Dental trauma is one of the most common presentation in the pediatrics clinic. The fears and anxiety of these patients make management difficult. If improperly managed, it could affect the patient self-esteem and quality of life.
A short slideshow covering the basics of Intrusive luxation and total avulsion, from an endodontic point of view.. Highlight are the photographs chosen with care to explain the points well. Ideal for under-graduate and Post-graduate students. Based on Grossman's Endodontic Practice, 13th Edition.
Dental trauma is one of the most common presentation in the pediatrics clinic. The fears and anxiety of these patients make management difficult. If improperly managed, it could affect the patient self-esteem and quality of life.
A short slideshow covering the basics of Intrusive luxation and total avulsion, from an endodontic point of view.. Highlight are the photographs chosen with care to explain the points well. Ideal for under-graduate and Post-graduate students. Based on Grossman's Endodontic Practice, 13th Edition.
Tooth Injuries| Tooth Trauma| Treatment of Tooth TraumaDr. Rajat Sachdeva
Tooth Trauma due to various etiology either causes structural loss or vitality loss.
Both can be recovered depending on type of trauma.
Horizontal, Vertical, Subluxation, Concussion, Avulsion are different types of fracture.
Method to treat them also depends on trauma.
RCT, Extraction, Splinting or sometimes no treatment needed if there is horizontal fracture at apical part.
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Traumatic Dental Injuries to Permanent TeethDrSusmita Shah
A comprehensive presentation of traumatic injuries to permanent teeth; this includes multiple classifications, risk factors, prevalence and management according to International Association of Dental Traumatology and Adreasen J O.
Tooth Injuries| Tooth Trauma| Treatment of Tooth TraumaDr. Rajat Sachdeva
Tooth Trauma due to various etiology either causes structural loss or vitality loss.
Both can be recovered depending on type of trauma.
Horizontal, Vertical, Subluxation, Concussion, Avulsion are different types of fracture.
Method to treat them also depends on trauma.
RCT, Extraction, Splinting or sometimes no treatment needed if there is horizontal fracture at apical part.
Call us to book your appointment:-
+919818894041,01142464041
Follow our link:-
Google link:
https://business.google.com/dashboard/l/04970356233769420071
Facebook link for Dental Courses:
https://www.facebook.com/dentalcoursesdelhi/
Facebook link for Dental Treatments:
https://www.facebook.com/sachdevadental/
You tube Link:
https://www.youtube.com/user/drrajatsachdeva
Linkedin link:
https://www.linkedin.com/in/drrajatsachdeva/
Slideshare:
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Twitter Page :
https://twitter.com/drrajatsachdeva
Instagram page :
https://www.instagram.com/surgicalmasterrajat/
Practo Profile :
https://www.practo.com/delhi/doctor/dr-rajat-sachdeva-dentist
Blogger Profile :
http://drrajatsachdeva.blogspot.com/
Facial Aesthetics Facebook Page :
https://www.facebook.com/facialaesthetics.delhi
Facial Aesthetics you tube channel :
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCheM4wF9nWGXJYOmScvsQNw
Traumatic Dental Injuries to Permanent TeethDrSusmita Shah
A comprehensive presentation of traumatic injuries to permanent teeth; this includes multiple classifications, risk factors, prevalence and management according to International Association of Dental Traumatology and Adreasen J O.
Deep Bite| Braces Treatment| Certification Courses in Fixed Orthodontics in D...Dr. Rajat Sachdeva
Deep Bite
Excessive Overlaping of upper front teeth over the lower front teeth is deep bite.
Orthodontic Treatment through braces, Invisalign, Damon's Braces, Traditional braces, Orthognathic Surgeries.
Restorative and periodontal therapy, Habit Breaking appliances.
All the procedure performing by experienced one.
Dr. Sachdeva's Dental Institute, where you will learn to perform the procedures impeccably.
To Learn More, Call us:-+919818894041,01142464041
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https://www.facebook.com/sachdevadental/
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Practo Profile :
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Blogger Profile :
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Facial Aesthetics Facebook Page :
https://www.facebook.com/facialaesthetics.delhi
Facial Aesthetics you tube channel :
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Overdenture is a favored treatment modality for elderly patients with few remaining teeth. Roots maintained under the denture base preserve the alveolar ridge, provide sensory feedback and improve the stability of the dentures. Furthermore, the use of copings and precision attachments on the remaining teeth enhances the retention of the denture. This clinical report describes a novel method of fabricating a tooth supported overdenture retained with custom made ball attachments using orthodontic separators as a female component. Customized ball attachments with orthodontic separators are a simple and cost effective alternative treatment to the use of prefabricated attachments for enhancing the retention of tooth supported overdentures.
Orthodontic-periodontic interactions are mutually beneficial. Orthodontic treatment can be justified as a part of periodontal therapy if it is used to reduce plaque accumulation, correct abnormal gingival and osseous forms, improve aesthetics, and facilitate prosthetic replacement.
This journal club presents a case of prosthetic
rehabilitation of an amputated thumb. It emphasizes that
prosthetic replacement is a better option for aesthetic and
psychological improvement, particularly in cases where the
victim is unwilling to undergo complicated surgical procedures for reconstruction of thumb or where functioning
of thumb cannot be restored even by multiple surgeries. In
the present case, a 20 years old female patient, with
missing thumb of her right hand was rehabilitated aesthetically by a non-invasive and cost effective prosthetic
procedure by using heat temperature vulcanizing silicone
material. The prosthesis (the thumb) was attached using
medical adhesives. On 3 months recall appointment, no
complications were observed. The prosthesis was in good
shape and required no further intervention. The prosthetic
thumb lacks the sensation of a normal or reconstructed
thumb, although it does not require the multiple procedures
of surgical reconstruction and the accompanying loss of
time for rehabilitation and healing
When treating a patient with a removable partial denture, the natural and artificial teeth, both functionally and esthetically, must co-exist in a harmonious relationship.
Occlusal harmony between a removable partial denture and the remaining natural teeth is a major factor in preservation of the surrounding structures.
In removable partial dentures, because of the attachment of the denture to abutment teeth, occlusal stresses can be transmitted directly to the abutment teeth and other supporting structures, which results in sustained stresses that may be more damaging than those transient stresses found in complete dentures.
Altered Cast Impression Technique for Fabrication of Maxillary Obturator- Jou...Dr. Prathamesh Fulsundar
An obturator is a maxillofacial prosthesis that is used to close an acquired tissue opening, primarily of the hard palate, and/or a contiguous alveolar or soft tissue structure that has been removed by surgery. (GPT-8)
This clinical report describes the prosthodontic rehabilitation andfabrication of an obturator used for a partially edentulous patient with anacquired unilateral maxillary defect.
The impression was made in 2 steps in a similar manner as the altered castimpression technique.
Precise impression of the resection defect despite trismus was possible, thus providing this patient an accurately fitting obturator prosthesis.
A removable partial denture or complete denture that covers & rests on one or more remaining natural teeth, the roots of natural teeth, &/or dental implants (GPT-8)
The elderly population is rapidly increasing, as is their need for dental treatment.
Considering the number of partially or completely edentulous patients, various types of treatment may be indicated, including conventional complete dentures and both tooth-supported and implant-supported overdentures.
A RPD derives support from two main sources periodontally sound natural teeth & residual alveolar processes and associated soft tissues.
A RPD that is supported by healthy natural teeth possesses adequate stability and retention to resist functional displacement.
However, a RPD that is not entirely bounded by natural teeth will move when a load is applied.
A single complete denture is a complete denture that occludes against some or all of the natural teeth, a fixed restoration, or a previously constructed removable partial denture or a complete denture.
Opposing natural teeth that are sufficient in number and do not necessitate a fixed or removable partial denture.
Opposing a partially edentulous arch in which the missing teeth have been or will be replaced by a fixed partial denture.
Opposing arch with an existing complete denture.
Prosthetic rehabilitation of a xerostomia patient with a mandibularsplit salivary reservoir denture
Xerostomia is defined as dryness of the mouth due to lack of normal secretions of saliva
Mucosal lubricants eg. wet mouth (ICPA Health Products Ltd),aqwet (Cipla Ltd)
Salivary stimulants eg. colgate dry mouth relief.
Healthy diet intake.
Salivary substitutes ( liquid or gel form ).
Chewing gums.
Proper water intake.
Salivary reservoirs
One of the objectives in complete denture prosthetics is to produce a harmonious appearance of the denture when in the patient’s mouth.
A denture usually perceived as esthetics when the teeth and bases are in harmony with the facial musculature as well as the size & shape of the head.
The selection of artificial teeth & their arrangement to meet esthetic requirements demand artistic skill in addition to scientific knowledge.
Fabrication of removable palatal augmentation prosthesis on a complete denture to reduce weight and maintain hygiene
The retention of a palatal augmentation prosthesis (PAP) is negatively affected by its weight thus, making this device as light as possible is important for clinical success.
However, hollowing the device to reduce weight may cause hygiene issues due to moisture intrusion.
An alternative technique with a removable veneer-type PAP for a complete denture was developed.
This resulted in positive outcomes in terms of reducing the weight and maintaining the hygiene of the prosthesis.
There have been several changes since inception in the field of dental ceramics. Need for newer materials with improved aesthetics, flexural strength and optical properties made it necessary for introduction of advanced technology in fabrication of dental ceramics.
The threshold between microstomia and a normal mouth
opening is defined as an interlabial measurement less
than 45 mm and/or an interincisal distance less than 40
mm.20 Zweifel et al6 further refined that statement by
defining the average vertical mouth opening as 40 to 50
mm, a functional opening as 25 to 35 mm, and a severely
limited opening as 10 to 24 mm. However, no definitive
description has been presented of the width of mouth
opening that should prompt the use of a foldable or
sectional denture.
Mouth opening exercises have been described for
patients with scleroderma but not for those with facial
exercises and appliances used long after facial burns is
scarce, but exercises may be of value in the treatment of
these patients.
The use of sectional trays and record bases may be
essential to obtaining accurate impressions of a patient
with microstomia. An accurate tray and record base is
required to consistently obtain the position of the tray
and record base related to the reference anatomic
structures.
While maxillary bone resorbs toward the center of the
maxilla, mandibular bone resorbs laterally in posterior
areas and lingually in the anterior region. This may allow
the fabrication of maxillary dentures with a smaller width.
To provide support, however, the buccal flanges of
mandibular complete dentures should overlay the bone
horizontally at the buccal shelf region, which may extend
buccally 10 mm or more from the residual ridge top.
These factors explain the presence of several mandibular
collapsible or foldable dentures in the literature versus
few articles describing techniques for maxillary sectional
dentures. The use of implants may allow less extension of
the borders, providing comfort and ease of use for
patients with microstomia.26
Gypsum Products commercially available are hemihydrate form of calcium sulfate. Gypsum products used in Dentistry are broadly classified into 5 types
Type 1- Impression Plaster
Type 2- Model Plaster
Type 3- Dental stone
Type 4- Die Stone high strength low expansion
Type 5- Die Stone high Strength High Expansion
Non fluid wax technique to record Posterior Palatal Seal Area, uses mixture baseplate wax and sticky wax. shows superior handling characteristics and better dimensional stability as compared to Correcta wax and other waxes used in fluid wax technique.
Assesment of Self Evaluation Of Dental Appearance Among Non-Dental Undergradu...Dr. Prathamesh Fulsundar
Orthodontist routinely evaluate patients and prescribe treatment plans in order to satisfy the often stated goals of good dental function, stability of teeth & jaw position & dental aesthetics. however aesthetics has variability in individual judgments, it can differ for patients and dentists making it difficult to make generalized statements hence the aim of this study was to assess the self evaluation and satisfaction of dental appearance among non dental undergraduate students and their attitude towards orthodontic treatment.
Long treatment duration has been a major drawback of the conventional fixed orthodontic treatment. Cyclic Loading (Vibrations within physiological limits) has proved to be effective in accelerating the rate of tooth movement.
Treatment of oral submucous fibrosis can be done by using various natural remedies and plant extracts. The article describes some of these therapies for the treatment of OSMF
The greater treatment time is one of the major drawbacks associated with fixed orthodontic therapy.Micro-osteoperforation has proved to be effective in reducing the duration of conventional orthodontic treatment.
Homeopathic Arnicai to Control Orthodontic Pain-A Substitute to Conventional...Dr. Prathamesh Fulsundar
Pain and discomfort associated with fixed orthodontic treatment has always been a major factor in causing patient dropouts, the conventional method of using NSAID's hampers the tooth movement, as a result a need for newer alternatives to control pain has developed. Arnica montana serves as an effective substitutes to control pain and discomfort without hampering the rate of orthodontic tooth movement.
Photobiomodulation technique uses low intensity lasers and light in the red to near infrared zone (600 to 1000 nm wavelength) which brings about biological changes at the cellular level thus initiating the bone remodeling. As a result accelerates orthodontic tooth movement without causing any harm to the periodontal tissues
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. TRAUMATIC DENTAL INJURIES
TDI -ARE THOSE INVOLVING THE TEETH ,THE
ALVEOLAR PORTION OF MAXILLA AND
MANDIBLE AND THE ADJACENT SOFT TISSUES
3. ALARMING STATISTICS
• Constitute 5-9% of total injuries
• Prevalence of TDI in primary dentition -11-30%
• Prevalence of TDI n permanent dentition -5-30%
• Boys to girls ~ 2:1
• Age - 6-18 years
• Teeth involved:
11and 21 -37%
31 and 41 -18%
32 and 42 -6%
12 and 22 -3%
4. Etiology
• Falls due to incomplete
coordination.
• Sports activities.
• Road accidents.
• Domestic violence and abuse
• Fights and assaults
• Mental retardation, epilepsy.
• Developmental defect in
enamel and dentine.
• Class II Division 1
Malocclusion
• Overjet 3-6mm or more
5. Peoples’ attitude towards TDI
• Mostly affect milk teeth hence not an issue
• Little knowledge regarding different types of injury
• Go and see family doctor in such injury
• Dentist charge a lot of money
• Knocked out teeth is a waste
• If stored –wrap in tissue or cotton
• No psychological impact on children of fractured
teeth
6. INJURIES TO THE
HARD TISSUES AND
PULP
Enamel infraction
Enamel fracture
Enamel dentin
fracture
Complicated crown
fracture
Uncomplicated
crown-root fracture
Complicated crown-
root fracture
Root fracture
INJURIES TO
PERIODONTAL
TISSUES
Concusion
Subluxation
Extrusive
luxation
Lateral luxation
Intrusive
luxation
Avulsion
INJURIES TO
SUPPORTING
BONE
Comminution
of jaws alveolar
socket wall
Fractures of
jaws alveolar
socket wall
Fracture of jaws
alveolar process
Fracture of
mandible or
maxilla
INJURIES TO
GINGIVA AND
ORAL MUCOSA
Laceration
Contusion
Abrasion
INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES(1992)
7. EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AT THE
SITE OF INJURY
FRACTURED
TOOTH
Look for the broken piece
Hold the crown and not
the root
Place the piece in a cup
with patient’s saliva or cold
milk
NEVER PUT THE TOOTH IN
WATER
Take the piece and visit
dentist immediately
MOBILE/DISPLACED
TOOTH
Ask the patient to gently
close the mouth and bring
the teeth together slowly
and carefully
If the displacement is
minor the tooth will move
to the normal position
If the patient cannot bite
down do not force closure
See the dentist
immediately
KNOCKED OUT
TOOTH
Look for the tooth
Hold the crown only ,do not
touch the root
Rinse the permanent tooth in
tap water for only 10 seconds
Put it back in socket
If cannot ,then place in saliva
or cold milk
NEVER PUT THE TOOTH IN
WATER
Go to the dentist
immediately
8. MANAGEMENT OF TDI
INJURIES TO THE HARD TISSUES AND PULP
ENAMEL
INFRACTION
ENAMEL
FRACTURE
ENAMEL DENTIN
FRACTURE
COMPLICATED CROWN FRACTURE
In case of marked
infractions, etching
and sealing with
resin to prevent
discoloration of the
infraction lines.
Otherwise, no
treatment is
necessary.
Contouring or
restoration
with composite
resin
depending on
the extent and
location of the
fracture.
•If a tooth fragment is
available, it can be bonded to
the tooth.
• Otherwise perform a
provisional treatment by
covering the exposed dentin
with glass- Ionomer or a more
permanent restoration using a
bonding agent and composite
resin, or other accepted
dental restorative materials
• If the exposed dentin is
within 0.5mm ofthe pulp
(pink, no bleeding) place
calcium hydroxide base and
cover with a material such as
a glass ionomer.
•In young patients with immature, still developing
teeth, it is advantageous to preserve pulp vitality
by pulp capping or partial pulpotomy. Also, this
treatment is the choice in young patients with
completely formed teeth.
● Calcium hydroxide is a suitable material to be
placed on the pulp wound in such procedures.
● In patients with mature apical development,
root canal treatment is usually the treatment of
choice, although pulp capping or partial
pulpotomy also may be selected.
● If tooth fragment is available, it can be bonded
to the tooth.
● Future treatment for the fractured crown may
be restoration with other accepted dental
restorative materials.
9. INJURIES TO THE HARD TISSUES AND PULP
UNCOMPLICATED CROWN-
ROOT FRACTURE
COMPLICATED CROWN-ROOT
FRACTURE
ROOT FRACTURE
Emergency treatment
● As an emergency treatment a temporary
stabilization of the loose segment to adjacent
teeth can be performed until a definitive
treatment plan is made.
Emergency treatment
● As an emergency treatment a temporary
stabilization of the loose segment to adjacent
teeth.
● In patients with open apices, it is
advantageous to preserve pulp vitality by a
partial pulpotomy. This treatment is also the
choice in young patients with completely
formed teeth. Calcium hydroxide compounds
are suitable pulp capping materials. In patients
with mature apical development, root canal
treatment can be the treatment of choice.
● Reposition, if displaced, the
coronal segment of the tooth as
soon as possible.
● Check position radiographically.
● Stabilize the tooth with a flexible
splint for 4 weeks. If the root
fracture is near the cervical area of
the tooth, stabilization is beneficial
for a longer period of time (up to 4
months).
● It is advisable to monitor healing
for at least one year to determine
pulpal status.
● If pulp necrosis develops, root
canal treatment of the coronal tooth
segment to the fracture line is
indicated to preserve the
tooth.
Non-Emergency Treatment Alternatives
● Fragment removal and gingivectomy (sometimes ostectomy)
Removal of the coronal fragment with subsequent endodontic treatment and restoration with a post-
retained crown. This procedure should be preceded by a gingivectomy and sometimes ostectomy with
osteoplasty. This treatment option is only indicated in crown-root fractures with palatal subgingival
extension.
● Orthodontic extrusion of apical fragment
Removal of the coronal segment with subsequent endodontic treatment and orthodontic extrusion of the
remaining root with sufficient length after extrusion to support a post-retained crown.
● Surgical extrusion
Removal of the mobile fractured fragment with subsequent surgical repositioning of the root in a more
coronal position.
●Root submergence
An implant solution is planned, the root fragment may be left in situ.
●Extraction
Extraction with immediate or delayed implant-retained crown restoration or a conventional bridge.
Extraction is inevitable in very deep crown-root fractures, the extreme being a vertical fracture
10. INJURIES TO PERIODONTAL TISSUES
CONCUSION SUBLUXATION LATERAL LUXATION
Crushing injury to apical
vasculature and periodontal
ligament with inflammatory edema
and without abnormal loosening or
displacement
Injury to tooth supporting structure
with abnormal loosening but
without displacement of teeth
clinically.
Displacement of tooth in any
direction other than axial
● No treatment is needed.
● Monitor pulpal condition
for at least one year.
Normally no treatment is
needed, however a flexible
splint to stabilize the tooth
for patient comfort can be
used for up to 2 weeks.
● Reposition the tooth digitally
or with forceps to disengage it
from its bony lock and gently
reposition it into its original
location.
● Stabilize the tooth for 4
weeks using a flexible splint.
● Monitor the pulpal
condition.
● If the pulp becomes
necrotic, root canal treatment
is indicated to prevent root
resorption.
11. INJURIES TO PERIODONTAL TISSUES
EXTRUSIVE LUXATION INTRUSIVE LUXATION AVULSION
● Reposition the tooth by
gently re-inserting It into
the tooth socket.
● Stabilize the tooth for 2
weeks using a flexible
splint.
● In mature teeth where
pulp necrosis is anticipated
or if several signs and
symptoms indicate that the
pulp of mature or immature
teeth became necrotic, root
canal treatment is
indicated.
Teeth with incomplete root formation
● Allow eruption without intervention
● If no movement within few weeks,
initiate orthodontic repositioning.
● If tooth is intruded more than 7mm,
reposition surgically or orthodontically.
Teeth with complete root formation:
● Allow eruption without intervention if
tooth intruded less than 3mm. If no
movement after 2-4 weeks, reposition
surgically or orthodontically before
ankylosis can develop.
● If tooth is intruded 3-7 mm, reposition
surgically or orthodontically.
● If tooth is intruded beyond 7mm,
reposition surgically.
● The pulp will likely become necrotic in
teeth with complete root formation. Root
canal therapy using a temporary filling
with calcium hydroxide is recommended
and treatment should begin 2-3 weeks
after repositioning.
● Once an intruded tooth has been
repositioned surgically or orthodontically,
stabilize with a flexible splint for 4 weeks.
•The tooth is placed in saline
•If contaminated ,the root surface is
cleansed with stream of saline
•The socket is examined for evidence
of fracture.The alveolus is also
cleansed with a flow of saline to
remove contaminated coagulum
•Tooth to be reimplanted using slight
digital pressure with light pressure.
The reimplanted tooth should fit
loosely in the alveolus
•Suture gingival laceration
•Apply splint for 1 week only as
prolonged splinting of replanted tooth
causes root resorption
•Proper repositioning can now be
evaluvated by the occlusion of tooth
•Verify position radiographically
•Tetanus prophylaxis is important
•If apical foramen is closed then
perform endodontic therapy after one
week prior to removal of splint