , Ө Required : ( Xk , Yk) αik = αij - Ө Use sin law dik = dij sinβ Sin(180 - Ө-β)
  • 96.
    Xk= Xi+ dik* sin(αik) Yk= Yi + dik * cos(αik)
  • 97.
    4- Distance intersection αik dik Ө djk ij k Given: (Xi , Yi) , (Xj , YJ) Measured : dik,djk Required : ( Xk , Yk) dij=√ (Xj-Xi)² + ( Yj-Yi)² By using cosine law djk²=dik²+dij²-2dik*dij*cosӨ αik=αij-Ө Xk= Xi+ dik * sin(αik) Yk= Yi + dik * cos(αik)
  • 98.
    5- Resection c b A B C Pship β M N R Ө γ
  • 99.
    Trigonometry leveling h1 h2 α β h1 +h2 = Height of building h1 = d tanα h2 = d tanβ d
  • 101.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 101 Leica Programs  Orientation and height transfer  Resection  Tie distance  Stakeout  Free station  Reference line  Remote height  Hidden point  Area  Sets of angles  Traverse  Local resection  Road line and road plus  COGO
  • 102.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 102 Orientation and Height Transfer  Set instrument at known point  The program calculates an angular correction for the instrument’s horizontal circle using reference points with known E and N  Knowing height of instrument and reflector, station elevation could be found
  • 103.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 103 Modes of the Programs  Measure mode: elevation, Easting, Northing, distances, etc.  Calculation mode: orientation, elevation, standard deviation, etc.  Plot mode: a plot showing the measurement configuration.
  • 104.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 104 Resection  Deduce the 3-D coordinates for the instrument station and the orientation of the horizontal circle from measurements of two target points of known E and N.  For simultaneous determination of the station elevation, heights of the instrument and reflector must be known, and elevation of the target points.
  • 105.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 105 Tie Distance  Calculates the length and azimuth of a line connecting two points.  Polygonal mode: calculate the distance between the last two points measured.  Radial mode: calculate the distance between the last point measured (radial point) and a fixed center point.
  • 106.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 106 Stakeout  Set instrument on a known point with the instrument orientation.  The program allows points with known coordinates to be placed in the field.  The program permits selection of either 2D or 3D stakeout modes.  The stakeout values of each point are computed in relation to the base formed by the last two points.
  • 107.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 107  Types of Stakeout:  Azimuth and distance (Polar method)
  • 108.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 108  Orthogonal Stakeout  Orthogonal offsets are computed using the baseline between the last measured point and the instrument station
  • 109.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 109  Stakeout with auxiliary points
  • 110.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 110  Stakeout from coordinate differences (elevation differences measurements)
  • 111.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 111 Free Station  Deduce the 3D coordinates for the instrument station and the horizontal orientation of it .  For elevation measurement, heights of instrument and reflector, and target elevation must be known.  Direction of target points can be determined as can any combination of direction and distance
  • 112.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 112 Reference Line  Specialized form of stakeout used for construction and building alignment. It permits positioning of a point referred to a line.  The distance and angle between two points is calculated
  • 113.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 113 Remote Height  The elevation of a remote height point is calculated from the zenith angle to the target and from the measured distance to a reflector situated vertically below or above that target.
  • 114.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 114 Hidden Point  Allows measurements to a point that is not directly visible using a special hidden-point rod.  The data for the hidden point are calculated from measurements to the prisms mounted on the pole with a known spacing and a known length of pole. The pole still may be kept slope.
  • 115.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 115 Area  An area can be defined by a series of straight lines and arcs.  Arcs are defined by 3 radial points or 2 radial points and radius.
  • 116.
  • 117.
    Coordinate method x y x1y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 x5 y5 x6 y6 x1 y1 n n Area =1/2 [ Σ +ve –Σ –ve ] i i
  • 118.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 118 Sets of Angles  Permits direction measurements of targets of which coordinates are not necessarily known.  A minimum of two full sets must be observed.  Measurements in two faces must exist for each target.  The average direction of all sets and SD is computed.
  • 119.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 119 Traverse  The instrument moves from one station to the next, previously measured point.  The program continuously computes the coordinates of the station and aligns the horizontal circle.  Plot traverse and compute azimuths.
  • 120.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 120 Local Resection  Two points are measured from any instrument station.  First point measured forms the center of a local coordinates (N,E,H=0)  Second point measured determines the direction of the positive N-axis  Distance between the two points ≥50 mm  Program could deduce the 3-D local coordinates for instrument station and H-orientation to 2 target points.  To compute position coord. At least 4 elements are necessary (2 distances and 2 directions)
  • 121.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 121 Road Line  Suitable for setting out points which are determined by chainage and C.L. along calculated alignment.  If V-alignment and X-section are defined for the alignment, the points can be calculated and setout spatially (road stakeout)
  • 122.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 122  Conversely, if a point in the vicinity of the alignment has been determined by measurement, the chainage and C.L. offset can be determined (X-section check).  Permitted elements in H-alignment:  Straight, Curve , Spiral, and End of project.  Permitted elements in V-alignment:  Straight, Curve , Parabola, and End of project.  Permitted elements in X-Section:  Chainage, Offset, Height Difference relative to axis.
  • 123.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 123
  • 124.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 124
  • 125.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 125 Road Plus  Allows for the stakeout of roads using the typical offset method of construction staking.  In addition, the program supports station equations, X-Section assignment by station, X- Section definition, X-Section interpolation, superelevation, widening, and slope stake/catch points.
  • 126.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 126
  • 127.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 127
  • 128.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 128 COGO  Inverse (Polar Calculation): Computes the directional distance between two points.
  • 129.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 129  Traverse routine: Computes a new coordinates point given a direction and a distance from a known point (Polar plotting)
  • 130.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 130  Intersections routine: Computes  Bearing-Bearing intersection.  Bearing-Distance intersection.  Distance-Distance intersection.
  • 131.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 131  Bearing-Bearing Intersection
  • 132.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 132  Bearing-Distance Intersection
  • 133.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 133  Distance-Distance Intersection
  • 134.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 134  Point Arc Routine: Computes a radius point given any three points
  • 135.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 135  Offsets Subroutine:  Distance-Point straight line  Orthogonal-Point calculation
  • 136.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 136  Monitoring
  • 137.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 137 Exercises  Total Station Setup.  Practicing components of the instrument.  Practicing the software of the instrument.  Practicing: Stakeout, Layout, etc.  Practicing all the routines of the instrument.  Practicing SURFER software.
  • 138.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 138 Projects  Project 1: Stakeout of a given coordinates boundaries at JUST campus.  Project 2: Layout of a building and a road at JUST campus.  Project 3: Use total station’s output coordinates in SURFER SOFTWARE to plot contours and make earth work computations.  Project 4: Integrate total station’s output with CAD and Land Development Software.
  • 139.
    Total Stations Prof. MohammedTaleb Obaidat 03/08/2025 139 Prof. Mohammed Taleb Obaidat Civil Engineering Department Jordan University of Science and Technology (J.U.S.T.) Irbid, JORDAN E-Mail : mobaidat@just.edu.jo Website: www.just.edu.jo/mobaidat