Get the facts on Lung Cancer Symptoms, Treatments, Types, Stages, Signs, etc. Get tips on Lung Cancer. For detail information about lung cancer visit us. - Lung Cancer Symptoms, Signs, Treatment & Causes
Presentation about lung cancer, form, types, classification, treatment. A lot of anatomical and histological pictures accompanied with small and precised informations about every type of lung cancer.
Get the facts on Lung Cancer Symptoms, Treatments, Types, Stages, Signs, etc. Get tips on Lung Cancer. For detail information about lung cancer visit us. - Lung Cancer Symptoms, Signs, Treatment & Causes
Presentation about lung cancer, form, types, classification, treatment. A lot of anatomical and histological pictures accompanied with small and precised informations about every type of lung cancer.
Presentation of "Lung Cancer: An Overview & Discussion of Minimally Invasive Surgical Therapy," by Dr. Conrad Vial, Director of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mills-Peninsula Health Services.
Biopsy proven cancer of the neck, which even after a complete clinical & radiological workup (that includes physical examination, CT scan, esophgeoscopy, laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy & multiple survillence biopsies) reveals or yields no primary demonstrable lesion.
Christopher Azzoli, M.D., Assistant Member, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center: Current Modalities in the Treatment of Lung Cancer
Presented at New Frontiers in the Management of Solid and Liquid Tumors hosted by the John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center. jtcancercenter.org/CME
Lungs are a very sensitive pair of organs to treat and may not respond to treatments easily. A comprehensive study of the patient’s stage and pre-existing health conditions are taken into account to design the most effective approach for treatment. Consult best lung cancer specialist in delhi ncr Dr. Manish Singhal.
Dr. Pramoj Jindal is one of the few-trained thoracic onco-surgeon (cancer surgeon) in India. He has been practicing laparoscopic/foregut surgery for over 15 years and thoracic surgery over 5 years. Trained at various world leading thoracic surgical centers of the world. He has been working in the prestigious Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi since year 2000. He has tried to bring the quality of world-class surgical techniques into India in thoracic surgery. [www.drpramojjindal.com/]
Presentation of "Lung Cancer: An Overview & Discussion of Minimally Invasive Surgical Therapy," by Dr. Conrad Vial, Director of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mills-Peninsula Health Services.
Biopsy proven cancer of the neck, which even after a complete clinical & radiological workup (that includes physical examination, CT scan, esophgeoscopy, laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy & multiple survillence biopsies) reveals or yields no primary demonstrable lesion.
Christopher Azzoli, M.D., Assistant Member, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center: Current Modalities in the Treatment of Lung Cancer
Presented at New Frontiers in the Management of Solid and Liquid Tumors hosted by the John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center. jtcancercenter.org/CME
Lungs are a very sensitive pair of organs to treat and may not respond to treatments easily. A comprehensive study of the patient’s stage and pre-existing health conditions are taken into account to design the most effective approach for treatment. Consult best lung cancer specialist in delhi ncr Dr. Manish Singhal.
Dr. Pramoj Jindal is one of the few-trained thoracic onco-surgeon (cancer surgeon) in India. He has been practicing laparoscopic/foregut surgery for over 15 years and thoracic surgery over 5 years. Trained at various world leading thoracic surgical centers of the world. He has been working in the prestigious Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi since year 2000. He has tried to bring the quality of world-class surgical techniques into India in thoracic surgery. [www.drpramojjindal.com/]
This Presentation gives a concise summary of the various aspects related to Lung cancer. it will be more helpful for the Clinical Pharmacy student as well as other medical student.
Running Head SMALL-CELL LUNG CANCERSMALL-CELL LUNG CANCER .docxagnesdcarey33086
Running Head: SMALL-CELL LUNG CANCER
SMALL-CELL LUNG CANCER 4
Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Kimberly Crawford
Kaplan University
September 24, 2013
Small-Cell Lung Cancer
The literature review will examine small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) also referred to as oat cell carcinoma, which is a deadly disease that connected to tobacco smoking. It has been established that small lung cancer causes 10-18 percent of all the cancer cases. The cancer starts in the lungs and moves to the rest body very fast. The literature will emphasize the fact that the disease is not curable; nonetheless if correct treatment method is administered during the early stages of the disease the disease will be treated. Therefore, the literature review will examine the causes and methods used to treat the disease (Sørensen et al, 2010).
Sørensen et al (2010) argue that SCLC is more prevalent in men than in women, and in most instances the common form of SCLC to have symptoms called paraneoplatic syndrome-which is symptoms as a result of hormones secreted by a tumor or through body immune system of the body as a form of response to a tumor. Symptoms of this kind of cancer include coughing up blood, persistent cough, shortness of breath, swelling of the neck and face, wheezing and repeated episodes of bronchitis or pneumonia (Sørensen et al, 2010).
According to Capizzello et al (2011), SCLC develops rapidly; however, it responds well to chemotherapy because it tends to become more resistant to any treatment as it progresses. It starts in the large bronchi and spreads to the brain. Small-cell lung cancer gets its name because observed under a microscope is mostly filled with nucleus. The disease is divided into two categories namely extensive and limited. It has been confirmed that 60 to 70 percent of the people already suffers from extensive stage SCLC at the period when one is diagnosed. Of all the cancer, SCLC is the most aggressive type of lung cancer. Ismaili (2011) says that since this type of cancer normally metastasizes broadly very early on in the natural history of the tumor, and since almost all cases of the disease respond intensely to radiotherapy and /or ‘complete response , there have been no significant role of surgery of the disease since 1970s. However, in the recent research it has been established that surgical excision can be used to improve survival when administered at the early stages of the disease before chemotherapy (Capizzello et al, 2011).
Argiris and Murren (2001) say that since SCLC spreads very fast through the body, treatment must comprise cancer-killing drugs, which chemotherapy is taken orally or vaccinated into the body. In many cases, the chemotherapy drug etoposide sometimes called irinotecan is integrated with either carboplatin or cisplatin. Therefore, combination of radiation and chemotherapy treatment is administered to individual.
Bangladesh Pharmaceuticals Market & It's Future (for non pharma background)
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journey
Treatment options for lung cancer
1. TREATMENT OPTIONS OF
LUNG CANCER
Presented By:
Faruk Hossain
Beacon Pharmaceuticals Ltd
+88 01717 678894
faruk@beaconpharma.com.b
d
shadhin1008@live.com
2. LUNG CANCER
Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that start
off in one or both lungs; usually in the cells that line the air passages.
The abnormal cells do not develop into healthy lung tissue, they
divide rapidly and form tumors.
4. NSCLC:
Non-small cell lung cancer accounts for about 85 percent of lung
cancers and includes:
Adenocarcinoma(often found in an outer area of the lung) , the most
common form of lung cancer in the United States among both men
and women;
Squamous cell carcinoma(often found by center of the lung by an air
tube), which accounts for 25 percent of all lung cancers;
Large cell carcinoma(any part of the lung & grow faster), which
accounts for about 10 percent of NSCLC tumors.
5. STAGES OF NON-SMALL CELL LUNG
CANCER
Stage 0: Abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of the lung.
Stage I: The cancer is located only in the lungs and has not spread to any
lymph nodes.
Stage II: The cancer is in the lung and nearby lymph nodes.
Stage III: Cancer is found in the lung and in the lymph nodes in the middle of
the chest, also described as locally advanced disease. Stage III has two
subtypes:
If the cancer has spread only to lymph nodes on the same side of the chest
where the cancer started, it is called stage IIIA.
If the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes on the opposite side of the
chest, or above the collar bone, it is called stage IIIB.
Stage IV: This is the most advanced stage of lung cancer, and is also
described as advanced disease. This is when the cancer has spread to both
lungs, to fluid in the area around the lungs, or to another part of the body,
such as the liver, Heart, Brain or other organs.
6. SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER
Small cell lung cancer accounts for the remaining 15 percent of lung
cancers in the United States. They tend to grow more quickly than
NSCLC tumors. Usually, SCLC is more responsive to chemotherapy
than NSCLC.
7. STAGES OF SMALL CELL LUNG
CANCER
Limited stage: In this stage, cancer is found on one side of the chest,
involving just one part of the lung and nearby lymph nodes.
Extensive stage: In this stage, cancer has spread to other regions of
the chest or other parts of the body.
13. STAGE WISE TREATMENT OF
NSCLC
Treating stage 0 NSCLC
Because stage 0 NSCLC is limited to the lining layer of airways and
has not invaded deeper into the lung tissue or other areas, it is
usually curable by surgery alone. No chemotherapy or radiation
therapy is needed.
If Patient is healthy enough for surgery, Patient can usually be treated
by segmentectomy or wedge resection (removal of part of the lobe of
the lung).
Cancers in some locations (such as where the windpipe divides into
the left and right main bronchi) may be treated with a sleeve
resection, but in some cases they may be hard to remove completely
without removing a lobe (lobectomy) or even an entire lung
(pneumonectomy).
15. TREATING STAGE I NSCLC
If Patient have stage I NSCLC, surgery may be the only treatment.
Segmentectomy or wedge resection is generally an option only for very small stage I
cancers and for patients with other health problems that make removing the entire
lobe dangerous. Still, most surgeons believe it is better to do a lobectomy if the
patient can tolerate it, as it offers the best chance for cure.
For patients with stage I NSCLC that has a higher risk of coming back (based on
size, location, or other factors), adjuvant chemotherapy after surgery may lower the
risk that cancer will return. But doctors aren’t always sure how to determine which
people are likely to be helped by chemo.
After surgery, the removed tissue is checked to see if there are cancer cells at the
edges of the surgery specimen (called positive margins). If some cancer has been
left behind, a second surgery might be done to try to ensure that all the cancer cells
has been removed. (This might be followed by chemotherapy as well.) Another
option might be to use radiation therapy after surgery.
16. TREATING STAGE II NSCLC
Patients who have stage II NSCLC and are healthy enough
for surgery usually have the cancer removed by lobectomy or sleeve
resection. Sometimes removing the whole lung (pneumonectomy) is
needed.
Any lymph nodes likely to have cancer in them are also removed.
In some cases, chemotherapy (often along with radiation) may be
recommend before surgery to try to shrink the tumor to make the
operation easier.
After surgery, the removed tissue is checked to see if there are cancer
cells at the edges of the surgery specimen (called positive margins).
This might mean that some cancer has been left behind, so a second
surgery might be done to try to remove any remaining cancer. This
may be followed by chemotherapy (chemo). Another option is to treat
17. TREATING STAGE IIIA NSCLC
Treatment for stage IIIA NSCLC may include some combination of
radiation therapy, chemotherapy (chemo), and/or surgery.
For this reason, planning treatment for stage IIIA NSCLC often requires input
from a medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, and a thoracic surgeon.
Treatment options depend on the size of the tumor, Position in lung, which
lymph nodes it has spread to, overall health, and how well patient tolerating
treatment.
18. TREATING STAGE IIIB NSCLC
Stage IIIB NSCLC has spread to lymph nodes that are near the other lung or in
the neck, and may also have grown into important structures in the chest.
These cancers can’t be removed completely by surgery. As with other stages
of lung cancer, treatment depends on the patient’s overall health.
If Patient are in fairly good health patient may be helped
by chemotherapy(chemo) combined with radiation therapy. Some people can
even be cured with this treatment. Patients who are not healthy enough for
this combination are often treated with radiation therapy alone, or, less often,
chemo alone.
These cancers can be hard to treat, so taking part in a clinical trial of newer
treatments may be a good option for some patients.
19. TREATING STAGE IV NSCLC
Stage IV NSCLC is widespread when it is diagnosed. Because these cancers
have spread to distant sites, they are very hard to cure. Treatment options
depend on where the cancer has spread, the number of tumors, and
Patients overall health.
If Patients are in otherwise good health, treatments such
as surgery, chemotherapy (chemo), targeted therapy, immunotherapy,
and radiation therapy may help Patients live longer and make feel better by
relieving symptoms, even though they aren’t likely to cure.
End of NSCLC Treatment.
20. TREATMENT CHOICES BY STAGE
OF SCLC
For practical reasons, small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is usually staged
as either limited or extensive. In most cases, SCLC has already spread
by the time it is found (even if the spread is not seen on imaging
tests), so chemotherapy (chemo) is usually part of treatment if a
patient is healthy enough.
If patient smokes, one of the most important things Patient can do to
be ready for treatment is to try to quit.
Studies have shown that patients who stop smoking after a diagnosis
of lung cancer tend to have better outcomes than those who don’t.
21. TREATMENT OF LIMITED STAGE SCLC
For most patients with limited stage SCLC, surgery is not an option
because the tumor is too large, it’s in a place that can’t be removed
easily, or it has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other places in the
lung.
If Patents who are in good health, the standard treatment
is chemo plus radiation to the chest given at the same time
(called concurrent chemoradiation). The chemo drugs used are
usually etoposide plus either cisplatin or carboplatin.
22. TREATMENT OF EXTENSIVE STAGE
SCLC
Extensive stage SCLC has spread too far for surgery or radiation
therapy to be useful as the initial treatment. If Patient have extensive
SCLC and are in fairly good health, chemotherapy(chemo) can often
shrink the cancer, treat symptoms, and help live longer.
The most common chemo combination is etoposide plus either
cisplatin or carboplatin. Most people will have their cancer shrink
significantly with chemo, and in some the cancer may no longer be
seen on imaging tests. Unfortunately, the cancer will still return at
some point in almost all patients with extensive stage SCLC.
End of SCLC treatment.
24. NOW, WHAT IS TARGETED
THERAPY IN NSCLC?
Targeted therapy of lung cancer refers to using agents specifically
designed to selectively target molecular pathways responsible for
the malignant phenotype of lung cancer cells.
25. DRUGS THAT TARGET TUMOR BLOOD
VESSEL GROWTH (ANGIOGENESIS)
For tumors to grow, they need to form new blood vessels to keep
them nourished. This process is called angiogenesis. Some targeted
drugs, called angiogenesis inhibitors, block this new blood vessel
growth:
1. BEVASTIM (Bevacizumab) is used to treat advanced NSCLC. It is a
monoclonal antibody (a man-made version of a specific immune
system protein) that targets vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
2. Ramucirumab.
26. DRUGS THAT TARGET CELLS WITH
EGFR CHANGES
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a protein on the surface of
cells. It normally helps the cells grow and divide. Some NSCLC cells
have too much EGFR, which makes them grow faster. Drugs
called EGFR inhibitors can block the signal from EGFR that tells the
cells to grow. Some of these drugs can be used to treat NSCLC.
EGFR inhibitors used in NSCLC with EGFR gene mutations
Erlotinib
(Tarceva)
Afatinib (Gilotrif)
27. EGFR INHIBITORS THAT ALSO TARGET
CELLS WITH THE T790M MUTATION
EGFR inhibitors can often shrink tumors for several months or more.
But eventually these drugs develop resistance for most patients,
usually because the cancer cells develop another mutation in
the EGFR gene. One such mutation is known as T790M. But some
newer EGFR inhibitors also work against cells with the T790M
mutation, including Osimertinib (Tagrisso).
28. DRUGS THAT TARGET CELLS WITH ALK
GENE CHANGES
About 5% of NSCLCs have a rearrangement in a gene called ALK. This
change is most often seen in non-smokers (or light smokers) who
have the adenocarcinoma subtype of NSCLC. The ALK gene
rearrangement produces an abnormal ALK protein that causes the
cells to grow and spread. Drugs that target the abnormal ALK protein
include:
Crizotinib (Xalkori)
Ceritinib (Zykadia)
Alectinib (Alecensa)–Now in Beacon’s rich Pipeline
Brigatinib (Alunbrig)- Now in Beacon’s rich Pipeline
29. DRUGS THAT TARGET CELLS WITH
BRAF GENE CHANGES
The BRAF gene provides instructions for making a protein that helps
transmit chemical signals from outside the cell to the cell's nucleus.
In some NSCLCs, the cells have changes in the BRAF gene. Cells with
these changes make an altered BRAF protein that helps them grow.
Some drugs target this and related proteins:
Dabrafenib (Tafinlar) is a type of drug known as a BRAF inhibitor,
which attacks the BRAF protein directly.
Trametinib (Mekinist) is known as a MEK inhibitor, because it attacks
the related MEK proteins. -- Now in Beacon’s rich Pipeline.
30. WHAT IS PALLIATIVE CARE ?
Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their
families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through the
prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable
assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and
spiritual.
Palliative care:
provides relief from pain and other distressing symptoms;
affirms life and regards dying as a normal process;
intends neither to hasten or postpone death;
integrates the psychological and spiritual aspects of patient care;
offers a support system to help patients live as actively as possible until death;
will enhance quality of life, and may also positively influence the course of illness;