a parasitiology document

3. Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Adenophorea
Order: Trichurida
Family: Trichuridae
Genus: Trichuris
Species: T. trichiura

4. a very common intestinal worm, structurally whiplike
and about one quarter of the world's population is
thought to carry the parasite.
Only patients with heavy parasite burden become
symptomatic.

5. Poor hygiene is associated with trichuriasis transmission, and
children are especially vulnerable because of their high exposure
risk.
Prevalence of helminth infection was higher in the schools where
hygiene conditions (i.e., tap water, hand washing soap) are lacking.

6. trichuriasis.
It is an
infection of
the large
intestine.
Most
common in
children,
whipworm
infection is
transmitted
through
fecal matter.
The life span
of
whipworm
is 1-3 years.

7. The first written record of T. trichiura appeared in
1740 when an Italian scientist by the name of
Morgani discovered the residence of adult T.
trichiura worms in the colon.
Trichuris trichiura is found throughout the world
within temperate and tropical environments, but
prefer the moisture of the tropics.

8. Parasite biology
The male
worm
measures
30 to 45
mm,
slightly
shorter
than the
female.
The
female
worm is
about
35 to 50
mm
long.

9. Posterior part of male
Trichuris trichuria
Posterior part of female
Trichuris trichuria

11. Egg
1- A female lays approximately 3000 to 10000 eggs
per day.
2-The eggs approximately measures about 50 to 54
um.
3-It is lemon shaped with plug like translucent polar
prominence.
4-Fertilized eggs are unsegmented and embryonic
development takes place outside the host.

12. Eggs
Eggs are lemon
shaped with
plug-like
translucent
polar
prominences.
50~54um

13. • Adults reside in the large intestine, cecum, and appendix
of the host.
• buries its thin, threadlike anterior half into the intestinal
mucosa and feeds on tissue secretions, not blood.
• . The cecum and colon are the most commonly infected
sites,
• in heavily infected individuals, infection can be present in
more distal segments of the GI tract, such as the
descending colon and rectum.

14. Life cycle

15. fecal-oral via embryonated ova.
mainly human, others possible but host specificity not
well documented.
Whipworm infection is more common in less-developed
countries. This parasite is carried by nearly one quarter
of the world population.

16. The major pathology resembles that of inflammatory
bowel disease due to mechanical disruption and toxicity
of whipworms.
The pathological changes include:
 hyperemia
 edema
 hemorrhage/bleeding
 In few cases, there are cellular proliferation and
thickness of the intestinal wall causing inflammatory
and granulomas

17. Clinical manifestations
Light infestations are frequently asymptomatic.
Heavy infestations may have bloody diarrhea.
Long-standing blood loss may lead to iron-deficiency
anemia.
Rectal prolapse is possible in severe cases.
Vitamin A deficiency may also result due to infection.
Mechanical damage to the mucosa may occur as well as
toxic or inflammatory damage to the intestines of the
host.
Finger clubbing

18. Diagnosis
 T. trichiura eggs are detected in stool examination. Eggs
will appear barrel-shaped and unembryonated, having
bipolar plugs and a smooth shell.

19. o eosinophilia
o Rarely, anemia.
o Characteristic eggs on stool smear (oval with
transparent bipolar plugs) are visible.
o Each female produces up to 20,000 eggs per day.
(No stool concentration technique is necessary.)
Rectal prolapse can be diagnosed easily using .

20. Endoscopy often shows adult worms attached to
the bowel mucosa. (coconut cake rectum).

21. TREATMENT
Causes worm death by selectively and irreversibly blocking glucose
uptake and other nutrients in the susceptible adult intestine where
helminths dwell.
Decreases whipworm ATP production, causing energy depletion,
immobilization, and death.

22. Prevention & Control
 Avoid ingesting soil that may be contaminated with human
feces, including where human fecal matter ("night soil") or
wastewater is used to fertilize crops.
 Wash your hands with soap and warm water before handling
food.
 Teach children the importance of washing hands to prevent
infection.
 Wash, peel, or cook all raw vegetables and fruits before eating,
particularly those that have been grown in soil that has been
fertilized with manure.