This study investigates the effects of basic oxygen steelmaking (BOS) slag on the mechanical and chemical properties of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) type I. The BOS-enhanced cement is produced and casted into cubic and beam-like samples for the compressive and three-point bending tests, and the compressive and flexural strengths are experimentally measured. Numerical simulations are conducted to validate the experimental result and satisfactory agreements are obtained. XRD investigations are then carried out, which indicates that 5% BOS is the optimal ratio to accelerate the hydration process while increasing the amount of hydration products, especially at the early curing age of 3 days. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images further indicate that BOS can be used to prevent the development of microcracks while mitigate their propagation within cement mortar. Our study indicates that the compressive strength of OPC can be critically increased by BOS at the relatively low concentrations of 5%. At the end, cost analysis of partially replacing OPC with (0-15%) of BOS was reported.
Blended Cement Mixed with Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Slag (BOF) as an Alternati...TalalSalem5
Portland cement tends to exhibit negative environmental impacts; thus, it is required to
find measures that will improve its green credentials. In this study, we report a blended Portland slag
cement as an alternative environmentally-friendly building material in order to reduce the total carbon
footprint resulted from the production of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which may resolve the
environmental issues associated with carbon dioxide emissions. The ordinary Portland cement type I
enhanced by basic oxygen steelmaking slag (BOF) is produced and casted into cubic and beam-like
samples for the compressive and three-point bending tests, and the compressive and flexural strengths
are experimentally measured. Numerical simulations are conducted to compare with the experimental
result and satisfactory agreements are obtained. X-ray diraction (XRD) investigations and porosity
tests are then carried out using the semi-adiabatic calorimetry, which indicates that 5% BOF is the
optimal ratio to accelerate the hydration process while increasing the amount of hydration products,
especially at the early curing age of 3 days. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images further
indicate that BOF can be used to prevent the development of microcracks while mitigating their
propagation within cement mortar. Our study indicates that the compressive strength of OPC can
be critically increased by BOF at the relatively low concentrations of 5%. The blended slag cement
reported in this paper provides advanced understanding on the green building material that uses
byproduct wastes for the mechanical and electrical performance
Experimental Study Compared With American Code - ConcreteFilled – Double Skin...ijceronline
Six Specimens with three different volume fractions of steel fibers are cast and tested. Experiments on circular steel tubes in – filled with steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and normal concrete have been performed to investigate the contribution of steel fibers to the load bearing capacity of Short Composite Columns . The main variable considered in the test study is the percentage of steel. Fibers added to the in –filled concrete. All the specimens were tested under axial failure state realization. This project presents the percentage Variation in the compression strengths of the 3 types of Composite members taken under Study. The results show that 1.5% SFRC in filled steel columns exhibit enhanced ultimate load carrying compression until capacity. Experimental studies compared with American code
Mechanical and durability properties of fly ash and slag based geopolymer con...Ghassan Alhamdany
This study investigated the mechanical and durability properties of fly ash and slag based geopolymer concretes (FAGPC and SGPC) compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPC). Specimens of each concrete type were exposed to 5% sulfuric acid, 5% magnesium sulfate, and 3.5% sea water solutions for 4 weeks. Mechanical tests including compression, splitting tensile, and flexural strength tests were conducted before and after chemical exposure. Visual inspection and weight changes were also evaluated. Results showed SGPC performed stronger and more durable than FAGPC due to its more stable alumina-silicate structure. FAGPC showed better durability than OPC when exposed to chemicals. However,
Performance of Concrete Containing Zeolite as a Supplementary Cementitious Ma...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on the performance of concrete containing zeolite as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Seventeen concrete mixtures were prepared with 0-40% replacement of Portland cement with untreated and calcined zeolite. The fresh and hardened concrete properties were tested. The main findings were that zeolite reduced workability but a water reducer was able to maintain workability. Untreated zeolite concrete had higher density while calcined zeolite concrete was lighter. Compressive strength improved at 10% replacement but declined at 25-40% replacement compared to the control concrete. Thus, zeolite can be used as a SCM to improve strength and enable production of lighter weight concrete.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND CARBONATION OF SEA WATER CURED BLENDED CONCRETE IAEME Publication
This paper investigates the influence of sea water on pre-cast concrete containing
industrial by-product materials such as fly ash (FA) and silpozz. The mix design is targeted for
M30 grade concrete. Ten concrete mixtures were designed to have the same degree of
workability with water to cementitious material ratio of 0.43. The studied parameters include
the compressive strength of normal water curing (NWC) and sea water curing (SWC) samples
after 28 days of NWC for 7, 28, 90, 180 and 365 days curing period. The carbonation depth of
concrete samples for 28, 90, 180 and 365 days SWC after 28 days of NWC was measured. It
was found that the higher the FA content the higher is the carbonation process occurred. The
percentage increase in compressive strength for blended cement concrete in NWC is better
than the samples in SWC after 28 days of NWC
This document summarizes research on producing dissimilar metal composites of pure copper foil and 1050 aluminium using a process called Composite Metal Foil Manufacturing (CMFM). CMFM uses metal foils layered with a brazing paste, then heated and pressed to join the foils. Tests were conducted on lap shear joints of varying thickness, peel specimens, and tensile dog-bone specimens made by CMFM. Microstructural analysis showed a large proportion of bonded area between the foils. Comparative tensile tests found the CMFM aluminium-copper composite fractured at a load 11% higher than aluminium alone but lower than copper. This created a new composite material with properties between the original
This study investigated the behavior of hot mix asphalt (HMA) containing steel slag aggregate (SHMA) compared to HMA containing granite aggregate (GHMA). SHMA showed higher strains than GHMA when exposed to temperature changes, except at void fractions over 4.5%. SHMA also demonstrated improvements in rut resistance, tensile strength, and toughness compared to GHMA. The dynamic modulus of SHMA was higher than GHMA at all temperatures tested. Properly treated SHMA can significantly improve HMA performance.
This document discusses the use of steel slag as an alternative to natural aggregates in road pavements. It summarizes previous research showing steel slag has properties suitable for use in asphalt mixtures. The study characterized mixtures using steel slag to replace fine aggregates and filler in asphalt. It also used steel slag in cementitious foundation layers beneath the asphalt. Testing found the steel slag increased stiffness in both the asphalt and cementitious mixtures. The goal was to promote more sustainable road construction using recycled industrial byproducts instead of raw natural materials.
Blended Cement Mixed with Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Slag (BOF) as an Alternati...TalalSalem5
Portland cement tends to exhibit negative environmental impacts; thus, it is required to
find measures that will improve its green credentials. In this study, we report a blended Portland slag
cement as an alternative environmentally-friendly building material in order to reduce the total carbon
footprint resulted from the production of the ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which may resolve the
environmental issues associated with carbon dioxide emissions. The ordinary Portland cement type I
enhanced by basic oxygen steelmaking slag (BOF) is produced and casted into cubic and beam-like
samples for the compressive and three-point bending tests, and the compressive and flexural strengths
are experimentally measured. Numerical simulations are conducted to compare with the experimental
result and satisfactory agreements are obtained. X-ray diraction (XRD) investigations and porosity
tests are then carried out using the semi-adiabatic calorimetry, which indicates that 5% BOF is the
optimal ratio to accelerate the hydration process while increasing the amount of hydration products,
especially at the early curing age of 3 days. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images further
indicate that BOF can be used to prevent the development of microcracks while mitigating their
propagation within cement mortar. Our study indicates that the compressive strength of OPC can
be critically increased by BOF at the relatively low concentrations of 5%. The blended slag cement
reported in this paper provides advanced understanding on the green building material that uses
byproduct wastes for the mechanical and electrical performance
Experimental Study Compared With American Code - ConcreteFilled – Double Skin...ijceronline
Six Specimens with three different volume fractions of steel fibers are cast and tested. Experiments on circular steel tubes in – filled with steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and normal concrete have been performed to investigate the contribution of steel fibers to the load bearing capacity of Short Composite Columns . The main variable considered in the test study is the percentage of steel. Fibers added to the in –filled concrete. All the specimens were tested under axial failure state realization. This project presents the percentage Variation in the compression strengths of the 3 types of Composite members taken under Study. The results show that 1.5% SFRC in filled steel columns exhibit enhanced ultimate load carrying compression until capacity. Experimental studies compared with American code
Mechanical and durability properties of fly ash and slag based geopolymer con...Ghassan Alhamdany
This study investigated the mechanical and durability properties of fly ash and slag based geopolymer concretes (FAGPC and SGPC) compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete (OPC). Specimens of each concrete type were exposed to 5% sulfuric acid, 5% magnesium sulfate, and 3.5% sea water solutions for 4 weeks. Mechanical tests including compression, splitting tensile, and flexural strength tests were conducted before and after chemical exposure. Visual inspection and weight changes were also evaluated. Results showed SGPC performed stronger and more durable than FAGPC due to its more stable alumina-silicate structure. FAGPC showed better durability than OPC when exposed to chemicals. However,
Performance of Concrete Containing Zeolite as a Supplementary Cementitious Ma...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on the performance of concrete containing zeolite as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). Seventeen concrete mixtures were prepared with 0-40% replacement of Portland cement with untreated and calcined zeolite. The fresh and hardened concrete properties were tested. The main findings were that zeolite reduced workability but a water reducer was able to maintain workability. Untreated zeolite concrete had higher density while calcined zeolite concrete was lighter. Compressive strength improved at 10% replacement but declined at 25-40% replacement compared to the control concrete. Thus, zeolite can be used as a SCM to improve strength and enable production of lighter weight concrete.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND CARBONATION OF SEA WATER CURED BLENDED CONCRETE IAEME Publication
This paper investigates the influence of sea water on pre-cast concrete containing
industrial by-product materials such as fly ash (FA) and silpozz. The mix design is targeted for
M30 grade concrete. Ten concrete mixtures were designed to have the same degree of
workability with water to cementitious material ratio of 0.43. The studied parameters include
the compressive strength of normal water curing (NWC) and sea water curing (SWC) samples
after 28 days of NWC for 7, 28, 90, 180 and 365 days curing period. The carbonation depth of
concrete samples for 28, 90, 180 and 365 days SWC after 28 days of NWC was measured. It
was found that the higher the FA content the higher is the carbonation process occurred. The
percentage increase in compressive strength for blended cement concrete in NWC is better
than the samples in SWC after 28 days of NWC
This document summarizes research on producing dissimilar metal composites of pure copper foil and 1050 aluminium using a process called Composite Metal Foil Manufacturing (CMFM). CMFM uses metal foils layered with a brazing paste, then heated and pressed to join the foils. Tests were conducted on lap shear joints of varying thickness, peel specimens, and tensile dog-bone specimens made by CMFM. Microstructural analysis showed a large proportion of bonded area between the foils. Comparative tensile tests found the CMFM aluminium-copper composite fractured at a load 11% higher than aluminium alone but lower than copper. This created a new composite material with properties between the original
This study investigated the behavior of hot mix asphalt (HMA) containing steel slag aggregate (SHMA) compared to HMA containing granite aggregate (GHMA). SHMA showed higher strains than GHMA when exposed to temperature changes, except at void fractions over 4.5%. SHMA also demonstrated improvements in rut resistance, tensile strength, and toughness compared to GHMA. The dynamic modulus of SHMA was higher than GHMA at all temperatures tested. Properly treated SHMA can significantly improve HMA performance.
This document discusses the use of steel slag as an alternative to natural aggregates in road pavements. It summarizes previous research showing steel slag has properties suitable for use in asphalt mixtures. The study characterized mixtures using steel slag to replace fine aggregates and filler in asphalt. It also used steel slag in cementitious foundation layers beneath the asphalt. Testing found the steel slag increased stiffness in both the asphalt and cementitious mixtures. The goal was to promote more sustainable road construction using recycled industrial byproducts instead of raw natural materials.
This document evaluates the performance of steel slag high performance concrete for sustainable pavements. It discusses using electric arc furnace steel slag as a coarse aggregate replacement at different percentages in concrete mixes, along with steel slag powder and silica fume as mineral fillers. Laboratory tests showed that mixes with 50% steel slag replacement had optimal mechanical properties including strength and modulus of elasticity. Field performance modeling also indicated these mixes had reduced cracking and roughness. The results suggest steel slag is a viable sustainable construction material that can improve rigid pavement performance while preserving natural resources.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
This document discusses a study that evaluated the properties of calcined bauxite and steel slag aggregates used for high-friction surface treatments (HFST). Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the mechanical, physical, chemical, and geometric properties of the aggregates. It was found that the Micro-Deval abrasion test is repeatable. Both abrasion and polishing tests showed a size effect. The study concluded that steel slag may be a suitable alternative aggregate for HFST and established requirements for aggregates based on critical properties like Los Angeles abrasion, Micro-Deval abrasion, and polish value.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEAbhilash Chandra Dey
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the durability of geopolymer concrete compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete when exposed to seawater. Two geopolymer concrete mixes using 8M and 14M sodium hydroxide solutions and one ordinary Portland cement concrete mix were prepared. Beams and cylinders made with each concrete mix were partially submerged in seawater and an accelerated corrosion test was performed on the reinforced beams by applying a voltage to induce corrosion. The time until cracking occurred due to corrosion was recorded and used to evaluate the durability performance of the different concrete mixes. The test results indicate that geopolymer concrete exhibited better resistance to chloride attack compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete.
This document discusses the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete under elevated temperatures. It begins with an introduction to how elevated temperatures affect the mechanical and physical properties of concrete. The addition of steel fibers is shown to improve the toughness, tensile strength, and cracking behavior of concrete. A literature review found that steel fibers can reduce plastic shrinkage cracking and spalling when concrete is subjected to high temperatures. The document then describes an experimental study that used Box-Behnken design to evaluate the effects of steel fiber percentage (0%, 0.5%, 1%), water-cement ratio (0.35, 0.4, 0.45), and temperature (27°C, 200°C, 400°C) on the
IRJET- Study of Properties of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the properties of geopolymer concrete. Some key points:
- Geopolymer concrete is made from fly ash, alkaline liquids like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, and sodium silicate or potassium silicate. It has high compressive strength and durability.
- Previous studies found geopolymer concrete sets at room temperature, is impermeable, and has higher heat and chemical resistance than ordinary Portland cement concrete.
- The document reviews several past studies that analyzed the effects of parameters like curing temperature, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio, and sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio on the properties of geopolymer concrete.
- In
This study examined the compressive strength of concrete containing steel fibers and mineral admixtures. Concrete cubes were made with cement replaced by 2-10% silica fume and 10% fly ash, and steel fibers added at 0.5-2% by weight. The cubes were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, and 28 days. The results showed that compressive strength generally increased with the addition of up to 1.5% steel fibers. The optimum mix was found to be 10% fly ash, 8% silica fume, and 1.5% steel fibers, which achieved strengths comparable to plain concrete without changing workability much.
Analytic Formulae for Concrete Mix Design Based on Experimental Data Base and...CSCJournals
This document presents research on developing analytic formulae and artificial neural network models for concrete mix design and behavior prediction. 64 concrete mixes were tested with different cement types, contents, water contents, and fine/coarse aggregate ratios. Mix properties like slump and compressive strength at various ages were measured to create a database. Analytic formulae were developed for mix design based on the database. Artificial neural network models were also developed to simulate mix properties and predict behavior for different mix proportions and ages not tested experimentally. The neural network models could help reduce experimental effort and costs while maintaining accuracy. In conclusion, experimental data and numerical modeling techniques were utilized to better understand properties of new cement types and support concrete mix design and behavior prediction.
Repairing of Concrete by Using Polymer-Mortar CompositesIJMER
Abstract: Replacement of concrete buildings, bridges, roadways and other structures is becoming more and more expensive as costs of materials and labor continue their upward spiral. Polymermodified or polymer cement mortar (PCM) and concrete (PCC) are a category of concrete-polymer composites which are made from cement mortar or concrete with polymers, The main application of
polymer cements is in concrete repair. In this research two sets of mixtures were prepared that consist of mortar and polymer to fabricate the polymer-cement composite. The first set include mortar with ratio (1:1) (cement-sand) without water, while the other set include mortar with ratio (1:2) (cementsand) without water. The polymer was Quickmast105 epoxy which is added to the mortar after mixing the resin with the hardener in proportion of (1:3). Each set was consist of different percentage of
polymer (50:50, 40:60 and 30:70). Tests were conducted, including compression, flexural and bonding strength, were several results obtained including, the highest compressive strength was about 102.889MPa and the highest value of flexural strength was about 57.648MPa for (1:1), the polymermortar with 40:60 ratio showed a higher bonding compressive strength. Proportionality between the
cement and sand and also between the polymer and mortar plays a major role in adhesion and strength are considered key factors in the bonding and portability to repairs.
The document discusses enhancing the mechanical properties of lateritic bricks for improved performance. Three types of bricks were produced: improved stabilized lateritic bricks (ISLB), control stabilized lateritic bricks (CSLB), and adobe unstabilized lateritic bricks (AULB). ISLB were immersed in different concentrations of a zycosil water solution. Testing showed ISLB had better capillary rise, erosion resistance, abrasion resistance, density, and compressive strength compared to CSLB and AULB. Higher zycosil concentrations in ISLB resulted in enhanced mechanical properties. It was concluded coating lateritic bricks with zycosil improves their performance.
Compressive strength variability of brown coal fly ash geopolymer concreteeSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes research investigating the compressive strength variability of geopolymer concrete made with brown coal fly ash as a binder. Testing of six mixes of geopolymer concrete found a large range in 28-day compressive strengths, from 43.81 MPa to 7.21 MPa. Additional chemical analysis found significant variability in the chemical composition of samples from the same brown coal fly ash source, particularly in the silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide contents. This variability is believed to contribute to the variability in compressive strengths and suggests the need for pretreatment and refinement of brown coal fly ash to produce more consistent geopolymer concrete.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Experimental study of effects of potassium carbonate on strength parameters o...IAEME Publication
This study examines the effects of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) on the strength properties of plain concrete. Concrete specimens were produced with K2CO3 added at different percentages by weight of cement (2%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%, and 3%). The specimens were tested for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths at various ages. Results showed strengths increased up to 2.6% K2CO3 addition, but decreased with 3% addition. The optimum K2CO3 percentage was found to be 2.6%, as it improved strengths without harming concrete properties.
Effect of Steel Fiber on Alkali activated Fly Ash ConcreteIJERA Editor
Concrete is the world’s most important Construction material so the demand of cement is increases. The
production of cement is highly energy intensive & the production on one ton of cement liberates about one ton
of CO2 to atmosphere. The contribution of cement industry to the greenhouse gas emission is estimated to be
about 70% of the total green gas emission. Also it consumes large amount of natural resources. Hence it is
essential to find alternative to cement. Geopolymer concrete is an innovative material in which the binder is
produced but the reaction of an alkaline liquid with a source material that is rich in silica alumina.
The present work deals with the result of the experimental investigation carried out on geopolymer concrete
using steel fiber. The study analyses the effect of steel on compressive strength. Geopolymer concrete mixes
were prepared using low calcium fly ash & activated by alkaline solution. (NaOH & Na2SiO3) with alkaline
liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35 Alkaline solution. Used for present study combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate with ratio 2.5. The mix was designed for molarity of 16M & grade chosen for investigation was
M30. Hooked end steel fiber . All tests were conducted according to IS-code procedure. The result for each
variation are tabulated & discussed in details & some important conclusions are made.
Effect on Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement w...IRJET Journal
- The document examines the effect of partial cement replacement with fly ash on the compressive strength of concrete.
- Tests were conducted on concrete cubes with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% fly ash replacement. Results showed compressive strength decreased with higher fly ash content.
- At 28 days, strength was reduced by 4.57%, 12.2%, and 20.55% for 10%, 20%, and 30% fly ash replacement respectively. Workability increased with more fly ash.
This document summarizes a study on geopolymer concrete. It begins with an abstract stating that geopolymer concrete is an alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete that is more environmentally friendly as it does not require Portland cement. The document then reviews the properties and composition of geopolymer concrete, including that it is produced through a chemical reaction between fly ash or other aluminosilicate materials and alkaline solutions. It discusses prior literature reviewing strengths and properties of geopolymer concrete, including higher compressive strength and better durability than traditional concrete. The document also outlines typical materials used in geopolymer concrete and compares its strength and durability properties to traditional concrete.
Evolution of the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Calcined Clay Cement from D...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the evolution of physico-mechanical properties of calcined clay cement from different sources of kaolin clay. It produced limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) using two different calcined clays obtained from kaolin in Zafarana and Sinai, Egypt at replacement levels of 10-30% along with 10% limestone filler and 5% gypsum. The LC3 pastes were characterized through water consistency, setting times, compressive strength, XRD, TG and DTA. The results showed the LC3 formed from the two calcined clays performed better than ordinary Portland cement, especially in durability. The study concluded calcined clay with low metakaolin content can achieve similar
Mechanistic approach for reducing the thickness of asphalt layerAdhamAlnadish
This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of reducing the thickness of asphalt layer as a novel solution for the high density of asphalt layer incorporated with steel slag aggregate, which increase the cost of transportation. Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design (MEPDG) approach was employed to evaluate the benefits of introducing polyvinyl alcohol fiber in terms of reducing the thickness of asphalt layer as well as the extension service of asphalt layer. On the other hand, the correlation between creep strain slope (CSS) and secant creep stiffness modulus (SCSM) were assessed to provide a better evaluation and understanding concerning of the outputs of the dynamic creep test. The findings of this study showed that introducing polyvinyl alcohol fiber into the mixtures at the optimum content (0.5 kg/ton) have reduced the thickness of asphalt layer by approximately 10%. Additionally, polyvinyl alcohol fiber has increased the performance of the asphalt mixtures concerning of resilient modulus and dynamic creep. Furthermore, the correlation between CSS and SCSM was strong, which indicates that evaluation of permanent deformation using CSS and SCSM parameters provides better actual assessment than accumulation strain.
. effect of different types of cement on fresh and mechanical properties of c...ENGJiidhe
The document reviews several studies that investigated the effect of different cement types on the fresh and mechanical properties of concrete. The cement types investigated included ordinary Portland cement, fly ash-based cement, slag cement, and cement with supplementary materials like silica fume, metakaolin, and polyethylene therephthalate. The studies found that workability generally decreased with the addition of supplementary materials but mechanical properties like compressive strength and durability increased. The performance of concrete depended on factors like water-cement ratio, curing conditions, and the replacement levels of supplementary materials. Overall, the studies emphasized that choosing the appropriate cement type and optimizing the mix design can improve the properties of concrete for different applications.
This document evaluates the performance of steel slag high performance concrete for sustainable pavements. It discusses using electric arc furnace steel slag as a coarse aggregate replacement at different percentages in concrete mixes, along with steel slag powder and silica fume as mineral fillers. Laboratory tests showed that mixes with 50% steel slag replacement had optimal mechanical properties including strength and modulus of elasticity. Field performance modeling also indicated these mixes had reduced cracking and roughness. The results suggest steel slag is a viable sustainable construction material that can improve rigid pavement performance while preserving natural resources.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
This document discusses a study that evaluated the properties of calcined bauxite and steel slag aggregates used for high-friction surface treatments (HFST). Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the mechanical, physical, chemical, and geometric properties of the aggregates. It was found that the Micro-Deval abrasion test is repeatable. Both abrasion and polishing tests showed a size effect. The study concluded that steel slag may be a suitable alternative aggregate for HFST and established requirements for aggregates based on critical properties like Los Angeles abrasion, Micro-Deval abrasion, and polish value.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF GEOPOLYMER CONCRETEAbhilash Chandra Dey
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the durability of geopolymer concrete compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete when exposed to seawater. Two geopolymer concrete mixes using 8M and 14M sodium hydroxide solutions and one ordinary Portland cement concrete mix were prepared. Beams and cylinders made with each concrete mix were partially submerged in seawater and an accelerated corrosion test was performed on the reinforced beams by applying a voltage to induce corrosion. The time until cracking occurred due to corrosion was recorded and used to evaluate the durability performance of the different concrete mixes. The test results indicate that geopolymer concrete exhibited better resistance to chloride attack compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete.
This document discusses the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete under elevated temperatures. It begins with an introduction to how elevated temperatures affect the mechanical and physical properties of concrete. The addition of steel fibers is shown to improve the toughness, tensile strength, and cracking behavior of concrete. A literature review found that steel fibers can reduce plastic shrinkage cracking and spalling when concrete is subjected to high temperatures. The document then describes an experimental study that used Box-Behnken design to evaluate the effects of steel fiber percentage (0%, 0.5%, 1%), water-cement ratio (0.35, 0.4, 0.45), and temperature (27°C, 200°C, 400°C) on the
IRJET- Study of Properties of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the properties of geopolymer concrete. Some key points:
- Geopolymer concrete is made from fly ash, alkaline liquids like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, and sodium silicate or potassium silicate. It has high compressive strength and durability.
- Previous studies found geopolymer concrete sets at room temperature, is impermeable, and has higher heat and chemical resistance than ordinary Portland cement concrete.
- The document reviews several past studies that analyzed the effects of parameters like curing temperature, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio, and sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide ratio on the properties of geopolymer concrete.
- In
This study examined the compressive strength of concrete containing steel fibers and mineral admixtures. Concrete cubes were made with cement replaced by 2-10% silica fume and 10% fly ash, and steel fibers added at 0.5-2% by weight. The cubes were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, and 28 days. The results showed that compressive strength generally increased with the addition of up to 1.5% steel fibers. The optimum mix was found to be 10% fly ash, 8% silica fume, and 1.5% steel fibers, which achieved strengths comparable to plain concrete without changing workability much.
Analytic Formulae for Concrete Mix Design Based on Experimental Data Base and...CSCJournals
This document presents research on developing analytic formulae and artificial neural network models for concrete mix design and behavior prediction. 64 concrete mixes were tested with different cement types, contents, water contents, and fine/coarse aggregate ratios. Mix properties like slump and compressive strength at various ages were measured to create a database. Analytic formulae were developed for mix design based on the database. Artificial neural network models were also developed to simulate mix properties and predict behavior for different mix proportions and ages not tested experimentally. The neural network models could help reduce experimental effort and costs while maintaining accuracy. In conclusion, experimental data and numerical modeling techniques were utilized to better understand properties of new cement types and support concrete mix design and behavior prediction.
Repairing of Concrete by Using Polymer-Mortar CompositesIJMER
Abstract: Replacement of concrete buildings, bridges, roadways and other structures is becoming more and more expensive as costs of materials and labor continue their upward spiral. Polymermodified or polymer cement mortar (PCM) and concrete (PCC) are a category of concrete-polymer composites which are made from cement mortar or concrete with polymers, The main application of
polymer cements is in concrete repair. In this research two sets of mixtures were prepared that consist of mortar and polymer to fabricate the polymer-cement composite. The first set include mortar with ratio (1:1) (cement-sand) without water, while the other set include mortar with ratio (1:2) (cementsand) without water. The polymer was Quickmast105 epoxy which is added to the mortar after mixing the resin with the hardener in proportion of (1:3). Each set was consist of different percentage of
polymer (50:50, 40:60 and 30:70). Tests were conducted, including compression, flexural and bonding strength, were several results obtained including, the highest compressive strength was about 102.889MPa and the highest value of flexural strength was about 57.648MPa for (1:1), the polymermortar with 40:60 ratio showed a higher bonding compressive strength. Proportionality between the
cement and sand and also between the polymer and mortar plays a major role in adhesion and strength are considered key factors in the bonding and portability to repairs.
The document discusses enhancing the mechanical properties of lateritic bricks for improved performance. Three types of bricks were produced: improved stabilized lateritic bricks (ISLB), control stabilized lateritic bricks (CSLB), and adobe unstabilized lateritic bricks (AULB). ISLB were immersed in different concentrations of a zycosil water solution. Testing showed ISLB had better capillary rise, erosion resistance, abrasion resistance, density, and compressive strength compared to CSLB and AULB. Higher zycosil concentrations in ISLB resulted in enhanced mechanical properties. It was concluded coating lateritic bricks with zycosil improves their performance.
Compressive strength variability of brown coal fly ash geopolymer concreteeSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes research investigating the compressive strength variability of geopolymer concrete made with brown coal fly ash as a binder. Testing of six mixes of geopolymer concrete found a large range in 28-day compressive strengths, from 43.81 MPa to 7.21 MPa. Additional chemical analysis found significant variability in the chemical composition of samples from the same brown coal fly ash source, particularly in the silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide contents. This variability is believed to contribute to the variability in compressive strengths and suggests the need for pretreatment and refinement of brown coal fly ash to produce more consistent geopolymer concrete.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Experimental study of effects of potassium carbonate on strength parameters o...IAEME Publication
This study examines the effects of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) on the strength properties of plain concrete. Concrete specimens were produced with K2CO3 added at different percentages by weight of cement (2%, 2.2%, 2.4%, 2.6%, and 3%). The specimens were tested for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths at various ages. Results showed strengths increased up to 2.6% K2CO3 addition, but decreased with 3% addition. The optimum K2CO3 percentage was found to be 2.6%, as it improved strengths without harming concrete properties.
Effect of Steel Fiber on Alkali activated Fly Ash ConcreteIJERA Editor
Concrete is the world’s most important Construction material so the demand of cement is increases. The
production of cement is highly energy intensive & the production on one ton of cement liberates about one ton
of CO2 to atmosphere. The contribution of cement industry to the greenhouse gas emission is estimated to be
about 70% of the total green gas emission. Also it consumes large amount of natural resources. Hence it is
essential to find alternative to cement. Geopolymer concrete is an innovative material in which the binder is
produced but the reaction of an alkaline liquid with a source material that is rich in silica alumina.
The present work deals with the result of the experimental investigation carried out on geopolymer concrete
using steel fiber. The study analyses the effect of steel on compressive strength. Geopolymer concrete mixes
were prepared using low calcium fly ash & activated by alkaline solution. (NaOH & Na2SiO3) with alkaline
liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35 Alkaline solution. Used for present study combination of sodium hydroxide &
sodium silicate with ratio 2.5. The mix was designed for molarity of 16M & grade chosen for investigation was
M30. Hooked end steel fiber . All tests were conducted according to IS-code procedure. The result for each
variation are tabulated & discussed in details & some important conclusions are made.
Effect on Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement w...IRJET Journal
- The document examines the effect of partial cement replacement with fly ash on the compressive strength of concrete.
- Tests were conducted on concrete cubes with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% fly ash replacement. Results showed compressive strength decreased with higher fly ash content.
- At 28 days, strength was reduced by 4.57%, 12.2%, and 20.55% for 10%, 20%, and 30% fly ash replacement respectively. Workability increased with more fly ash.
This document summarizes a study on geopolymer concrete. It begins with an abstract stating that geopolymer concrete is an alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete that is more environmentally friendly as it does not require Portland cement. The document then reviews the properties and composition of geopolymer concrete, including that it is produced through a chemical reaction between fly ash or other aluminosilicate materials and alkaline solutions. It discusses prior literature reviewing strengths and properties of geopolymer concrete, including higher compressive strength and better durability than traditional concrete. The document also outlines typical materials used in geopolymer concrete and compares its strength and durability properties to traditional concrete.
Evolution of the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Calcined Clay Cement from D...IRJET Journal
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Mechanistic approach for reducing the thickness of asphalt layerAdhamAlnadish
This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of reducing the thickness of asphalt layer as a novel solution for the high density of asphalt layer incorporated with steel slag aggregate, which increase the cost of transportation. Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design (MEPDG) approach was employed to evaluate the benefits of introducing polyvinyl alcohol fiber in terms of reducing the thickness of asphalt layer as well as the extension service of asphalt layer. On the other hand, the correlation between creep strain slope (CSS) and secant creep stiffness modulus (SCSM) were assessed to provide a better evaluation and understanding concerning of the outputs of the dynamic creep test. The findings of this study showed that introducing polyvinyl alcohol fiber into the mixtures at the optimum content (0.5 kg/ton) have reduced the thickness of asphalt layer by approximately 10%. Additionally, polyvinyl alcohol fiber has increased the performance of the asphalt mixtures concerning of resilient modulus and dynamic creep. Furthermore, the correlation between CSS and SCSM was strong, which indicates that evaluation of permanent deformation using CSS and SCSM parameters provides better actual assessment than accumulation strain.
. effect of different types of cement on fresh and mechanical properties of c...ENGJiidhe
The document reviews several studies that investigated the effect of different cement types on the fresh and mechanical properties of concrete. The cement types investigated included ordinary Portland cement, fly ash-based cement, slag cement, and cement with supplementary materials like silica fume, metakaolin, and polyethylene therephthalate. The studies found that workability generally decreased with the addition of supplementary materials but mechanical properties like compressive strength and durability increased. The performance of concrete depended on factors like water-cement ratio, curing conditions, and the replacement levels of supplementary materials. Overall, the studies emphasized that choosing the appropriate cement type and optimizing the mix design can improve the properties of concrete for different applications.
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This document summarizes research into Ferrock, an environmentally friendly concrete alternative. Ferrock is composed of iron powder, fly ash, limestone, metakaolin, and oxalic acid. Tests were conducted varying the concentration of oxalic acid as a catalyst in Ferrock mortar mixes. The optimum molarity of oxalic acid was found to be 10 moles, resulting in the highest compressive strength. Ferrock concrete was found to have twice the strength of conventional concrete. Carbonation depth tests also showed Ferrock fully absorbs CO2 during curing, making it carbon negative. In conclusion, Ferrock is a promising greener construction material with higher strength and environmental benefits compared to traditional concrete.
The document presents the results of a study on using copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregates in concrete. Various concrete mixes were prepared with 0-100% replacement of fine aggregates with copper slag. The results showed that flexural strength increased up to 40% replacement of copper slag, and it is recommended that up to 40% copper slag can be used as a replacement for fine aggregates in concrete.
Shear performance of reinforced expansive concrete beams utilizing aluminium ...Shakerqaidi
This study investigated the shear performance of reinforced concrete beams that utilized aluminum waste from computer numerical control (CNC) machining. Twelve reinforced concrete beam specimens were cast and tested with varying amounts of aluminum waste (0%, 1%, 2%, 3% by volume) and shear reinforcement spacing (270, 200, 160 mm). The beams were tested under four-point bending loads. Test results found that beams with aluminum waste had higher load capacities as shear reinforcement spacing decreased, compared to reference beams without waste. Additionally, load capacity decreased as aluminum waste content increased from 0-3%. However, a 1% aluminum waste content produced a tolerable decrease in load capacity. Therefore, the study concluded that aluminum CNC waste can be utilized in
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This document summarizes an experimental study on using steel fibers and mineral admixtures like silica fume and fly ash to improve the properties of hardened concrete. Concrete cubes with different percentages of silica fume (0-10% by weight) and fly ash (10% by weight) as partial replacements for cement were prepared. Steel fibers were added in amounts ranging from 0.5-2% by volume to improve strength. The concrete cubes were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days to evaluate compressive strength performance. The results showed that a combination of 10% fly ash, 8% silica fume, and 1.5% steel fibers provided optimum strength without significantly changing compressive strength for M25 grade
Strength Study of copper slag & Fly Ash With Replacement Of Aggregate's In Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using industrial byproducts like fly ash and copper slag to replace aggregates in concrete for road construction. The study aims to address issues with excessive sand usage by finding sustainable alternatives. Concrete samples of different grades were produced by replacing natural sand with copper slag at varying percentages. The samples were tested for load carrying capacity and flexural strength. The results showed that concrete with 100% copper slag replacement performed similarly to normal concrete, indicating that copper slag can successfully replace sand in concrete for roads. The document also reviews several other studies on using industrial wastes in construction and their findings.
An Experimental Investigation on Strength Characteristics of Concrete with Pa...ijsrd.com
One of the approaches in improving the durability of concrete is to use blended cement materials such as fly ash, silica fume, slag and more recently, metakaolin. By changing the chemistry and microstructure of concrete, pozzolans reduce the capillary porosity of the cementitious system and make them less permeable to exterior chemical sources as well as reducing the internal chemical incompatilities such as alkali-silica reaction. The concrete industry is known to leave an enormous environmental footprint on Planet Earth. First, there are the sheer volumes of material needed to produce the billions of tons of concrete worldwide each year. Then there are the CO2 emissions caused during the production of Portland cement. Together with the energy requirements, water consumption and generation of construction and demolition waste, these factors contribute to the general appearance that concrete is not particularly environmentally friendly or compatible with the demands of sustainable development. Thus, use of these supplementary cementitious materials can reduce the effects of cement causing severe environmental impact. This study presents the results of different mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural concrete by partially replacing cement with metakaolin and silica fume. The replacement of metakaolin is varied from 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% and silica fume from 6%, 8% and 10%. The property of concrete in fresh state that is the workability is also studied during the present investigation. The optimum doses of silica fume and metakaolin in combination were found to be 6% and 15% (by weight) respectively, when used as part replacement of ordinary Portland cement.
IRJET- Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of normal concrete, geopolymer concrete, and hybrid fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete. A total of 98 specimens were tested to determine the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus of rupture. Seven mixes were evaluated: normal concrete without fibers; geopolymer concrete without fibers; steel fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete with 0.5% steel fibers; and four hybrid fiber mixes with total fiber volume of 0.5%, combining steel and glass fibers. The addition of fibers improved all mechanical properties tested. The highest increases were seen in splitting tensile strength (80.82%) and modulus of rupture (28.03%) for a mix with 0.35%
Study on Flexural Behaviour of Activated Fly Ash Concreteijsrd.com
Cement concrete is the most widely used construction material in many infrastructure projects. The development and use of mineral admixture for cement replacement is growing in construction industry mainly due to the consideration of cost saving, energy saving, environmental production and conservation of resources. Present study is aimed at replacing cement in concrete with activated fly ash. The paper highlights the chemical activation of low calcium fly ash. Today activation of fly ash is playing an important role for enhancing the effectiveness of fly ash and accelerating the pozzolanic properties of fly ash. Activated fly ash certainly improves the early age strength and durability of concrete and corrosion tolerance. Many methods such as mechanical (physical), thermal and chemical activation are in use to activate the fly ash. The chemical activation is one of the easiest methods where fly ash can be activated by alkaline activators (i.e. alkaline solutions of high alkaline concentration chemicals like gypsum, sodium silicate and calcium oxide, KOH, etc.), which enhances the effectiveness of fly ash by disintegrating the glassy layer of fly ash molecules in cement concrete, thereby increasing its corrosion resistance. In the present dissertation, quality of fly ash is improved by chemical treatment by using chemical activators. The mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength of activated fly ash concrete and flexural strength of activated fly ash reinforced concrete beams are studied. For this project work, the chemicals like sodium silicate, calcium oxide are used to activate the fly ash in the ratio 1:8.
Effect of flyash on the properties of concrete and construction materialsIJLT EMAS
Fly ash, a waste generated by thermal power plants is
as such a big environmental concern. The investigation reported
in this paper is carried out to study the utilization of fly ash in
cement concrete as a partial replacement of cement as well as an
additive so as to provide an environmentally consistent way of its
disposal and reuse. This work is a case study on fly Ash collected
from CTPS Bokaro .This research was experimentally carried
out to investigate the effects of introducing Fly Ash(FA) as a
Partial Replacement of Portland Slag Cement (PSC) on the
physical and structural properties of Concrete.Consistency,
Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength and Flexural
Strength of concrete with 0% ,5% ,10% ,15% and 20% partial
replacement of PSC with FA has been conducted and result is
calculated at 7 and 28 days.
Environment-Friendly, Self-Sensing Concrete Blended with Byproduct WastesTalalSalem5
This document summarizes research on developing an environmentally friendly self-sensing concrete using byproduct wastes. Concrete samples were made with additions of coal fly ash, blast furnace slag, and red mud at volumes up to 25% to partially replace Portland cement. The samples were cured for 3, 7, and 28 days and then tested to evaluate how the byproduct wastes affected mechanical strength and electrical resistance. Experimental results showed the byproduct wastes could improve the concrete's electrical properties to enable self-sensing abilities while maintaining adequate strength levels, providing an environmentally friendly self-sensing concrete material.
This document summarizes research on reusing copper slag in concrete. Copper slag is a byproduct of copper manufacturing that comprises various oxides such as iron, silicon, aluminum and calcium. Studies have shown copper slag can replace Portland cement or aggregates in concrete due to its physical and mechanical properties. The document reviews research on using copper slag in cement production, blended cement, as a concrete aggregate replacement, and as a partial replacement for cement or both cement and sand in concrete. Some studies found compressive and flexural strength increased with copper slag replacements up to certain levels. The document provides context on copper slag production and composition before summarizing key studies.
By-Products of Steel Industry as a Complementary Material in ConstructionIRJET Journal
This study evaluated the use of steel industry by-products, slag and slag sand, as partial replacements for river sand and ordinary Portland cement in cement mortar.
The compressive strength of mortar cubes containing 30% slag sand replacement of river sand was 38.71N/mm2 at 90 days, 17% higher than the reference. Mortar with 35% slag replacement of cement achieved 41.84N/mm2 at 90 days, 23% higher than the reference. Blending 30% slag and slag sand yielded 39.37N/mm2 at 90 days, an 18% increase over the reference.
Microstructural analysis using EDS, SEM and XRD confirmed the presence of calcium,
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Par...IRJET Journal
This document discusses an experimental investigation into steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of coarse aggregate by cupola slag. The following key points are discussed:
1. Steel fibers were added to concrete to improve properties like strength and ductility. Cupola slag, a byproduct from cast iron manufacturing, was used to partially replace coarse aggregate.
2. Tests were conducted to study the effect of adding hooked steel fibers and varying amounts of cupola slag on the mechanical properties of concrete, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength.
3. A literature review presented research on the use of steel fibers to enhance concrete properties and studies investigating the use of cupola slag as a partial replacement for
Similar to Toward Sustainable Green Cement Enhanced by Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) Slag (20)
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
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Toward Sustainable Green Cement Enhanced by Basic Oxygen Steelmaking (BOS) Slag
1. Prime Archives in Material Science: 2nd
Edition
1 www.videleaf.com
Book Chapter
Toward Sustainable Green Cement
Enhanced by Basic Oxygen Steelmaking
(BOS) Slag
Talal Salem3
*, Pengcheng Jiao1,2
*, Nizar Lajnef3
, Assel
Jexembayeva4
and Rimma Niyazbekova4
1
Institute of Port, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Ocean
College, Zhejiang University, China
2
Engineering Research Center of Oceanic Sensing Technology
and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Ministry of Education,
China
3
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan
State University, USA
4
Technical Faculty, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical
University, Kazakhstan
*Corresponding Authors: Talal Salem, Department of Civil
and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, MI 48824, USA
Pengcheng Jiao, Institute of Port, Coastal and Offshore
Engineering, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan
316021, Zhejiang, China
Published November 09, 2020
This Book Chapter is a republication of an article published by
Talal Salem, et al. at Materials in July 2020. (Jexembayeva, A.;
Salem, T.; Jiao, P.; Hou, B.; Niyazbekova, R. Blended Cement
Mixed with Basic Oxygen Steelmaking Slag (BOF) as an
Alternative Green Building Material. Materials 2020, 13, 3062.)
How to cite this book chapter: Talal Salem, Pengcheng Jiao,
Nizar Lajnef, Assel Jexembayeva, Rimma Niyazbekova. Toward
Sustainable Green Cement Enhanced by Basic Oxygen
Steelmaking (BOS) Slag. In: José Alexandre Bogas, editor.
3. Prime Archives in Material Science: 2nd
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400 billion [1,2]. Negative environmental impacts are associated
with the production of Portland cement, e.g., approximately 5%
of energy use and 10% of CO2 emissions are associated with
production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) [3,4]. Generally,
improving the overall performance while maximizing the
application of market-limited industrial wastes lead to the
emerging sustainable Portland cement in the cement and
concrete industries [5-7]. Thus, different approaches were
examined to resolve the environmental issues resulted from
cement production, including replacing cement with by-product
wastes that can produce concrete having almost the same
behavior as normal concrete at late ages (> 28 days) [8,9].
Studies have been conducted to exhibit the effect of partially
replacing Portland cement with diverse industrial byproduct
wastes, such as basic oxygen steelmaking slag (BOS) [10-12].
Annually, more than 50 million tons of stainless steel is
produced globally, which brings tons of steel byproducts wastes
[13-15]. China, India, Japan and United States are the highest
steel producer all over the world, with over than 70% of global
steel production [16,17]. To effectively employ the byproducts
wastes in the production of blended cement, it is necessary to
investigate the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of
the new class of cement. Different studies have been conducted
to evaluate the physic-chemical properties and toxic potential of
different types of BOSs [18,19], as well as the usage of BOS in
production of belite sulphoaluminate cement and cementitious
composite materials concretes [20,21]. Moreover, BOS has been
successfully used as a coarse aggregate in various applications,
including asphaltic concrete, railway substructure, shoulders and
road base material [22-25].
Recent studies were conducted to investigate the influence of
adding steel slag on the cementitious properties and hydrations
of cement. For instance, Guo et al. proposed a new approach to
effectively recycle BOS slag and increase its reactivity, to be
used as a supplementary cementitious material [26]. Qiang et al.
studied the influence of steel slag replacement (> 30%) on the
durability of the concrete (i.e., chloride permeability, drying
shrinkage, and carbonation resistance) [27]. Also, Liu and Li
investigated the degree of fineness of the slag powder and its
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effect on the mechanical properties (i.e., compressive strength) at
early and late ages (i.e., 3 and 28 days), and it was found that
mechanical properties, especially at late ages, can be
significantly improved by increasing the fineness of the slag
powder [28]. On another hand, Ouda and Abdel-Gawwad
reported that replacing silica sand by BOS slag will affect the
physico-mechanical and radiation shielding characteristics of
cement mortars [29]. Gonzalez et al. developed a alkali-activated
binder in which over than 50% of steel slag was utilized to
produce cementitious material that meet the performance
requirements for the general use class of cements [30].
Moreover, Lu et al. found out that activation of BOS through
adding NaOH and Na2SiO3 results in alkaline activated binder
that meet the performance of ordinary Portland cement mortars
[31].Here, we report blended slag-cement, in which ordinary
Portland cement was enhanced by basic oxygen steelmaking
(BOS) slag. The enhanced physical, chemical, and mechanical
characteristics are investigated, and an optimal 5% BOS
replacement content was reported in terms of the increment in
the compressive strength exceeding the standards required by the
ASTM C109 [32]. The work reported here can be drawn as the
following, Section 2 carries out the physico-chemical properties
(i.e., particle size distributions, XRD and XRF) and methods
(i.e., ASTM standards) used to investigate the mechanical
performance of both OPC and BOS cement mortars. Section 3
presents and results for the mechanical performance and micro-
scale characteristics (i.e., SEM and XRD) of cement specimens
to fully understand behaviors of the proposed blended cement.
Section 4 develops numerical simulations (i.e., ABAQUS) to
validate the mechanical response of the BOS-enhanced cement,
and satisfactory agreements are obtained. The blended Portland
slag cement reported in this paper leads to the advanced
understanding on the blended cements that uses byproduct
wastes for different construction applications. In Section 5 a cost
analysis of replacing OPC with (0-15%) of BOS was reported.
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Materials and Methods
Physical-Chemical Properties
BOS is the by-product of molten iron processing, which has
different types of steel slags depending on the type (grade) of
steel and the furnace being used during the production process
[33]. Typically, BOS can be obtained by melting cast iron with
lime or dolomite flux in the gaseous oxygen. The impurities in
cast iron are mainly the carbon, phosphorus, silicon, and
manganese. The CO2 is found to be volatilized here, while other
oxides (i.e., iron oxides, silicon oxides, manganese oxides) are
combined with the lime or dolomite that are obtainable from the
slag. The BOS considered in this study was obtained from JSC
“ArcelorMittal Temirtau” (Temirtau, Kazakhstan)
“ArcelorMittal Temirtau” with a density of 2083.73 kg/m3
, a
hydrogen ion concentration of = , and a
conductivity of 1.09 ms/cm. The OPC used in this study was
obtained from Alpena cement plant in the (Michigan, United
States) with Blaine fineness of 372 m2
/kg, air content of 8% and
autoclave expansion of 0.05%. The particle size distributions of
BOS and OPC were measured via the 3071A Analyzer, as
presented in Figure 1. Its worth mentioning that BOS was
grinded Cryogenic grinding method using “Micron powder
system” to obtain the mean particle size of 16 µm. The chemical
compositions of BOS and OPC used here are presented in Table
1. BOS had iron oxides-to-calcium oxides weight ratio of
46.91 %, and the aluminum oxide-to-silica oxide weight ratio of
12.72%.
Table 1: Chemical composition and loss on the ignition results (wt.%) of BOS
and OPC.
SiO2 CaO Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO MnO SO3 TiO2 P2O5 LOI
OPC 19.94 64.20 4.86 3.15 2.71 2.83 1.67 - - 2.5
BOS 12.03 46.17 1.53 21.66 4.53 5.10 0.77 0.58 2.52 2.3
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Figure 1: Particle size distributions of BOS and OPC.
The mineralogy of the BOS and OPC under consideration were
assessed using the x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. Bruker D8
X-ray diffractometer equipped with Cu x-ray radiation operating
at 40kV and 30mA was particularly used to conduct the XRD
tests at the rate of 2°/min, covering a reflection angle range 2θ of
5−60°. The XRD results of OPC and BOS in the BOS-enhanced
cement are presented in Figure 2. It can be seen that OPC mainly
contains tricalcium silicates (C3S), dicalcium silicates (C2S) and
tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF), and BOS mainly has
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), iron
oxide (Fe3O4), tricalcium silicates (C3S), dicalcium silicates
(C2S) and tetracalcium aluminoferrite (C4AF).
Figure 2: XRD results of (a) OPC, and (b) BOS.
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Methodology
Mechanical Performance Analysis
BOS was used to partially replace the OPC type I with different
dosages, in particular, with 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 15% weight
ratios of OPC. The production of the BOS-enhanced cement was
according to the following steps (i) supplementary cementing
materials were mixed with the OPC for 3 mins at the low speed
the using classic™ quart tilt-head stand mixer to ensure the
pervasion of moisture over the whole particles; (ii) water was
added to the mixed OPC and the W/C ratio was adjusted to
produce a fresh mix flow of 110±5% per ASTM C1437 [34];
(iii) silica sand was slowly added to the mixed materials to meet
the sand-to-cement ratio of 2.75, and mixed for 30 s (he mixed
cement samples were kept for 90 s and then stirred at the
medium speed for 60 s); (iv) BOS-enhanced cement mortar
specimens were casted in 50 mm cubic molds following ASTM
C109 [35], and in 40×40×160 mm prism molds following ASTM
C348 [36]; (v) molds were placed on the vibrating table to
reduce the air bubbles and ensure the proper compaction; and
(vi) after 24 hours the specimens were demolded and placed into
the curing room under the temperature of 20 °C and the relative
humidity of 95%.
The mechanical performance of the BOS-enhanced cement was
evaluated by measuring the compressive and flexural strength
(three-points bending) of cement mortars at curing time of 3, 7
and 28 days as shown in Figure 3. A total of three specimens
were tested for each geometry set using the FORNEY
compression machine to obtain the average strength, and OPC
was used as a reference here.
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Figure 3: Experimental setup for (a) compressive and (b) flexural strength
tests.
Micro-Scale Analysis
The microstructural characteristics of the blended cement pastes
with the 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, 15% dosages of BOS were
particularly evaluated by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis,
scanning electron microscope (SEM) and semi-adiabatic
calorimetry test. The scanning electron microscope (SEM)
images of the hydration products were captured using the Hitachi
TM3030, and the Bruker XFlash MIN SVE microanalysis
system was used to assess the microstructural attributes and
microcrack conditions of the BOS-enhanced cement pastes. Note
that the cement specimens were imaged in high-vacuum mode at
the accelerating voltage of 15 kV.
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Results and Discussion
Figure 4 presents the compressive and flexural strengths results
of the BOS-enhanced cement mortar specimens with different
dosages of BOS (i.e.,0, 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) at curing
ages of 3, 7, and 28 days. Figure 4 (a) and (b) demonstrates the
distribution trends of the compressive and flexural strengths
between the OPC and BOS-enabled cement, respectively. It can
be seen that, partially replacement of OPC with 5% BOS, will
results in approximately 40% increment in compressive strength
at the early age (i.e., 3 days), that was reduced to about 34%
increment at the late age (i.e., 28 days). This is because the
fineness of the BOS which accelerate the hydration reaction and
lead to increase the compressive strengths of the BOS-enhanced
cement samples by improving the microstructures of the cement
stone [9]. However, it was noted that relatively high content of
BOS (≥ 10%) results in reduction in compressive strength, at the
age of 28 days, compared with the optimum dosage of 5% BOS.
Similar observation was reported by Shi et al., in which
compressive strength of the cement mortar was continuously
decreased when the replacement weight ratio of the steel slag
was high than 10% [37].
The flexural strength of the BOS-enhanced cement mortar with
1% BOS was reduced at both early and late curing ages (i.e., 3,
7, and 28 days). Decreasing of the flexural strength was also
obtained for 15% BOS under the late curing age of 7 and 28
days. This phenomenon can be explained by the presence of the
CaCO3, Ca(OH)2, and Fe3O4 in BOS, as shown in Figure 2. In
addition, the relatively high content of Fe3O4 in BOS may has
negative effect on the final hardening of the BOS-enhanced
cement [37]. Schuldyakova et al. observed a similar trend (i.e., a
reduction at the early age flexural strength) when the substitution
level of cement by blast furnace slag was increased [38]. This
examination was explained due to the increase of the water
demand as the slag dosage increase.
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Figure 4: Compressive and flexural strengths for BOS-enhanced and OPC
cement mortars.
Next, the XRD analysis of the BOS-enhanced cement is obtained
at the early age of 3 days, as shown in Figure 5. It can be seen
that, for the BOS-enhanced cement with 1–15% BOS, the main
mineralogical phases were calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H),
tricalcium silicate (C3S), dicalcium silicate (C2S), ettringite (E),
and calcium hydroxide (CH), which were formed in the
significant quantities at the early age [39,40]. In particular, the
variation in the characteristic peak of C3S at 2θ = 29o was less
sharp in the case of 5% BOS, which explains the optimum
conversion of the C3S-to-C-S-H gel during the hydration
reaction [41]. However, other peaks are remained unchanged at
5% BOS, which results in the increasing of the compressive and
flexural strengths for the BOS-enhanced cement.
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Figure 5: XRD results of the BOS-enhanced cement with 1%, 3%, 5%, 10%
and 15 % BOS at the early age of 3 days.
Figure 6 presents the SEM images of the BOS-enhanced cement
mortar specimens at the late age of 28. In general, high
magnification images are obtained with certain slag clusters.
Figure 6a shows that the OPC cement has a homogeneous
structure. This could be due to the calcium silicate hydrate
(CSH) gel fibers form denser overlap to the network structure
and connect with the surrounding unhydrated cement particles
through the hexagonal CH crystals, which tends to form a
framework by staggering [42]. Similar observation is obtained in
Figure 6b, which can be explained by the low amount of 1%
BOS in the BOS-enhanced cement. Figure 6c shows an
increment of CH crystallohydrates intertwined with hydrated
plates of C-S-H gel and needle-shaped ettringite. The inter-tissue
spaces inside the paste frame are filled by CH crystals and C-S-
H gel in 5% BOS in Figure 6(d), which explains the formation of
a dense crystallized structure [43]. Figure 6(e) and (f) are
observed with the loose structures that have noticeable pores
with less dense network structures.
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Figure 6: SEM images for (a) OPC, and BOS-enhanced cement with (b) 1%
BOS, (c) 3% BOS, (d) 5% BOS, (e) 10% BOS and (f) 15% BOS at the
relatively at the late curing age of 28 days.
Numerical Simulations
Numerical Modeling
In this section, the numerical models are developed in ABAQUS
v6.14-1 (Dassault Systèmes Simulia., Providence, USA) to
obtain the mechanical response of the OPC cured after 28 days.
We present the finite element (FE) models to compare with the
experimental results of the compressive and flexural strengths of
the OPC specimens presented in Figure 4 (i.e., the values in bold
and italic) in order to check the experimental setup.
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Figure 7 (a) shows the mesh, loading, and boundary conditions
of the numerical models in the compressive and three-point
bending tests, respectively. The concrete damaged plasticity
(CDP) model is used to define the material properties of the OPC
in the FE models, and the dynamic implicit algorithm with the
solid element (C3D8R) is applied. In particular, the parameters
of the dilation angle, eccentricity, , K, and viscosity are
determined following the study [44]. Figure 7(b) and (c) present
the experimentally measured compressive and tensile behaviors
of the OPC, respectively, which are comparable with the results
presented in the existing study [45]. The compressive and tensile
relations are used to define the OPC in the FE models. Due to the
symmetry of the three-point bending testing, only half of the
cement samples are considered. Displacement-control loading
conditions are used for the compressive and flexural tests. The
geometric and material properties, as well as the mesh and
loading conditions, of the FE models are listed in Table 2 and
Table 3, respectively. The experimental results of the
compressive and flexural strengths are 31.5 ± 0.4 MPa, and 6.35
± 0.02 MPa, respectively. It can be seen that the compressive and
flexural strengths are obtained with good agreements between
the experimental and numerical results.
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Table 2: Geometric and material properties, and the mesh and loading conditions of the compressive and flexural models for the BOS-enhanced cement samples.
Geometric property (mm) Material property
Compressive
Flexural Density Young’s
modulus
Poisson’s
ratio
Dilation
angle
Eccentricity Ratio uni/biaxial
strength
Viscosity
L b h L b h ρ (kg/m3
) E
(GPa)
v (°) - -
50 50 50 160 40 40 2300 18.889 0.18 35 0.1 1.6 0.667 0.007985
Table 3: Mesh and loading conditions of the compressive and flexural models for the BOS-enhanced cement samples.
Mesh Loading
Compressive Flexural Compressive Flexural
l l Type Displacement (mm) Loading time (s) Type Displacement (mm) Loading time (s)
2 2 D-C 0.4 50 D-C 1 50
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Figure 7: (a) Loading and boundary conditions, mesh and deformed
configurations of the BOS-enhanced cement in the compressive and flexural
testing. Comparisons of the strength-displacement relations for the BOS-
enhanced cement between the experimental and numerical results.
Comparison between the Experimental and Numerical
Results
Considering the expensive and time-consuming characteristics of
the experiments for the OPC, it is typically more efficient to
numerically calculate and predict the compressive and flexural
strengths of the OPC. Parametric studies are conducted using the
numerical model to investigate the influences of the geometric
parameter ratios (i.e., length-to-width and width-to-height ratios)
on the compressive and flexural strengths of the OPC. Figure 8
presents the distributions of the compressive and flexural
strengths with respect to the length-to-width and width-to-height
ratios. It can be seen that the compressive and flexural strengths
are affected by the ratios. However, the variation of the
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compressive strength is more significant than that of the flexural
strength.
Figure 8: Variations of the compressive and flexural strengths of the OPC with
respect to the length-to-width and width-to-height ratios.
Cost Analysis
One of the main aims of this work is to produce blended cements
that meet (or improve) the relevant performance requirements of
the ordinary PC with reasonable cost is one of the main aims in
this work. Thus, a comparative cost analysis was conducted on
PC versus the blended cements developed in the study. The unit
costs of OPC and BOS are presented in Table 4.
Table 4: Unit costs of PC and BOS used in production of the blended cements.
Material Cost, $/ton
OPC [46] 123
BOS [47] 200
The total cost of the blended cement under consideration is
calculated in Table 5Error! Reference source not found. at
$ 126.8 per ton of the new class of cement at the optimum
dosage (5% of BOS). When compared with the OPC, the new
cement offers better mechanical performance (in terms of
compressive and flexural strength) with only 3% rise in price.
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Table 5: Calculation of the cost of the blended cements at different dosages of
BOS.
Cementitious materials Cost, $ per ton of cement
100% OPC 123
99% OPC + 1% BOS 123.8
97% OPC + 3% BOS 125.3
95% OPC + 5% BOS 126.8
90% OPC + 10% BOS 130.7
85% OPC + 15% BOS 134.6
Conclusions
In this study, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) type I was
partially replaced by basic oxygen steelmaking slag (BOS) to
investigate the mechanical and micro-scale characteristics of the
BOS-enhanced cement. it was found that introduction of BOS to
the OPC at relatively small amount of BOS (≤ 15% of cement
weight) increase the compressive strength of concrete at early
and late ages. The highest gain in compressive strength was
realized with the addition of 5% BOS (optimal dosage).
However, in terms of flexural strength, it was observed that the
strength development was significantly influenced when BOS
content exceeds 5% BOS. The crystallinity of OPC remains
unchanged (except some consumption of tricalcium silicates)
when relatively small amount of BOS was added. Moreover,
enhancing OPC with 3% and 5% of BOS, results in mitigating
the propagation of the microcrack in the 3D structure of the
cement mortars. Numerical models were developed to compare
with the experimental results, and satisfactory agreements were
obtained.
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