effect of different types of cement on fresh and mechanical properties of conctre.pdf

1. 1
BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY
BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
MSc program in construction technology and management (CoTM)
Construction materials (CENG 6025)
Assignment 1: Group Assignment
Review on Effect of Different Types of Cement on Fresh and Mechanical
Properties of Concrete
GROUP MEMBERS
1. SAHANE MUHUMED AHMED
2. MOHAMED ABDI AMADIN
3. YONES NURE ABDILAHI
4. HAMZE ABDI OUMAR
5. MUSTAFE OSMAN EILMI
Submitted To: - Mitiku D., (Ph.D)
Submission Date: April 10, 2023

2. 2
Contents
Abstract........................................................................................................................................... 3
1. Introduction................................................................................................................................. 4
2. Materials and Methods................................................................................................................ 9
2.1 Testing methods .................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Workability Test:............................................................................................................ 9
2.1.2 Setting Time Test: ........................................................................................................ 10
2.1.3 Compressive strength and drying shrinkage................................................................. 10
2.1.4 Tensile Strength Test.................................................................................................... 10
3. Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................. 10
3.1 Effect on Fresh Properties of concrete ................................................................................ 10
3.1.1 Workability of fresh concrete....................................................................................... 11
3.1.2 Setting time................................................................................................................... 12
3.2 Effect on Mechanical parameters of concrete..................................................................... 13
3.2.1 Compressive strength ................................................................................................... 13
3.2.2 Flexural Strength and Elastic Modulus ........................................................................ 14
3.2.3 Bending and splitting tensile strength .......................................................................... 15
4. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 16
5. Reference .................................................................................................................................. 17

3. 3
Abstract
This review paper investigates how various cement types affect the mechanical and fresh
characteristics of concrete. The study investigates the impact of several cement types, such as
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), and Portland Slag Cement
(PSC), on the workability, setting time, compressive strength, flexural strength, and durability of
concrete. The performance of concrete is also evaluated in terms of how variables like aggregate
size, cement-to-water ratio, and curing conditions affect it. The review summarizes the results of
several studies, highlights knowledge gaps, and offers recommendations for future research. The
review's conclusion emphasizes the significance of choosing the right kind of cement for a
particular application and optimizing the mix.

4. 1. Introduction
The effect of different types of cement on the fresh and mechanical properties of concrete has been
extensively studied in the literature. Several researchers have investigated the influence of cement
types, such as Portland cement, fly ash-based cement, slag cement, and high-performance cement,
supplementary cementitious materials, silica fume, Metakaolin (MK) and Polyethylene
therephthalate (PET) on the properties of concrete. For instance, a study by (Khatri et al., 1995)
investigated an experimental study on the effect of different supplementary cementitious materials
on the mechanical properties of high-performance concrete. According to this study, the usage
of high-performance concrete made from general purpose (GP) Portland cement and different
auxiliary cementitious ingredients is on the rise. In this investigation, the mechanical and fresh
concrete properties of concretes containing silica fume, fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace
slag (slag), and GP Portland cement were compared. The purpose of the study was to make it
possible to assess a certain binder system's suitability for a given application based on its
mechanical and fresh concrete qualities. In addition to using GP Portland cement, high slag
cement, and slag cement in the preparation of concrete mixes, silica fume, and fly ash were also
added. The study concentrated on concrete mixtures with a constant water-to-binder ratio of 0.35
and a fixed total binder content of 430 kg/m3. The mechanical properties assessed included strain
due to creep and drying shrinkage, development of compressive strength, flexural strength, and
elastic modulus, in addition to testing the properties of fresh concrete. According to the findings,
silica fume was added to GP Portland cement concrete to increase its mechanical properties while
only slightly reducing its workability. The impact of adding silica fume to high-slag cement
concrete, however, was not as noticeable. Later (Mazloom et al., 2004). Conducted an experiment
on the Effect of silica fume on the mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. In this
research, (Mazloom et al., 2004) presented the experimental findings on the short- and long-term
mechanical properties of high-strength concrete with various silica fume content levels. The
study's objective was to examine the effects of binder systems with various silica fume contents
on the mechanical and fresh characteristics of concrete. The study has focused on concrete
mixtures that had a constant water-to-binder ratio of 0.35 and a fixed total binder content of 500
kg/m3. The amounts of silica fume that were substituted for cement in this study were 0%, 6%,
10%, and 15%. The mechanical parameters of fresh concrete were examined in addition to their
workability and included strain due to creep, shrinkage, swelling, and moisture migration. Also,

5. 5
the secant modulus of elasticity and development of compressive strength were determined.
According to the study's findings, the workability of concrete dropped as the quantity of silica
fume increased, but its short-term mechanical qualities, including secant modulus and compressive
strength after 28 days, improved. Moreover, silica fume replacement percentages had no
discernible impact on overall shrinkage; but, as silica fume content rose, similarly
increases concrete's autogenous shrinkage. Besides that, at larger quantities of silica fume
replacement, the fundamental creep of concrete decreased. In this experiment, the specimens'
drying creep (total creep plus basic creep) was hardly noticeable. According to the findings of
swelling tests conducted after shrinkage and creep, the extent of expansion was reduced when the
proportion of silica fume was raised. For high-strength concrete containing silica fume, different
prediction models are offered here because the current techniques for predicting creep and
shrinkage were ineffective. According to (Topcu & Canbaz, 2007) the utilization of various
resources, specifically industrial wastes, in the manufacturing of concrete is the primary emphasis
of today's knowledge of concrete technology. the findings of an experimental examination into the
impacts of adding steel and polypropylene fibers as well as replacing cement (by weight) with
three percentages of fly ash are reported. Fly ash utilization in concrete is a significant topic that
is becoming more significant every day. Concrete made with fly ash may have improved
characteristics as well as financial benefits. Moreover, concretes made with three different
replacement ratios of fly ash and three other types of steel and polypropylene fibers were
contrasted with those without fibers. The study's findings indicated that adding fibers improves
concrete performance while adding fly ash to the mixture can reduce the workability and strength
losses brought on by fibers while increasing strength. (Nath & Sarker, 2011) conducted
experiment on effect of Fly Ash on the Durability Properties of High Strength Concrete and
presented that Fly ash use as an additional cementitious material increases concrete sustainability
by lowering CO2 emissions from cement manufacture. Numerous studies have shown that using
fly ash as a partial replacement for cement improves the durability of concrete; however, the degree
of improvement relies on the characteristics of fly ash. This study looked into the durability
characteristics of high-strength concrete made using a lot of Class F fly ash from Western
Australia. The test specimens were cast using concrete mixtures that included fly ash as between
30% and 40% of the total binder. The fly ash and control concrete specimens' compressive
strength, drying shrinkage, sorptivity, and fast chloride permeability were measured. The concrete

6. 6
compositions' 28-day compressive strength ranged from 65 to 85 MPa. When made for the same
28-day compressive strength of the control concrete, the fly ash concrete samples dried with less
shrinkage than the control concrete samples. Fly ash was added, and it dramatically reduced
sorptivity and chloride ion penetration at 28 days and at 6 months. In general, the durability
qualities of concrete were improved by the partial replacement of cement with fly ash. Later
(Rahmani et al., 2013) presented that the Polyethylene therephthalate (PET) is a type of polymer
used in the production of polyester fibers, bottle resin, and engineering polyester. Numerous
studies have been conducted to identify new methods of recycling and reusing this polymer due to
its extensive use in the food packaging industry and the long-term degradation of this type of waste
material in nature. This article examined the effects of 5%, 10%, and 15% substitution of sand
with PET processed particles on the physical qualities of cylindrical and cubic specimens made
with various water to cement ratios. Results showed that PET-particle-containing fresh concretes
had a reduced workability and density, less elastic modulus and splitting tensile strength. However,
ultrasonic pulse testing for concrete containing PET particles showed that the structure was porous.
The mechanical strength was reduced by adding more fly ash and glass fiber, but all flexural
strength ratings for concrete made with fly ash and cement were enhanced thanks to polyester
fiber. Again (Barbuta et al., 2017) conducted study on combined effect of fly ash on properties of
cement concrete, this study examined the combined effect of fly ash on the properties of cement
concrete. Fly ash was substituted for various amounts of cement to explore how wastes affected
the mechanical properties of cement concrete (green concrete). Experimental analysis was used to
determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. Results showed
that concrete with a 10% fly ash and fiber replacement in place of cement performed better in
terms of compressive strength than concrete without fiber. Flexural strengths for low
concentrations of fly ash were boosted using glass fiber, while mechanical strength was reduced
by adding more fly ash and glass fiber. All flexural strength ratings for concrete made with fly ash
and cement have enhanced thanks to polyester fiber. (Pyo & Kim, 2017) presented that this
experimental study examined the physical characteristics of Ultra High-Performance Concrete
(UHPC) combining coal bottom ash, fly ash, and two types of slag powder. The findings showed
that fly ash and coal bottom ash are viable industrial by-products because they may successfully
replace silica powder in UHPC without suffering appreciable workability and strength
development losses. Additionally, cement and silica fume can be partially replaced by normal-

7. 7
sized and finer-sized ground granulated blast furnace slag without the need for an additional
activator. Comparing PET-infused concrete to ordinary concrete, less elastic modulus and splitting
tensile strength were found. However, ultrasonic pulse testing for concrete containing PET
particles showed that the structure was porous. The mechanical strength was reduced by adding
more fly ash and glass fiber, but all flexural strength ratings for concrete made with fly ash and
cement have enhanced thanks to polyester fiber.(Homayoonmehr et al., 2021) has been suggested
Metakaolin (MK) as a Portland cement substitute to enhance concrete quality and lessen the
damaging environmental consequences of the cement industry. This review paper provides a
summary of recent research and knowledge gaps regarding the impact of Portland cement
replacement with MK at various replacement amounts on various properties of freshly-poured and
cured concrete. According to the literature, employing MK up to a particular replacement level
enhances the pore structure of concrete, increases its resistance to corrosion, and improves chloride
binding due to its high aluminum (Al) content. Additionally, MK-containing specimens exhibit
acceptable resistance against carbonation at the usual CO2 concentration, and its use would seem
to be a natural progression toward more environmentally friendly concrete production and cement
manufacturing.(Zhuang et al., 2022) conducted study on The effect of supplementary cementitious
material systems on dynamic compressive properties of ultra-high performance concrete paste this
study presented that Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are frequently used to
substitute cement in Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC), which has the advantages of
lowering building costs and lowering CO2 emissions. However, nothing is known about how
SCMs affect the dynamic compressive qualities of paste used to make Ultra-high-performance
concrete (UHPC). Here, a thorough investigation of the workability, pore structure, quasistatic
compressive strength, and dynamic compressive properties of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete
(UHPC) paste with various Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCM) systems is conducted.
The findings demonstrate that the workability is increased when cement is replaced with ground-
granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder (LP). The microstructure of mix two
(M2) grows denser with the substitution rate of 10% limestone powder (LP). As GGBS and LP
are replaced more frequently, the porosity rises while the quasi-static compressive strength and
dynamic compressive characteristics tend to decline, though to a lesser amount. The dynamic
compressive strength, dynamic increase factor (DIF), peak strain, and toughness are among the
compressive qualities that are heavily reliant on the strain rate. At the strain rate of 53.9 170.7 s 1,

8. 8
a suitable DIF model for UHPC is created. As GGBS and LP rise, the fractal dimension expands.
The fractal dimension and the denary logarithms of the strain rate are also found to have a positive
linear relationship. according to (Salman et al., 2023) The use of substitute or supplemental
binders in the manufacturing of concrete is required due to issues with the production and use of
Portland cement. In this study, the use of two additional binders—calcined clay (CC) and
limestone powder (LP)—as cement alternatives in the production of concrete was examined. X-
ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy were used
to evaluate the calcined clay and limestone powder. (SEM). Workability, compressive and splitting
tensile strengths, as well as other parameters of fresh and cured concrete were tested on blended
concrete mix proportions incorporating calcined clay and limestone powder. The findings of this
study demonstrated that while limestone is entirely composed of crystal particles, calcined clay is
primarily amorphous with traces of crystal particles. Calcined clay can be used as pozzolan
depending on the composition of the oxides, while limestone powder works best as pore fillers.
Loss of slump was caused by both the addition of calcined clay and limestone powder, though the
effect is more severe in concrete mixtures including calcined clay. Although the strength of the
blended concrete was slightly reduced by the addition of limestone powder, it can still be used to
produce rather high strengths. Calcined clay can only be used in a small amount of concrete
production because only concrete mixes containing 10% calcined clay show a slight increase in
strength.
a b

9. 9
c d
SEM images of powders Fig 1-. (a) PC (b) MS (c) GGBS (d) LP. (Zhuang et al., 2022)
2. Materials and Methods
The studies included in this review paper investigated the effect of different types of cement on
the mechanical properties of concrete, including compressive strength, tensile strength, and
flexural strength. The studies used various types of cement types, such as Portland cement, fly ash-
based cement, slag cement, and high-performance cement, supplementary cementitious materials,
silica fume, Metakaolin (MK) and Polyethylene therephthalate (PET) on the properties of concrete.
2.1 Testing methods
Cement, aggregates, and water were mixed together to make concrete in a mixer. Different
ingredient ratios were used in the various trials. The concrete's water-to-cement ratio ranged from
0.35 to 0.5, and its cement content ranged from 300 kg/m3 to 500 kg/m3. The combination of
different supplementary cementitious ranges from 5% to 15% by weight of Portland cement. Both
coarse and fine aggregates were mixed in the aggregates in different proportions. The duration of
the mixing procedure varied from 1 to 5 minutes, depending on the type of mixer employed. The
concrete was mixed, crushed using a vibration table, and then poured into molds. Before testing,
the samples were allowed to cure for 7, 14, or 28 days.
2.1.1 Workability Test:
The slump test or the flow test were used to gauge the workability of concrete. In order to
determine how much the concrete slumps, a conical mold is filled with concrete and removed. In
the flow test, concrete flow through a typical orifice is measured. A truncated micro cone (height:

10. 10
60 mm, inner upper diameter: 70 mm, inner lower diameter: 100 mm) measures the distributed
flow and provides the information. In order to get the self-consolidating mix's desired fluidity of
270 20 mm, the SP dosage is adjusted. The plate's center contains the miniature slump cone. The
cone is filled with new paste before being raised smoothly and without jarring motions. Calculating
the average of two perpendicular spread diameters yields information on slump flow spread.
2.1.2 Setting Time Test:
The Vicat device was used to ascertain how long concrete takes to set. A needle is lowered into a
sample of concrete using the device until it reaches a specific depth. In order to calculate the
concrete's setting time, the length of time it takes for the needle to penetrate the sample by a
specific distance is measured.
2.1.3 Compressive strength and drying shrinkage
Tests were conducted on cylindrical specimens (100 x 200 mm) at ages of 3, 7, 28, 56, 91, and 210
days in order to determine the compressive strength. Each mixture's drying shrinkage was
determined in accordance with the AS 1012.13 Standard. The samples were taken out of the molds
24 hours after casting, cured underwater for 7 days, and then the initial length was measured. The
samples were allowed to dry in the 23oC laboratory air, and length variation was noted up to six
months of age.
2.1.4 Tensile Strength Test
The splitting test or the flexural test were both used to gauge the tensile strength of concrete. In
the splitting test, a cylindrical concrete sample is compressed at the ends, and the tensile force
needed to split the sample is then measured. A rectangular concrete beam is subjected to a three-
or four-point bending force during the flexural test in order to determine the tensile force necessary
to cause failure.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Effect on Fresh Properties of concrete
Workability, setting time, and bleeding are crucial elements that have an impact on the quality of
fresh concrete. The impact of various cement types on the initial characteristics of concrete is
shown in Table 1.

11. 11
Table 1: Effect of different types of cement on fresh properties of concrete
Cement Type Workability (mm) Setting Time (hrs) Bleeding (%)
OPC 80-110 5-7 0.5-1.0
PPC 90-120 7-9 0.2-0.5
PSC 100-130 6-8 0.3-0.6
3.1.1 Workability of fresh concrete
Numerous techniques, including the slump cone test, flow test, compacting factor test, Vee Bee
consistometer, K-Slump tester, and Kelly ball test, are used to measure the plastic properties of
freshly formed concrete. It can be seen that mixtures with higher silica fume content tended to
need more superplasticizer in their formulations. According to (Mazloom et al., 2004) and (Khatri
et al., 1995) the very small particle size of silica fume, which results in some of the superplasticizer
being adsorbed on its surface, can be blamed for the higher requirement of superplasticizer with
the concrete containing silica fume.. The usage of most SCMs, including MK, was demonstrated
to typically increase the demand for water and superplasticizer (SP), in order to reach a certain
workability, due to the ultrafine particles and high surface area of SCMs. Consequently, one of the
main obstacles to using a bigger proportion of MK is the increasing need for
superplasticizers.(Homayoonmehr et al., 2021). Due to their hexagonal form, PET particles have
a greater specific surface area than natural sand. As a result, there would be more friction between
the particles, which would reduce the mixtures' workability. By adding this polymer, the mixture's
numerous properties, such as flow, deformation, and homogeneity, change, particularly the flow
and compaction factors. Fresh concrete loses flexibility and consistency as the PET concentration
rises. When the w/c ratio rises, this effect becomes more noticeable presented by (Rahmani et al.,
2013). Fresh concrete's slump values fell as a result of the addition of fiber. As a result, it is possible
to draw the conclusion that the inclusion of fibers in concrete may reduce its ability to be worked.
Fresh concrete's capacity to flow was hampered by fibers, which reduced the concrete's ability to
be worked. Studies have indicated that fiber-reinforced concrete's workability is declining and that
an alternative workability test method should be used.

12. 12
3.1.2 Setting time
The reactivity of MK and its Al2O3 concentration, the fineness of Portland-cement and MK, and
the dosage of SP are just a few of the factors that affect the initial and final setting times of concrete
and mortar specimens including MK. Because of its strong reactivity and high pozzolanic activity
in its early stages, MK can either have an acceleration impact that is sometimes even higher than
SF or a retarding effect because its hydration kinetics are slower than those of Portland cement.
Lime without clinker is reduced and C3A is diluted. Some studies found that MK had a retarding
influence on the initial setup time, whereas others found the opposite. (Homayoonmehr et al.,
2021) report a 20–40% increase in initial setting time with MK and show that utilizing MK reduces
initial setting time compared to using SF. Further studies should look into how MK's influencing
factors interact with other factors, such as the Portland cement's chemical composition, to affect
the setting time. According to (Khatri et al., 1995) the Figure below clearly shows that 10% silica
fume added to both GP and HS concretes reduces both the initial and final setting times by at least
one hour. In the case of HS concrete, this can be a significant benefit. The setting times of both
GP/SF/F mixtures are comparable to those of GP concrete. By considering the impact of fine
particle size on the hydration process, it is possible to understand how the addition of silica fume
decreased the setting times. Due to their tiny size, silica fume particles cover the spaces between
cement particles and serve as nucleation sites for the hydration, speeding up the process.
Furthermore, silica fume particles are often found in the interstitial locations.
Fig-2 Initial and Final Setting limes for the Mixes Studied

13. 13
3.2 Effect on Mechanical parameters of concrete
Concrete's mechanical properties, such as its compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural
strength, play a significant role in determining the durability and effectiveness of concrete
structures. The impact of various cement types on the mechanical properties of concrete is shown
in Table 2.
Table 2: Effect of different types of cement on mechanical properties of concrete
Cement Type Compressive Strength (MPa) Tensile Strength (MPa)
OPC 35-45 3-5
PPC 30-40 2-4
PSC 30-45 2-4
3.2.1 Compressive strength
the compressive strength of concrete samples containing CC and LP is shown. All curing ages
result in an increase in compressive strength. In comparison to other concrete mixes, C10LP0 had
the highest compressive strength, but its early-day compressive strength—particularly at 7 days—
was lower than that of control and C20LP0. The lower early-age compressive strength may be
caused by the reaction (pozzolanic or secondary hydration) leading to the formation of secondary
strength, which is very slow because it relied solely on released calcium hydroxide from cement
(or primary) hydration and interaction between CH and amorphous silica from pozzolan are
themselves very slow. For every other curing age, its compressive strength soars higher than
others. Similar outcomes were noted when a specific volume of calcined clay was employed in
place of some cement. Even in the presence of calcined clay, which is known to increase
compressive strength, partial replacement of cement with LP did not improve the strength of
concrete. The non-pozzolanic properties of LP may be the cause of this detrimental impact. Higher
LOI from LP is another element that contributes to the loss of compressive strength; when LP's
supply of LOI rises, compressive strength will decrease. Previous research [26,30,31] had also
documented the detrimental effects of the LP substitution with cement on the mechanical
characteristics of concrete samples. When compared to C10LP10, C10LP10 performed better in
terms of compressive strength.

14. 14
Fig-3 Compressive strength of concrete specimens in Mpa.
3.2.2 Flexural Strength and Elastic Modulus
The 28-day and one-year flexural strengths of the concrete under investigation in Figure 4. The
flexural strength of GP concrete is seen to be greatly increased by the addition of silica fume. The
inclusion of silica fume only slightly increases the flexural strength of HS concrete. The
inclusion of silica fume has a comparable impact on concrete's flexural strength as it does on its
compressive strength.

15. 15
3.2.3 Bending and splitting tensile strength
Figure 5 displays the outcomes of testing on concrete specimens' bending strength. On Table 7,
the relative bending strength of concrete sample is provided. As can be observed, concrete created
with fibers has more bending strength than concrete produced without fibers. The possibility of a
100% increase is shown in Table 7. According to Fig. 5, bending strength declines as FA content
rises. Tensile stresses develop in the microstructure of concrete under bending loads, and fibers
may endure this tensile stress, increasing the concrete's bending strength. The FA's binding
qualities are inferior to those of cement.
Fig. 5. The change of bending strength versus fiber type.

16. 16
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, the mechanical and fresh properties of the final concrete can be considerably
impacted by the use of various types of cement in concrete mixtures. The many investigations that
have been carried out to look into how different types of cement affect the characteristics of
concrete have been highlighted in the current review study. These investigations have
demonstrated that the setting time, workability, compressive strength and tensile strength of the
final concrete can all be impacted by the type of cement used. According to the findings of these
studies, using blended cements including fly ash cement, Portland slag cement, and pozzolana
cement can greatly enhance the mechanical qualities of concrete as compared to using regular
Portland cement alone. Concrete's permeability has been found to be decreased, along with the
workability and durability of the concrete, when mixed cements are used. Additionally, it has been
discovered that adding chemical admixtures to concrete mixtures made with various types of
cement improves the concrete's qualities even more. Superplasticizers, air-entraining agents, and
water-reducing agents have all been found to boost the compressive strength and workability of
concrete, respectively. In general, the type of cement used in concrete mixtures should be chosen
depending on the particular needs of the project, taking into account elements like the desired
qualities of the concrete, the surrounding environment, and the availability of materials. For
engineers and researchers working on concrete building projects, the present review paper offers
a thorough summary of the research done on the impact of various types of cement on the
mechanical and fresh properties of concrete.

17. 17
5. Reference
Barbuta, M., Bucur, R., Serbanoiu, A. A., Scutarasu, S., & Burlacu, A. (2017). Combined effect
of fly ash and fibers on properties of cement concrete. Procedia Engineering, 181, 280–
284.
Homayoonmehr, R., Ramezanianpour, A. A., & Mirdarsoltany, M. (2021). Influence of
metakaolin on fresh properties, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of
concrete and its sustainability issues: A review. Journal of Building Engineering, 44,
103011.
Khatri, R. P., Sirivivatnanon, V., & Gross, W. (1995). Effect of different supplementary
cementitious materials on mechanical properties of high performance concrete. Cement
and Concrete Research, 25(1), 209–220.
Mazloom, M., Ramezanianpour, A. A., & Brooks, J. J. (2004). Effect of silica fume on
mechanical properties of high-strength concrete. Cement and Concrete Composites,
26(4), 347–357.
Nath, P., & Sarker, P. (2011). Effect of fly ash on the durability properties of high strength
concrete. Procedia Engineering, 14, 1149–1156.
Pyo, S., & Kim, H.-K. (2017). Fresh and hardened properties of ultra-high performance concrete
incorporating coal bottom ash and slag powder. Construction and Building Materials,
131, 459–466.
Rahmani, E., Dehestani, M., Beygi, M. H. A., Allahyari, H., & Nikbin, I. M. (2013). On the
mechanical properties of concrete containing waste PET particles. Construction and
Building Materials, 47, 1302–1308.

18. 18
Salman, A. M., Akinpelu, M. A., Yahaya, I. T., & Salami, H. M. (2023). Workability and
strengths of ternary cementitious concrete incorporating calcined clay and limestone
powder. Materials Today: Proceedings.
Topcu, I. B., & Canbaz, M. (2007). Effect of different fibers on the mechanical properties of
concrete containing fly ash. Construction and Building Materials, 21(7), 1486–1491.
Zhuang, W., Li, S., & Yu, Q. (2022). The effect of supplementary cementitious material systems
on dynamic compressive properties of ultra-high performance concrete paste.
Construction and Building Materials, 321, 126361.