The document summarizes a training attended by the author on structural health monitoring using smart materials, deep foundation testing through modern instrumentation, non-destructive evaluation of concrete, and high-performance concrete. Key findings from each session include how different non-destructive testing techniques can be used for structural health monitoring, how latest foundation testing technology can determine pile depth and strength, how to evaluate different types of concrete cracks, and how high-performance concrete can reduce costs and improve durability through the use of materials like fly ash and silica fume. The document also provides details on reactive powder concrete/Ductal mixes and properties that allow it to achieve very high strengths and durability.

1. Training and Finding
On dated 11/09/13,we 1.Mr.K.J.Anand and 2.Mr.Abhishek
Ganguli participated the training organized by IIT Delhi at
Delhi. Subject is as under-
1.Structural health monitoring using smart materials by
Dr.Suresh Bhalla
2.Deep Foundation Testing Through Modern
Instrumentation by Dr.Brent Robinson,GRL Engineer
3.Non-Destructive Evaluation of Concrete by
Prof.B.Bhattacharjee,IIT
4.High-Performance Concrete by Dr.S.K.Dhawan,IIT
The findings is given below

2. 1.Structural health monitoring using smart materials
Dr.Bhalla describes this subject.
Finding is as under
1.Common NDT techniques include ultrasonics,magnetic-
particle,dye penetration,radiography,eddy-currents etc.
2.SHM may use any one or more NDE
techniques.SHM,however,emphasises on continous
evaluations.wide group of analysis techniques used in science
and industry to evaluate the properties of materials,
components or system without causing damage, these aided
in SHM
3.SHM can facilitate monitoring of external loads, stress
distribution,deflections,design validation,understanding
structural behaviours.

3. 2.Deep Foundation Testing Through Modern
Instrumentation
Dr.Brent Robinson describes the new technique with
new technology to test the deep foundation.
It also includes foundation testing.
Two PPT is
1.High strain testing
2.NDT for Structural Integrity
Findings
1.How latest technology is helpful find out depth of
pile,quality of concrete, steel and strength.
2.How latest technonology is useful for collect actual
data of structure to re-design or maintenance.

4. 3.Non –Destructive Evaluation of Concrete
This chapter is described by prof.B.Bhattacharya
Findings.
1.Different types of cracks and defects in concrete is
discussed and evaluation technique is described.
2.To find the correct result for NDT it needs to calibrate
locally with locally used material.

5. 4.HIGH VALUE CONCRETE
High value concrete is described by Dr.S.K.Dhawan
FINDINGS
Their findings is really useful for every part of life to
reduce the cost and durability of the concrete, hence
complete presentation is attached here with in PPT
Uses-
Existing Batching plant may become research centre
for high value concrete to utilize in city construction or
important construction in state and we can utilize our
highly qualified personnel.
High-Value
Concrete

6. High-Value
Concrete
BASICS
High performance concrete can be made to have strengths
in excess of 30,000-40,000 psi.(200-275Mpa)
All concrete is of high value!
Cost of concrete Involves
Cost of material (small)
Cost of placement (significant)
Cost of Replacement (HIGH)
4 Types of Concrete
Low Strength (<2000psi)/15Mpa
Normal (2000-6000psi)/(15-40Mpa)
High Strength (HPC) (>6000psi)/40mpa
Ultra High Strength (UHPC/RPC) (>40000psi)/200Mpa
(ultra high performance concrete/rapid powder concrete)

7. High-Value
Concrete
High value generally associated
with High-Performance
What is High-Performance?
High-Early Strength Concrete
High-Strength Concrete
High-Durability Concrete
Self-Consolidating Concrete
Reactive Powder Concrete/Ductal
What is high value concrete

8. High-Value
Concrete
Characteristics of High-Performance Concretes
High early strength
High strength
High modulus of elasticity
High abrasion resistance
High durability and long life in severe
environments
Low permeability and diffusion
Resistance to chemical attack
High resistance to frost and deicer scaling
damage
Toughness and impact resistance
Volume stability
Ease of placement
Compaction without segregation
Inhibition of bacterial and mold growth

9. High-Value
Concrete
Materials Used in High- Performance Concrete
Material Primary Contribution/Desired Property
Portland cement Cementing material / Durability
Blended cement
Cementing material /
Durability /
High strength
Fly ash / Slag / Silica fume
Calcined clay/ Met kaolin
Calcined shale
HRWR(High range water
reducer)/Super plasticizers
Flow ability
High-range water reducers Reduce water-cement ratio
Hydration control admix. Control setting

10. High-Value
Concrete
Materials Used in High- Performance Concrete
Material Primary contribution/Desired property
Retarders Control setting
Accelerators Accelerate setting
Corrosion inhibitors Control steel corrosion
Water reducers Reduce cement and water content
Shrinkage reducers Reduce shrinkage
ASR inhibitors Control alkali-silica activity
Improve workability/reduce paste
Polymer/latex modifiers
Optimally graded aggr.
Durability

11. High-Value
Concrete
Selected Properties of High- Performance Concrete
Property Test Method Criteria that may be specified
High Strength ASTM C 39 70-140 MPa @ 28 to 91 days
H-E Comp. Strength ASTM C 39 20-30 MPa @ 3-12 hrs or 1-3 days
H-E Flex. Strength ASTM C 78 2-4 MPa @ 3-12 hrs or 1-3 days
Abrasion Resistance ASTM C 944 0-1 mm depth of wear
Low Permeability ASTM C 1202 500 to 2000 coulombs
Chloride Penetration
AASHTO T
259/260
Less than 0.07% Cl at 6 months
Low Absorption ASTM C 642 2% to 5%
High Mod.of Elast. ASTM C 469 More than 40 GPa

12. High-Value
Concrete
High-Early-Strength Concrete
Type III or HE high-early-strength cement
High cement content 400 to 600 kg/m3
(675 to 1000 lb/yd3
)
Low water-cementing materials ratio (0.20 to 0.45 by mass)
Higher freshly mixed concrete temperature
Higher curing temperature
Chemical admixtures
Silica fume (or other SCM)
Steam or autoclave curing
Insulation to retain heat of hydration
Special rapid hardening cements
May be achieved by —

13. High-Value
Concrete
High-Strength Concrete
90% of ready-mix concrete
20 MPa - 40 MPa (3000 –
6000 psi) @ 28-d
(most 30 MPa – 35 MPa)
High-strength concrete
by definition —
28 day – compr. strength
≥ 70 MPa (10,000 psi)

14. High-Value
Concrete
High-Strength Concrete Materials
9.5 - 12.5 mm (3/8 - 1/2 in.) nominal maximum size gives
optimum strength
Combining single sizes for required grading allows for
closer control and reduced variability in concrete
For 70 MPa and greater, the FM of the sand should be 2.8
– 3.2. (lower may give lower strengths and sticky mixes)
Supplementary Cementing materials -
Fly ash, silica fume, or slag often mandatory
Dosage rate 5% to 20% or higher by mass of cementing
material
Aggregates —

15. High-Value
Concrete
High-Strength Concrete Materials
Use of water reducers, retarders, HRWRs, or super
plasticizers — mandatory in high-strength concrete
Air-entraining admixtures not necessary or desirable in
protected high-strength concrete.
Air is mandatory, where durability in a freeze-thaw
environment is required (i.e.. bridges, piers, parking
structures)
Recent studies:
w/cm ≥ 0.30—air required
w/cm < 0.25—no air needed
Admixtures —

16. High-Value
Concrete
High-Strength Concrete
Delays in delivery and placing
must be eliminated
Consolidation very important to achieve strength
Slump generally 180 to 220 mm (7 to 9 in.)
Little if any bleeding—fog or evaporation retarders
have to be applied immediately after strike off to
minimize plastic shrinkage and crusting
7 days moist curing
Placing, Consolidation, and Curing-

17. High-Value
Concrete
High-Durability Concrete
1970s and 1980s focus on —
High-Strength HPC
Today focus on concretes
with high durability in severe
environments resulting in
structures with long life —
High-Durability HPC

18. High-Value
Concrete
High-Durability Concrete
Abrasion Resistance
Blast Resistance
Permeability
Carbonation
Freeze-Thaw Resistance
Chemical Attack
Alkali-Silica Reactivity
Corrosion rates of rebar
Durability Issues That HPC Can Address

19. High-Value
Concrete
Cement: 398 kg/m3
(671 lb/yd3
)
Fly ash: 45 kg/m3
(76 lb/yd3
)
Silica fume: 32 kg/m3
(72 lb/yd3
)
w/c: 0.30
Water Red.: 1.7 L/m3
(47 oz/yd3
)
HRWR: 15.7 L/m3
(83 oz/yd3
)
Air: 5-8%
91d strength: 60 MPa (8700 psi)
High-Durability Concrete
Confederation Bridge, Northumberland Strait,Confederation Bridge, Northumberland Strait,
Prince Edward Island/New Brunswick, 1997Prince Edward Island/New Brunswick, 1997

20. High Durability
concrete
A Researched Mix Proportion for IIT Delhi
for M40 and M70 is written below.
Ingredient Proportion(In kg)
M40 M70
Cement 1 1
Fine aggregate 1.96 1.37
Coarse aggregate 1.65 1.05
Fly Ash 0.319 0.459
Silica Fumes 0.05 0.024
Super plasticizer 0.02 0.024High-Value
Concrete

21. High-Value
Concrete
Self-Consolidating Concrete
Developed in 1980s — Japan
Increased amount of
Fine material
(i.e. fly ash or limestone filler)
Super plasticizers
Strength and durability same as
conventional concrete
Self-consolidating concrete (SCC) also known as self-compacting
concrete —flows and consolidates on its own

22. High-Value
Concrete
Self-Consolidating Concrete

23. High-Value
Concrete
Portland cement (Type I) 297 kg/m3
(500 lb/yd3
)
Slag cement 128 kg/m3
(215 lb/yd3
)
Coarse aggregate 675 kg/m3
(1,137 lb/yd3
)
Fine aggregate 1,026 kg/m3
(1,729 lb/yd3
)
Water 170 kg/m3
(286 lb/yd3
)
Superplasticizer ASTM C 494, Type F
(Polycarboxylate-based) 1.3 L/m3
(35 oz/yd3
)
AE admixture as needed for 6% ± 1.5% air content
SCC for Power Plant in Pennsylvania—Mix Proportions

24. High-Value
Concrete
Reactive Powder Concrete
Qinghai-Tibet Railway
Sherbrooke pedestrian bridge, in Canada.
Shawnessy Light Rail Transit Station in Iowa (2004) First
UHPC Bridge in U.S.

25. Basics of RPC
RPC is able to obtain its improved properties by
using a very dense mix, consisting of fine particles
and fibers.
Low w/cm ratio : 0.16 to 0.24 (as low as 0.13)
Portland cement-II (no C3A less HoH)
Silica fume (25% by weight)
Water
High dosages of Superplasticizer
Fine quartz sand (150-600μm) (SG=2.75)
Steel fibers (2.5-10% by volume) for toughening
No rebar needed!
Cured in steam bath for 48 hrs @ 190ºF (88ºC)
after initial set, placed under pressure at the
molding stage
High-Value
Concrete

26. High-Value
Concrete
Reactive-Powder Concrete (RPC)
Properties:
High strength — 200 MPa
(can be produced to 810 MPa)
Very low porosity
Properties are achieved by:
Max. particle size ≤ 300 µm
Optimized particle packing
Low water content
Steel fibers
Heat-treatment

27. High-Value
Concrete
Mechanical Properties of RPC
Property Unit 80 MPa RPC
Compressive
strength MPa (psi) 80 (11,600) 200 (29,000)
Flexural strength MPa (psi) 7 (1000) 40 (5800)
Tensile strength MPa (psi) 8 (1160)
Modulus of Elasticity GPa (psi) 40 (5.8 x 106
) 60 (8.7 x 106
)
Fracture Toughness 103 J/m2
<1 30
Freeze-thaw RDF 90 100
Carbonation mm 2 0
Abrasion 10-12
m2
/s 275 1.2

28. DUCTAL
INNOVATION AND SALIENT POINT
1 . Compressive Strength- up to 30000 psi(200MPA)
2. Flexural Strength - up to 6000 psi(40MPA)
3. Direct Tension - up to 1450 psi(10MPA)
4. Ductility - Greater capacity to deform
and support flexural and tensile loads, even after initial
cracking's
Abrasion Resistance - Similar to natural rock
Impermeability - Almost no carbonation or
penetration of chlorides.
Cost -Reducing Global construction
cost
High-Value
Concrete

29. High-Value
Concrete
Cement
Sand
Silica quartz
Silica fume
Micro-Fibers - metallic or poly-vinyl acetate
Mineral fillers - Nano-fibres
Superplasticizer
Water
Raw Material Components
®
uctal

30. High-Value
Concrete
What is the typical Ductal®
mix ?
230 kg/m3
710 kg/m3
210 kg/m3
40 - 160 kg/m3
13 kg/m3
140 kg/m3
1020 kg/m3
Cement
Silica fume
Crushed
Quartz
Sand
Fibres
Superplasticizer
Total water
No aggregates !
®
uctal

31. High-Value
Concrete
What is the typical Ductal®
mix ?
9 – 10%
28 - 30%
8.5 – 9%
1.7 – 6.5%
0.6%
5.5 – 6%
42 –43%
Cement
Silica fume
Crushed
Quartz
Sand
Fibres
Superplasticizer
Total water
No aggregates !
®
uctal
w/c = 0.20

32. COMMENTS