The document proposes an ontological foundation for service-dominant logic based on a literature review and conceptual modeling. It develops a class diagram ontology of key concepts in service-dominant logic including actors, services, value co-creation, resources, and contexts. The ontology is intended to clarify concepts, resolve inconsistencies, and establish a common vocabulary for multidisciplinary collaboration in service science. Future work could expand the foundational ontology and develop domain-specific ontologies to further conceptualize service-dominant logic.

1. Towards an Ontological Foundation
of Service Dominant Logic
Garyfallos Fragidis
Technological Education Institute of Serres,
Greece
Konstantinos Tarabanis
University of Macedonia, Greece

2. ► Service systems and value co-creation are recognized
as the two most fundamental concepts of service
science
● “value co-creation is the primary object of study in service
systems”
● “service science is the study of value co-creation phenomena”
Spohrer, J., Maglio, 2010; Maglio, Kieliszewski, and Spohrer, 2010
► Service-Dominant (S-D) logic is recognized as “one of
the corner stones of service science” and “the
philosophical foundation of service science”
Spohrer, J., Maglio, 2010
► Service science was acknowledged to be inconsistent
in applying the principles of S-D logic
Maglio, Kieliszewski, and Spohrer, 2010
Vargo and Akaka, 2009; Vargo, Lusch and Akaka, 2010

3. ► The slow development of service science
► The concepts of value, value creation and value co-
creation, remain still unclear and vague.
● “Value co-creation is the basic action that take place in the
interaction between service systems”.
● Value co-creation provides a balanced approach and an
integrated perspective on the creation of value for the
business firm an the customer alike.
► A lack of alignment between business and IT
approaches in service science
● Service science and S-D logic function at different levels of
analysis and for different purposes

4. Purpose
► Support the deeper understanding of S-D logic and
its key concepts (e.g. service, value co-creation, etc.)
● Provide a common framework of concepts and relations
● Move beyond a lexicon
● Contribute in the resolution of inconsistencies and
misunderstandings
► Contribute in the establishment of S-D logic as the
foundational theory of service science
● Contribute in the assimilation of the concepts of S-D logic
► Contribute in the improved communication of experts
from different areas in the multidisciplinary field of
service science.

5. Literature Review
► Approaches that set conceptual foundations of
service systems
● Ferrario, R., Guarino, N.: Towards an Ontological Foundation for Services Science.
● Alter, S.: Service system fundamentals: Work system, value chain, and life cycle.
● Stanicek, Z., Winkler, M.: Service Systems through the Prism of Conceptual
Modeling.
● O'Sullivan, J.: Towards a Precise Understanding of Service Properties.
► Approaches that aim at the business modeling of
service systems
● Poels, G.: A Conceptual Model of Service Exchange in Service-Dominant Logic.
● Weigand, et al.: Value-Based Service Modeling and Design: Toward a Unified View
of Services.
● Andersson et al.: Towards a Reference Ontology for Business Models.
● Baida, Z.: Serviguration
● De Kinderen, S., Gordijn, J.: E3service.
● Scheithauer: Business Service Description Methodology for Service Ecosystems.
● Sorathia, V., et. al: Towards a Unifying Process Framework for Services
Knowledge Management.

6. Literature Review
► Relationship to service science/ S-D logic
● Most of them refer to service science (as a research trend)
● Only two refer to S-D logic
● Only three are based on input from service science and/ or S-D
logic
► The origin of the concept of service
● Input from the business management or the economics literature
● a) service as an event, b) service as a process, c) service as a
resource
► Customer- orientation
► Co-production and/or value co-creation
● Included only in two

7. Methodology
► We stay with the concepts of S-D logic
● 10 FP
● Lexicon
● The whole literature of S-D logic (by Vargo and/ or Lusch)
► Development of an ontological representation of S-D
logic
● as a class diagram
● at a generic level

8. Key concepts
► Actor: a generalization of Customer and Provider
► Service: a generalization of Direct Service and Indirect Service
► Value Co-creation: a generalization of Co-production
Integration and Customisation
► Value: a generalization of Knowledge and Experience
► Resource: a generalization of Operant Resource and Operand
Resource
► Context: a generalization of Situational Context and
Idiosyncratic Context.

9. An ontological representation of
S-D logic: the basic concepts

10. An ontological representation of
S-D logic: the complete model

11. Actor
► It is a general term used to address
to the entities that participate in the
value co-creation process
► Other options (suboptimal):
● FP9: “all economic and social actors
are resource integrators”.
● In service science the basic entities
are the service systems
► Customer and Provider are the two
key roles played by Actors in value
co-creation processes.
● Provider: provides Service
● Customer: the beneficiary Actor that
receives the Service provided.
● The Customer may receive and
integrate Service from many
Providers and supplements them
with proprietary resources.
● The customer inherits all the
attributes of an Actor

12. Service & Resource
► Resource: any kind of input used
by Actors in value co-creation
processes
● Operant Resource & Operand
Resource.
► Service: the application of
specialized competences
(knowledge and skills) for the
benefit of another entity or the
entity itself.
● A process of applying
Resources.
● “Recourcing”: the activity of
rendering resources into a
specific benefit (the way that
value creation occurs)
● Direct Service & Indirect Service
● Self-service

13. Value Co-creation
► Value Co-creation: the service-based collaboration of at least
one Provider, who provides Service, and at least one Customer,
who integrates and complements it with proprietary Service, for
the co-creation of value.
● network relationships
● service ecosystem
► Value Co-creation is a
general concept that can
be actualized in many
different ways.
● Co-production
● Customization
● Integration

14. Value
► Value: the output of the Value Co-
creation process.
● Value is related to the customer
(“value is always uniquely and
phenomenologically determined by
the beneficiary”- FP10);
● “Value-in-use” & “value-in-context”
● Value is determined “contextually
and idiosyncratically” by the
customer.
● Value affects also the Provider
(“service is the fundamental basis of
exchange” – FP1), namely that
“service is exchanged for service”.
feedback (direct and indirect).
► Knowledge: learning opportunities
for the improvement of Resources.
► Experience: a basic way that the
Customer perceives Value.
► Context: the general conditions that exist for the co-creation of value
● Situational Context: spatial, temporal, social and relational dimensions.
● Idiosyncratic Context: personal needs and traits of the Customer

15. Benefits from the ontological
representation of S-D logic
► The logical analysis of S-D logic:
● provides insights
● clarifies concepts
● singles out inconsistencies
► Interpretation & improvement of S-D logic
► A basis for transdisciplinary communication
► A vocabulary and modeling constructs for the
development of “service-based” information systems
(or “value-cocreation” information systems)

16. Service and Value Co-creation

17. Service and Value Co-creation
► Value Co-creation becomes the result of the direct application
of Resources from the Actors
● It is compliant with S-D logic
● It is compliant with Service Science

18. Concepts not included
► Exchange (FP1 & FP2)
► Competitive advantage (FP4)
► Value proposition (FP7)
► Solution, dialogue, reciprocity/ interactivity, value-in-
use, value-creation network and service ecosystem
(possible entries to the S-D logic lexicon).

19. Concepts not included - exchange
► Exchange is a competing concept to Value Co-
creation
● Exchange is included in the Value Co-creation process, with
the meaning of contribution of service and resources
► Alternative modeling options
● Replace Value Co-creation with Exchange
● Add Exchange in the model

20. Concepts not included
► Exchange (FP1 & FP2)
► Competitive advantage (FP4)
► Value proposition (FP7)
► Solution, dialogue, reciprocity/ interactivity, value-in-
use, value-creation network and service ecosystem
(possible entries to the S-D logic lexicon).

21. Problems & limitations
► The interpretation of S-D logic
● Subjective interpretation, especially when the concepts are
vague and the meaning/ implications unclear.
• E.g. “service is exchanged for service”
• “Value is always uniquely and phenomenologically determined
by the beneficiary”
● Stay with the general concepts, rather than emphasize on
the specific words
► The ontological form (why an ontology?)
● Informal vs. formal ontology
● Generic vs. specific ontologies

22. Future research
► The elaboration of the foundational ontology of S-D logic with
additional concepts, relationships and rules (for example with
regard to the types and respective processes of value co-
creation, the types of value for the customer and the provider,
the contextual parameters, etc.)
► The elaboration of the foundational ontology of S-D logic with
partial aspects aspects (e.g. business aspect, customer
aspects, etc.).
► Merging concepts between S-D logic and service science.
Perhaps the development of a common/ integrated ontology.
► The development of specific ontologies for some business
domains or business models.
► The formalization of the ontology.
► The building of consensus.

23. Questions & comments
Thank you!
Gary Fragidis
Technological Education Institute of Serres
62124 Serres, Greece
E-mail: garyf@teiser.gr
tel.: +30 23 21049310