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Heavy Highway Training
- 1. Safety Is No Accident Presented By: Anthony Castelli
- 2. Highway and street construction (H&SC) workers are exposed to injury and fatality risk The work is in proximity to construction equipment, as well as passing traffic The module covers, Hazards in the work space Injury prevention with an emphasis on Internal Traffic Control Plans (ITCP)
- 3. Typical Work Activities Within Work Space
- 4. Typical work zone activities
- 5. Injury and fatality exposures are extremely high in highway work zones Each year, over 100 H&SC workers are killed and more than 20,000 are injured Half of the H&SC workers are killed by construction trucks and equipment On-foot workers represent approximately 57% of the worker fatalities in work zones More than 30% of fatalities involve equipment operators
- 6. Night work and inclement weather produce poor visibility Night work presents problems Reduced visibility Driver impairment or inattention Fatigue and sleepiness Lack of adequate lighting magnifies the problem
- 7. Untrained workers are more vulnerable to injuries Not using Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Improper use of PPE Unsafe work practices Macho behavior, horseplay
- 8. Electrocution due to contact with overhead and underground power lines (Refer to Module No. 4) Highway construction materials like asphalt and concrete pose physical hazards to workers, such as burns, splashing wet material in the eye, etc. Strains and sprains due to overexertion and poor body positions Slips, trips, and falls due to poor housekeeping Fall from elevation and falling objects
- 9. Operating and maintaining heavy equipment and trucks using safe procedures (Refer to Module No. 3) Implementing safe procedures for night work, and low visibility Safety protocols for preventing occupational health and environmental hazards Fall protection and prevention Developing a dynamic Internal Traffic Control Plan (ITCP) to prevent worker – equipment traffic conflicts during construction
- 10. Plan for coordinating the flow of construction vehicles, equipment, and workers operating within the work space For improved safety within the work zone A typical ITCP addresses Parking issues within the work space Safe entry and exit of heavy equipment and trucks to and from the work space Interactions of heavy equipment, trucks, and on-foot workers.
- 11. Provide an organized plan to coordinate movements in the work area Minimize dangerous operations Backing and operating near soft shoulders Unguarded holes and slopes Prevent injuries and fatalities, while providing efficient operations
- 12. Contact information (company personnel, emergency services, etc.) Location, time table, and scope of project On-site equipment and personnel Interface between internal and external traffic control plans
- 13. Checklist of site specific hazards and mitigation methods Reporting system for incidents (and close calls) Safe procedures for traffic control in work space Anticipated traffic volumes, speeds, and speed limits Specifications for lighting Safe speed limits, clearances from high voltage power lines, blind corners , warnings of drop-off hazards, etc.
- 14. • Designated channels of communication for any changes in plan • Means of communications between on-foot workers, equipment operators, truck drivers, and other personnel • Designation of personnel to monitor communications between vehicle and equipment operators
- 15. Typically include Standard symbols for pieces of equipment and project personnel on site A layout of the work space positioned in the overall work zone Locations of proximate traffic control devices (e.g. drums, cones, etc.) Areas around equipment and operations prohibited to on-foot workers
- 16. 30 ft trench Pedestrian free area Sample Internal Traffic Control Plan for Trenching Work in a 60 ft backfill Highway Work Zone Vehicle free area Source: Graham - Migletz
- 17. Training is essential for all personnel Orientation of truck drivers to work space activities and ITCP Training delivered through Tool box safety meetings Distribution of site-specific safety materials (e.g. a copy of ITCP, safety guidelines) Self-paced e-training
- 18. Comprehensive approach Review of ITCP during normal work zone inspections Review and analyze incidents, close calls, and potential hazards Retain schematic drawings and other documents for future use
- 19. A pick up truck parked behind the dump truck. Lack of proper planning for parking causes workers to park in improper and unsafe locations inside work space.
- 20. An existing lane closed to traffic is utilized as an acceleration lane for trucks, but canalization is done improperly. No designated exit point for trucks.
- 21. Employee vehicle parked near equipment, and blocking the truck route
- 22. Safe Equipment Operation around On-foot Workers Conflicting Movements of Trucks, Equipment and Workers Turning Radius and Geometry Safe Operation and Maintenance of Equipment
- 23. “pinch point” Workers working too close to working equipment against a barrier Shows an extremely hazardous condition where an on-foot worker is working very close to operating equipment, and is in a tight space between the equipment and the barrier. Never work so close to operating equipment, especially when there is a “pinch point”.
- 24. Conflicts create potential for accidents Conflicts between Trucks and trucks Trucks and equipment Trucks and on-foot workers Equipment and on-foot workers Equipment and equipment
- 25. Minimize conflicting interactions as much as possible Separation by space Separation by time Determine the locations of and design various internal movements Entry and exit locations for trucks and equipment Truck and equipment routes within work space Other activity locations and pedestrian paths (e.g., rest room locations, site office, etc.)
- 27. Conflicting Movements of Trucks, Equipment and Workers Properly design the elements of internal traffic control that cause conflicts Safe entry and exit points Speed change lanes Deceleration lane Acceleration lane Turning radius and geometry Traffic control devices
- 28. Rigid Barriers Taper Length Work Space A Typical Diagram Showing an Acceleration Lane
- 29. Turning radius and geometry at entry and exit points Varies with the type of vehicles Off tracking Larger vehicles - larger off tracking Off tracking can cause injuries/fatalities Turning radii must be designed by a qualified person Geometric design specialist
- 30. Turning radius for trucks should be designed properly
- 31. This figure shows the turning characteristics of a typical tractor/semi-trailer combination truck. Refer to “A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 2001” for details.
- 32. This figure shows the minimum turning path for Intermediate Semitrailer (WB-12 [WB-40]) Design Vehicle. Refer to “A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 2001” for details.
- 33. Only authorized personnel must operate or repair equipment Must be trained in safety Perform daily inspections and make the necessary repairs Keep operator manuals in the equipment cab and provide ready access Equipment with poorly functioning safety devices (e.g. backing signals, head and tail lights, etc.) are unsafe to operate Comply with OSHA Standard: 1926 Subpart O - Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations
- 34. Worker Responsibilities: Stay alert Get plenty of rest. Don’t carry on daytime activities and then work a night shift Be aware of surroundings, and the operations around your work area Wear high visibility apparel
- 35. Management Responsibilities Improve worker and equipment visibility Enforce use of hard hats with retroreflective material and retroreflective clothing Encourage using flashing and warning lights on vehicles and equipment (without distracting motorists) Plan (through ITCP) to minimize on-foot workers coming close to heavy equipment Ensure temporary lighting for workers does not distract motorists
- 36. Avoid overhead power lines by maintaining the minimum clearance (10 feet or more) Before excavation, call appropriate agency to locate underground cables Use control measures to minimize silica exposure (e.g. wet cutting/drilling, exhaust ventilation) Implement a Lead Exposure Control Plan outlining Engineering methods (ventilation, isolation) Administrative methods (personal hygiene practices) PPE (respirators, protective clothing)
- 37. Hand and power tools shall be used, inspected, and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, and shall be used only for the designed purpose Workers should be trained on the recognition and prevention of electrical hazards Design of support and shield systems shall be selected for excavations in accordance with OSHA Standard
- 38. A project - specific written hazard communication program should be established. Copies of this program must be available to all workers Appropriate fall protection and prevention procedures must be in place for work performed at an elevation of 6 feet or higher Precautions must also be taken against falling objects Appropriate PPE shall be worn at all times as required
- 39. Worker is not wearing his safety vest Worker is not wearing his steel-toed boots.
- 40. Picture showing roadway work space in close proximity to motoring traffic
- 41. Barrels offset too far onto the lane
- 42. Worker shifting the offset drums inside.
- 43. Pedestrian in the work zone? Pedestrian crossing locations should be provided where necessary.
- 44. Improper separation between working equipment and motoring traffic lane
- 46. Moving traffic close to loading truck and excavator
- 47. Loader with loaded material and moving traffic together
- 48. Excavator too close to through lane
- 49. Questionable physical separation between through traffic and heavy equipment – space for swing radius of the equipment is a problem
- 50. Workers working under operating crane; vehicle parked inside work space; and workers without hard hats and safety vests
- 51. A worker with a jack hammer close to through lane – Chipping hazard to moving traffic
- 52. Injury potential is extremely high in highway and street construction work zones Half of highway and street construction workers are killed by construction trucks and equipment Development of Internal Traffic Control Plans is essential for safe operations inside the work space It is imperative to eliminate conflicting movements of trucks, equipment and workers Most of the construction site hazards also exist inside the work space
Editor's Notes
- These photographs show typical work activities that occur within a highway work zone, including roadway resurfacing/rehabilitation work (as shown in the two photographs on the left side), and trenching work as shown in the photograph on the right side.
- This photograph depicts a typical work zone located on a suburban expressway. It can be seen that numerous different activities are taking place throughout the work area, requiring different types equipment and various levels of complexities. Yet all the work activities are taking place in a confined area, since the majority of travel lanes are open to the motorists.
- Highway and street construction workers are at risk of fatal and serious injury when working in the vicinity of passing motorists, construction vehicles, and equipment. Statistics shows that over 100 workers are killed and in excess of 20,000 are injured each year in highway and street construction work zones. Among them, about half are killed by construction trucks or equipment. On-foot workers represent approximately 57% of the worker fatalities in work zones; another 30% of the fatalities involve equipment operators. Imagine the injury potential created by the energy generated by even a small vehicle of 3000 pounds of steel, plastic, and glass with blunt or sharp body shapes traveling at 60 mph and coming into contact with workers protected with only a hard hat, mesh vest and leather boots. Such a collision is often catastrophic.
- Night work and inclement weather conditions are the main causes of poor visibility. Contracts often require highway construction work to be performed at night to minimize the impact of construction on daytime travel. Night work presents problems such as reduced visibility, and driver impairment or inattention.Lack of adequate lighting magnifies these hazards. Problems listed above are not only applicable to motorists and flaggers, but also applicable to construction workers in the work space. Night workers are often tired and sleepy because of their work schedule,Being overly tired makes it difficult to concentrate, which increases the possibility of errors leading to accidents.
- Untrained workers are more vulnerable to injuries. This is because they do not have proper training in hazard recognition and prevention while performing the work. The following situations can occur when the workers are untrained: Not using or improper use of PPE: either using the PPE improperly (e.g. using the wrong respirator for the task) or not using it at all while working (e.g. not wearing a hard hat). Unsafe work practices: the worker does not know the safe operating procedures for a particular task. Macho behavior: This often leads to taking unnecessary risks; it also inspires others to behave similarly.
- Contact with overhead power lines and underground utilities may cause electrocution. (Refer to Module No. 4) Strains or sprains while lifting objects or working in awkward positions while handling materials and tools are commonly observed among highway and street construction workers. (Overexertion and poor body positions) Poor housekeeping of the work space can cause the workers to slip, trip, or fall.Slip, trips and falls cause 15% of all accidental deaths in the general industry. Falls from elevation can be observed mostly in bridge construction and excavations.Highway and street construction workers may also be exposed to falling objects, such as debris, tools, etc. The inherent risks of working in and around roadway traffic or heavy equipment may become routine for the construction worker and warning alarms may no longer provide the intended warning to on-foot workers. (e.g. backup alarms from equipment working on construction sites become background)
- Definition: An internal traffic control plan (ITCP) is a plan that is used to coordinate the flow of construction vehicles, equipment, and workers working in close proximity within the activity area, so that the safety of the workers and operators is ensured. An ITCP addresses the interaction of heavy equipment, trucks, and on-foot workers commonly experienced within the work space associated with work zones. ITCP also addresses the safe entry and exit of construction equipment and trucks to and from the work area in the work zone. ITCP can additionally address the parking issues within the work space for workers; public road crossings for worker access on the site, and safe operations on the haul roads.
- ITCPs are designed to provide workers, supply vehicles, and construction equipment operators with an organized plan to coordinate movement in the work area. Well designed ITCPs will minimize dangerous vehicle operations, such as backing and equipment operation near soft shoulders, unguarded holes and slopes. ITCPs are adopted and enforced to reduce the hazards in the work area and prevent injuries and fatalities, while providing efficient operations.
- An ITCP should include information specific to a particular project and site. This covers contact information of company personnel, other on-site contractors, the contracting agency, and emergency response services, which should be posted on site. The ITCP should also include the location, time table, and scope of the project, along with all the on-site equipment and personnel. The interface between internal and external traffic control plans is an essential part of the internal traffic control plan, and must be clearly delineated.
- An ITCP should include the checklist of site-specific hazards with descriptions of how these hazards will be minimized: through safe operating procedures, safety equipment, and control strategies. An ITCP should have reporting requirements for all incidents including close calls. It should incorporate a plan for safely handling intermittent traffic stoppages. It should also include the anticipated traffic volume, speed and the speed limits for the operation within the work space. Safe speed limits shall be posted and enforced in all areas within the work zone. Examples of other signs are clearances below high voltage lines, blind corners, and warnings for drop-off hazards for machine operators. In addition, an ITCP should include specifications for lighting in the work space as required for night time work activities.
- Effective communication is very important in the work space. An ITCP should include a communication plan that contains the following: Designated channels of communication regarding changes in the ITCP A means for on-foot workers to communicate with equipment operators, truck drivers, and other personnel in charge of controlling or coordinating the flow of traffic and equipment entering and leaving the work space and the movement of heavy equipment within work space A means for personnel like grader operators, dozer operators, scraper operators, and truck drivers to communicate with each other and with the general contractor and subcontractor personnel Designated personnel responsible for monitoring on-site communications between vehicle equipment and equipment operators
- This slide shows a simple internal traffic control plan for a work zone that includes trenching activities. This diagram shows the points of ingress and egress for trucks, location of equipment, as well as areas that should be avoided by pedestrians/workers and/or other areas, due to the hazards they may be exposed to.
- Training is essential for all personnel for the implementation of the ITCP for each project. The training component of ITCP includes the training materials and procedures for effectively implementing the internal traffic control plan. The training part of the ITCP include the following: A procedure for orienting independent truck drivers to the work space and the ITCP (e.g., staging area locations) Distributing the site specific safety materials, including a copy of the ITCP and safety guidelines for on-foot workers, to all drivers and visitors coming in to the work space (usually at the entrances). Other means of communicating this information include the tool box safety meetings, faxing the ITCP to other employers who will be on site, and distributing the ITCP to truck drivers at the loading facility Provision to ensure that contracting agency staff understand the ITCP for each project so that they can comply with the ITCP when they travel to a work site during inspections
- An ITCP should include an approach for evaluation of effectiveness of implemented ITCP. This includes: Evaluation of the effectiveness of the ITCP throughout the project, noting the changes required as the project evolves Inspection of the ITCP during the normal work zone inspections A continuous process for reviewing incidents, close calls, and potential hazards involving workers and equipment within the work space and for elimination of reported hazards Documenting and retaining the schematic drawings and other documents for use in developing the future ITCPs
- The basic cause of a conflict is that two or more objects attempt to occupy the same space at the same time. In the work space, when there is a conflict, there is a chance of an accident. The major conflicts in work zone can be between: Trucks and trucks Trucks and equipment Trucks and workers on foot Equipment and workers on foot Equipment and equipment The severity of potential accidents varies depending upon the speed and size of the trucks or equipment. However, most of the time, the accidents involving truck(s) or equipment and worker(s) on foot produce severe injuries or fatalities.
- Since conflicts between trucks, equipment and workers can cause accidents and resulting injuries, the best way to avoid the potential injuries is to avoid conflicts among them as much as possible. The interactions among the equipment, trucks and workers are minimized by separations. These can be: Separation by space which is also called physical separation Separation by time, mainly by scheduling Another way of minimizing the conflicts within the work spaces is to determine the locations of various internal movements by designing Entry and exit locations for trucks and equipment Equipment paths within work space Truck paths within work space Other activity locations (e.g., rest rooms, site office, and pedestrian paths in the work space)
- Design the locations of Various Internal Movements: To reduce the conflicting movements, all the locations of internal traffic movements shall be designed properly. Among such locations, entry and exit points of the work space within the work zone, acceleration and deceleration lanes and internal movement paths are important. While designing such locations, turning radii and traffic control devices shall be duly considered for effective functioning. The locations of entry and exit points of the work space within the work zone requires keen attention. The design of acceleration and deceleration lanes are required to minimize the conflict due to speed differential between the moving traffic and merging or diverging trucks from the through traffic. Turning radius and geometry vary for different truck sizes. Appropriate traffic control devices at the entry and exit points minimizes the risk of accidents at the interfaces of internal and external traffic zones. The details of the designs are explained in the following slides.
- The turning radius, also called ‘turning curb radius’ of a vehicle is the circular arc formed by the turning path radius of the front outside tire of the vehicle. Trucks and heavy equipment negotiating a curve require a sufficiently large turning radius. Since construction traffic is composed of mostly trucks and heavy equipment, the turning radius at the entry and exit points to or from the work space must be designed accordingly. Offtracking, which is more frequently observed in larger vehicles, is the difference in the paths of the front and rear wheels of a tractor/semitrailer as it negotiates a turn. This is because the path of the rear tires of a turning truck does not coincide with that of the front tires. If the turning radius is insufficient, offtracking will cause to encroachment into the extra space of the roadway, not allocated during design, thus causing hazards at that area. Note that injuries resulting from the offtracking of trucks to workers and others due to insufficient turning radius may be quite serious.
- Heavy equipment and motor vehicle operators must be trained in the safe operation of their equipment (See “Heavy Equipment “ module for detailed information) Each equipment or vehicle operator must have a valid driver’s license. Allow equipment to be operated or repaired only by persons who have been trained and authorized to work with that piece of equipment A designated supervisor must ensure that inspections are performed daily, that necessary repairs are made, that scheduled maintenance is performed, and that records of all inspections and repairs are maintained.(Develop checklists to make equipment inspections easier.) Require employees to report equipment problems to a designated person and give employees the authority to shut down unsafe equipment without repercussion. When repairs are made on site, require that the operator’s controls are made inoperable so that the equipment cannot be started by another worker while repairs are being made. Ensure ready access to repair manuals by maintenance personnel at all work locations. (Contact the equipment manufacturer to obtain operator and repair manuals when purchasing used equipment.) Keep operator manuals in the equipment cab. Unsafe equipment operating in the work zone pose severe hazards. Although the equipment may be properly running mechanically,the lack of safety devices make it unsafe to operate.Some of the unsafe equipment conditions are: No backing signals or signals not working – lack of backing signals is an obvious hazard since the worker working around can not hear that the equipment is backing and may not be alert Absence of flashing lights – this is especially helpful in night work informing the workers around the equipment to be alert Head and tail lights not working in the equipment presents an obvious hazard to workers, as well as other equipment and their operators
- In construction work, the key to remaining safe and healthy on the job is to understand the hazards that one faces and to remain alert to avoid conditions that may lead to dangerous situations. When doing night work, the challenge to remain attentive is even greater because of poor visibility, fatigue and sleepiness. The following practices may be useful to night shift workers: Get plenty of rest.Don’t carry on daytime activities and then work a night shift Be aware of your surroundings and the operations adjacent to your work area. Dangerous conditions are more difficult to see at night Wear high visibility garments. Make yourself visible to fellow workers as well as to motorists
- In order to reduce hazards related to night time work, employers should: Improve worker and work vehicle visibility Require all workers to wear hard hats that have retroreflective material visible from all sides Consider ways to make retroreflective clothing visible through the full range of body motions Encourage use of flashing and warning lights on work vehicles (without distracting motorists) Set up procedures to minimize on-foot worker proximity to construction trucks and equipment. Include these procedures in the internal traffic control plan Consider lighting options carefully to ensure that temporary lighting for workers does not create distraction or temporary blindness to motorists
- Avoiding overhead power lines and underground cables: A minimum clearance of 10 feet must be maintained when operating equipment near electrical lines. If minimum clearances cannot be maintained, the electrical company must be contacted to have the lines insulated, de-energized, or relocated. If contact is made, immediately secure the area and call 911. Before commencement of excavation work, the local electric company or an authorized state agency must be consulted. All buried cables shall be considered live and lethal. Refer to the “Overhead and Underground Power Lines” module for detailed information. Silica Prevention: Workers can be exposed to silica during crushing, loading, hauling and dumping of rock; during demolition of concrete or masonry structures;and during chipping, grinding, hammering and drilling of rock and concrete. Workers may also be exposed to silica from abrasive blasting where silica sand is used. Silica is considered to be toxic when particles are inhaled. Silica exposure has been associated with the silicosis disease, but silica can also cause other diseases; such as tuberculosis and lung cancer.To reduce silica exposures and prevent silicosis and silicosis- related deaths, the following preventive measures are recommended: Before drilling, cutting or blasting, assess the materials for potential worker exposure to silica, Use control measures to minimize exposures (e.g. wet cutting/drilling and exhaust ventilation), Practice personal hygiene: (Employees should wear washable or disposable protection clothes at the work site, be cautioned not to smoke, eat or drink around silica dust and wash hands before smoking, eating or drinking, and shower and change into clean clothes before leaving the work site to prevent contamination of cars, homes, and other work areas.), and Use respiratory protection specific to the hazards of silica. Dust masks do not protect against silica. Lead Prevention: Paint on bridges may contain lead. Workers can be exposed to lead when bridges are renovated, sandblasted, or demolished. (When metal coated with lead is cut, sandblasted or burned, lead can be released, potentially exposing workers to health hazards.) Lead is considered to be toxic when particles are inhaled. It can cause damage to the kidneys, brain and nerve system. The presence of lead in paint should either be ruled out by analytical testing or an Exposure Control Plan should be put into effect. An Exposure Control Plan is a document that outlines: Engineering methods used to minimize the release of lead fumes or particulates (e.g. dust reduction methods, isolating the work area, using ventilation), Administrative methods to minimize the number of employees exposed to the hazard (e.g housekeeping, elimination of dust by vacuuming, personal hygiene practices), and Use of Personal Protective Equipment (e.g. using correct respirators, protective clothing) Employees who are exposed to airborne lead above the action level (action level for an 8-hour workday is 50 g/m3) must participate in a medical surveillance program
- Fall protection and Prevention: Employers must protect their employees from fall hazards and falling objects whenever an affected employee is 6 feet or more above a lower level. Employers must also assess the workplace to determine if the walking or working surfaces on which employees are to work have the strength and structural integrity to safely support workers. Employers need to do the following to properly provide fall protection and prevention for their workers: Where protection is required, select fall protection systems appropriate for the situation. Use proper construction and installation of safety systems, and train workers in the proper selection, use, and maintenance of fall protection systems. Fall protection systems are: Controlled Access Zones, Guardrail systems, Personal fall arrest systems, Safety net systems, Positioning device systems, Warning line systems, Safety monitoring systems, Covers for holes in floors, roofs, and other walking/working surfaces, Toeboards, and Fall Protection Plan. Best practices to prevent falls in highway and street construction operations: Determine if any of the work can be performed at ground level, or if a crane be used to lift assembled portions into place, eliminating or reducing the number of workers exposed to falling, Consider use of aerial lifts or elevated platforms to provide better working surfaces rather than walking on top of plates or beams, place covers over holes as soon as they are created if no work is being done at the hole, and follow proper housekeeping practices to reduce trips and slips. Personal Protection Equipment (PPE): Failure to use and/or wear PPE is one of the leading causes of injuries in the construction industry.Whenever hazards cannot be eliminated or controlled through comprehensive engineering or administrative methods,PPE shall be worn: Head protection: (e.g., hard hats) worn when there is a risk from falling or flying objects or particles or from other harmful contacts or exposures; Face and eye protection: (e.g., face shields, goggles, hoods) used where a hazard or risk of injury exists from flying objects or particles , harmful contacts or exposures; Hand protection: (e.g., safety gloves) employees who handle rough, sharp-edged, abrasive materials, or whose work subjects the hands to lacerations, punctures, burns, or bruises, shall wear hand protection of a type suitable for the work being performed; Ear protection: (e.g. earplugs ) worn against exposure to high noise levels.When considering use of ear protection, always consider reducing the noise source before utilizing ear protective devices; High visibility garments and apparel: all personnel exposed to vehicular traffic (motorists or construction equipment) should wear a fluorescent orange, green, yellow (or combination of three colors) warning garment. A garment worn at night shall be reflectorized. The garment shall have a 360-degree visibility in a wide range of body motions; Torso protection:(e.g., vests, jackets, aprons, coveralls and full body suits ) many hazards can threaten the torso: heat ,splashes from hot asphalt and liquids, impacts, cuts, acids, and radiation; Respiratory protection:(e.g., respirators, goggles) to control occupational diseases caused by breathing air contaminated with harmful dust, fogs, fumes, mites, gases, sprays or vapors; Fall protection: lifelines, harnesses, anchorage systems and lanyards are designed for use as fall arrest systems