Transport and Mobility - Fact and Fiction - Part 1
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A 5-part course for university or engineering students on transport and mobility issues (history, current situation, theoretical concepts, future and the Finnish case)
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Transport and Mobility - Fact and Fiction - Part 1
- 1. Transport and Mobility Fact or Fiction – Part 1 Emilia Suomalainen emilia.suomalainen@gmail.com Photo by HONG LIN on Unsplash
- 2. Contents A brief history of transport and mobility Transport facts: modal split and emissions The case of cars Theory: transport and mobility Transport and inequality Economy, energy and transport The big picture
- 3. A Brief History How did we get here?
- 4. Transport – A Brief History Dominance of cars starting from ~1960s Major increase in kilometres travelled Increase in speed of travel Creation of suburbs and urban sprawl We live in a “car culture”, see Mattioli et al. 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101486 Till ~1970s: walking was the dominant mode of transport Walking has since gone down significantly Development of low-cost aviation from the 1990s (deregulation)
- 5. Transport – A Brief History Aurélien Bigo 2020, http://www.chair-energy-prosperity.org/publications/vitesse-mobilites-france/
- 6. Transport – A Brief History Aurélien Bigo 2020, http://www.chair-energy-prosperity.org/publications/vitesse-mobilites-france/
- 7. Transport – A Brief History https://www.urbanews.fr/2020/03/04/57434-the-arrogance-of-space-spatialiser-les-desequilibres-de-lespace-public/
- 8. Transport Facts Let’s start with a few interesting statistics
- 9. Questions to be answered: What are the main modes of transport? For passenger transport? For freight? Which modes consume the most energy and emit the most CO2? What is the share of renewable energy in transport?
- 10. Modal Split of Passenger Transport https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/passenger-transport-volume-6
- 11. Modal Split of Freight Transport https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/freight-transport-volume-6#tab-chart_1
- 12. Energy Consumption in Transport https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/transport-final-energy-consumption-by-mode/assessment-10
- 13. Energy Consumption in Transport https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/transport-energy-consumption-eea-5#tab-googlechartid_googlechartid_chart_111
- 14. Oil Dependency of Transport IEA: “In 2014, the transport sector consumed 65% of global oil final energy demand. Moreover, with 92% of transport final energy demand consisting of oil products, the transport sector is the least diversified energy end-use sector.” https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-technology-perspectives-2017 IEA WEO 2018: “Global conventional crude oil production peaked in 2008” M. King Hubbert, 1956: “Hubbert’s peak”
- 15. GHG Emissions from Transport https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/transport-emissions-of-greenhouse-gases/transport-emissions-of- greenhouse-gases-12
- 16. GHG Emissions from Transport https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/evolution-of-ghg-emissions-in-2#tab-chart_1
- 17. Transport GHG Emissions by Mode https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/daviz/share-of-transport-ghg-emissions-2#tab-chart_1
- 18. The Car Question The car, a symbol of status, freedom, modernity – and of emissions
- 20. Vehicles by Fuel Type https://www.acea.be/statistics/article/report-vehicles-in-use-europe-2018
- 22. Car Ownership https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Passenger_cars_in_the_EU
- 23. Car Ownership https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Passenger_cars_in_the_EU
- 25. CO2 Emissions of New Cars Nicolas Meilhan 2019, https://www.strategie.gouv.fr/publications/faire-enfin-baisser-emissions-de-co2-voitures
- 26. CO2 Emissions of New Cars ICCT 2020, https://theicct.org/publications/european-vehicle-market-statistics-20192020
- 27. CO2 Emissions of New Cars https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/average-co2-emissions-from-motor-vehicles/assessment-2
- 28. CO2 Emissions in the Lab vs. Real World Nicolas Meilhan 2019, https://www.strategie.gouv.fr/publications/faire-enfin-baisser-emissions-de-co2-voitures
- 29. The Rise of SUVs Nicolas Meilhan 2019, https://www.strategie.gouv.fr/publications/faire-enfin-baisser-emissions-de-co2-voitures
- 30. The Rise of SUVs ICCT 2020, https://theicct.org/publications/european-vehicle-market-statistics-20192020
- 31. The Rise of SUVs https://www.iea.org/commentaries/growing-preference-for-suvs-challenges-emissions-reductions-in-passenger-car-market
- 32. The Rise of SUVs https://www.jato.com/rise-in-suvs-hold-oems-back-from-meeting-co2-targets/
- 33. The Rise of SUVs https://www.iea.org/commentaries/growing-preference-for-suvs-challenges-emissions-reductions-in-passenger-car-market
- 34. Evolution of Vehicle Mass and Emissions https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/CO2-reduction-technologies_fact-sheet_10102017_vF.pdf
- 35. EU Emissions Regulation for New Cars Nicolas Meilhan 2019, https://www.strategie.gouv.fr/publications/faire-enfin-baisser-emissions-de-co2-voitures
- 36. EV, HEV, PHEV, … https://thedriven.io/2018/08/28/what-is-an-ev/
- 37. EVs ≠ Zero Emission Vehicles Carbone 4 2020, http://www.carbone4.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Motorisations-alternatives-publication-Carbone-4.pdf
- 38. EVs ≠ Zero Emission Vehicles ICCT 2018, https://theicct.org/publications/EV-battery-manufacturing-emissions
- 39. The Problem with PHEVs https://www.transportenvironment.org/press/plug-hybrids-new-emissions-scandal-tests-show-higher-pollution-claimed
- 40. The Problem with PHEVs Real world emissions 2–4 times type approval values https://theicct.org/publications/phev-real-world-usage-sept2020 Electric driving employed much less often then previously thought, ~40% of the time Situation especially bad for company cars Drivers do not always charge often enough and electric range limited Heavy cars (heavier than ICEV equivalent) => more emissions PHEVs often not compatible with fast charging A big share of PHEVs sold are SUVs! https://ukerc.ac.uk/news/suvs-sabotage-green-revolution/
- 41. EVs and Renewables Renewable energy sources: Intermittent, might not correspond to demand peaks => require storage capacity Electric vehicles: Cars are a poorly used resource (parked > 90% of the time) => free time for other than mobility uses Everyday trips are fairly short << battery capacity => available battery capacity Cars usually parked close to buildings => could be connected to the electric grid RES require storage capacity that could be provided by EVs and EVs require low- carbon electricity to be “green”
- 42. EVs and Renewables Cette photo par Auteur inconnu est soumise à la licence CC BY Cette photo par Auteur inconnu est soumise à la licence CC BY-SA-NC
- 43. Is Our Car Use “Smart”? A French example (ENTD 2008 and other data sources): ✓ Load factor of vehicles: 1.4 (for driver: 1.22) ✓ 73% of local trips by car are made with only the driver onboard ✓ A car weighs around 1500 kg – to transport a passenger of 80 kg ✓ A light-duty vehicle is used on average 5h37 per week or 3.4% of the time ✓ The kilometres travelled per car are decreasing – but the number of cars continues to increase https://www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/la-mobilite-des-francais-panorama-issu-de-lenquete-nationale- transports-et-deplacements-2008
- 44. https://www.danielbowen.com/2012/09/19/road-space-photo/ Is Our Car Use “Smart”?
- 45. Key Points Cars responsible for a major share of transport emissions Our current car use is far from smart Small load factor, time of use limited, waste of urban space, … More sharing might improve the situation: ride sharing + car sharing Electric vehicles remove tailpipe emissions but not manufacturing ones Also need to think outside of the box: how to reorganise our transport systems? More public transport, active travel, local services, … End of car domination and change of paradigm?
- 47. Thank you for your attention! Emilia Suomalainen emilia.suomalainen@gmail.com Cette photo par Auteur inconnu est soumise à la licence CC BY-NC-ND