Network topology defines the layout and structure of a network both physically and logically. There are different types of network topologies such as bus, ring, tree, and mesh. Topology is used in fields like mathematics, physics, and describing the structure of the universe. Network topology refers to how devices are physically or logically placed and connected in a network and how data is transferred between nodes. Common network topologies include mesh, star, bus, ring, and hybrid topologies.

1. APPLICATION OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY
IN REAL LIFE
A.SARANYA
ASST. PROF IN MATHEMATICS
SAC WOMEN’S COLLEGE,
CUMBUM.

2. ABSTRACT
Network topologies define the layout, virtual shape or structure of network, not only physically but also
logically. The way in which different systems and nodes are connected and communicate with each other is
determined by topology of the network. The geometrical arrangement of computer resources, remote devices and
communication facilities is known as Network structure or Network topology. A link is a communication path
between two nodes. The terms “circuit” and “Channel” are frequently used as synonyms for the link. There are
different types of the topologies like bus, ring, tree, mesh etc. However, we will consider five basic network
structures- topology.

3. INTRODUCTION :
 Among these are certain questions in geometry investigated by Leonhard Euler. His 1736 paper on the Seven Bridges of
Königsberg is regarded as one of the first practical applications of topology. On 14 November 1750, Euler wrote to a friend that he had
realised the importance of the edges of a polyhedron.
 Topology is the mathematical study of the properties that are preserved through deformations, twistings, and stretchings of
object. Network topology refers to the physical or logical layout of a network. It defines the way different nodes are placed and
interconnected with each other. Alternately, network topology may describe how the data is transferred between these nodes. There are
two types of network topologies: physical and logical. A circle is topologically equivalent to an ellipse (into which it can be deformed
by stretching) and a sphere is equivalent to an ellipsoid.
 Basic elements of a computer network include hardware, software, and protocols. The interrelationship of these basic
elements constitutes the infrastructure of the network. A network infrastructure is the topology in which the nodes of a local
area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN) are connected to each other.A computer network is a set of computers connected
together for the purpose of sharing resources. The most common resource shared today is connection to the Internet. Other shared
resources can include a printer or a file server. The Internet itself can be considered a computer network.

4. KEYWORDS:
 Physical Network Topology, Logical Network Topology, Minimum Spanning Tree, Graph Theory, Bus
Network Topology, Ring Network Topology, Star Network Topology, Tree Network Topology, Mesh Network
Topology, Hybrid Topology. Directed Graph, Undirected Graph, Queuing Theory, Combinatorial Trials, Tree-Bus
Topology.
TOPOLOGY STUDY USED IN REAL LIFE :
 Use a Topology study to explore design iterations of a component that satisfy a given optimization
goal and geometric constraints. ... With a Topology study, you can set a design goal to find the best stiffness to weight
ratio, minimize the mass, or reduce the maximum displacement of a component.
 Topology is used in many branches of mathematics, such as differentiable equations, dynamical systems,
knot theory, and Riemann surfaces in complex analysis. It is also used in string theory in physics, and for describing
the space-time structure of universe.

5. Following are these connection types available:
 Dial-up Connection.
 ISDN.
 DSL.
 Cable TV Internet connections.
 Satellite Internet connections.
 Wireless Internet Connections.

6. TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY

7. MESH TOPOLOGY:
In mesh topology, every device is connected to another device via particular channel.
STAR TOPOLOGY :​
In star topology, all the devices are connected to a single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all
others nodes are connected to the central node. The hub can be passive ​in nature i.e. not intelligent hub such as broadcasting
devices, at the same time the hub can be intelligent known as active ​hubs. Active hubs have repeaters in them.
BUS TOPOLOGY :
Bus topology is a network type in which every computer and network device is connected to single cable. It
transmits the data from one end to another in single direction. No bi-directional feature is in bus topology.
RING TOPOLOGY:
In this topology, it forms a ring connecting a devices with its exactly two neighbouring devices.

9. Types of Networks Explained: VPN, LAN & More
 Personal Area Network (PAN) ...
 Local Area Network (LAN) ...
 Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) ...
 Campus Area Network (CAN) ...
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) ...
 Wide Area Network (WAN) ...
 Storage-Area Network (SAN) ...
 System-Area Network (also known as SAN)

12. LAN Different from WAN:
A LAN (local area network) is a group of computers and network devices connected together, usually within
the same building. ... A WAN connects several LANs, and may be limited to an enterprise (a corporation or an organization) or
accessible to the public. The technology is high speed and relatively expensive.
A LAN might include thousands of computers or just a few, but all LANs are made up from the same basic handful of
components.
 Components of a LAN. ...
 Network Workstations. ...
 Network Interface Cards and Drivers. ...
 Shared Hardware Resources. ...
 Networking Operating System (OS) ...
 Network-Aware Programs. ...
 A Communications Medium.

13.  Network Topology refers to layout of a network. How different nodes in a network are connected to each other and how
they communicate is determined by the network's topology. Computer Network Topology brings inherent advantages and
disadvantages to any system under study. Description of some of these advantages and disadvantages for several standard
physical topologies has been provided in this paper. OR performance analysis studies do not solely focus on physical
topology, but logical topology as well.
 Graph Theory provides a useful tool in prosecuting these analysis. This paper has provided several examples of analysis
approaches for dealing with topologically related problems. Those areas covered included routing analysis, network sizing,
and network corruption. The techniques covered in this discussion can be adapted to related computer network applications.
Understanding of Computer Network Topology is fundamental to any network analysis effort, and may prevent wasted
effort in the pursuit of less productive analysis approaches.
CONCLUSION