High-tech architecture, also known as Late Modernism or Structural Expressionism, is an architectural style that emerged in the 1970s, incorporating elements of high-tech industry and technology into building design.
High-tech architecture appeared as a revamped modernism , an extension of those previous ideas helped by even more technological advances.
This category serves as a bridge between modernism and post-modernism ; there remain gray areas as to where one category ends and the other begins. In the 1980s, high-tech architecture became more difficult to distinguish from post-modern architecture. Some of its ideas were later absorbed into the style of Neo-Futurism art and architectural movement.
Less is more
OUTLINE
Intro
Biography
Pioneers of Modern architecture
Philosophy
Style
Features
Traditionalism to Modernism
Characteristic features
Furniture
Works
Chicago school
Barcelona pavilion
S.r crown hall
Post-Modern Architecture - An international architectural movement that emerged in the 1960s, became prominent in the late 1970s and 80s, and remained a dominant force in the 1990s.
Post-Modern Architecture and the architects involoved in it.Rohit Arora
Contains the comparison between modern architecture and post-modern architecture. The reasons that led to post-modern architecture. The architects who made important buildings with post-modern architecture.
High-tech architecture, also known as Late Modernism or Structural Expressionism, is an architectural style that emerged in the 1970s, incorporating elements of high-tech industry and technology into building design.
High-tech architecture appeared as a revamped modernism , an extension of those previous ideas helped by even more technological advances.
This category serves as a bridge between modernism and post-modernism ; there remain gray areas as to where one category ends and the other begins. In the 1980s, high-tech architecture became more difficult to distinguish from post-modern architecture. Some of its ideas were later absorbed into the style of Neo-Futurism art and architectural movement.
Less is more
OUTLINE
Intro
Biography
Pioneers of Modern architecture
Philosophy
Style
Features
Traditionalism to Modernism
Characteristic features
Furniture
Works
Chicago school
Barcelona pavilion
S.r crown hall
Post-Modern Architecture - An international architectural movement that emerged in the 1960s, became prominent in the late 1970s and 80s, and remained a dominant force in the 1990s.
Post-Modern Architecture and the architects involoved in it.Rohit Arora
Contains the comparison between modern architecture and post-modern architecture. The reasons that led to post-modern architecture. The architects who made important buildings with post-modern architecture.
modern, post-modern architects & their worksgarima23g
this presentation deals with the modern architecture- a few architects of modernist time and their famous works.
it also contains post-modern architecture and architects with their famous works.....!!
LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE - WORK AND PHILOSOPHY Soumya Sharma
MAJOR WORKS OF AR. VAN DER ROHE, ARCHITECTURAL STYLES - MINIMALISM,MODERNISM,INTERNATIONAL STYLEMODERNISM,CHARACTER OF WORKS,MATERIALS USED IN HIS DESIGN / CONSTRUCTION, STUDY OF MAJOR WORKS - BARCELONA PAVILION , TUGENDHAT VILLA , FARNSWORTH HOUSE.
Basic overview of the political, cultural and social influences on 20th century Architecture based on Kenneth Frampton's "Modern Architecture: A Critical History', for teaching fifth semester B.Arch students of University of Calicut.
modern, post-modern architects & their worksgarima23g
this presentation deals with the modern architecture- a few architects of modernist time and their famous works.
it also contains post-modern architecture and architects with their famous works.....!!
LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE - WORK AND PHILOSOPHY Soumya Sharma
MAJOR WORKS OF AR. VAN DER ROHE, ARCHITECTURAL STYLES - MINIMALISM,MODERNISM,INTERNATIONAL STYLEMODERNISM,CHARACTER OF WORKS,MATERIALS USED IN HIS DESIGN / CONSTRUCTION, STUDY OF MAJOR WORKS - BARCELONA PAVILION , TUGENDHAT VILLA , FARNSWORTH HOUSE.
Basic overview of the political, cultural and social influences on 20th century Architecture based on Kenneth Frampton's "Modern Architecture: A Critical History', for teaching fifth semester B.Arch students of University of Calicut.
If you were told millions of people across the world are hungry not because we don’t produce enough food, but because we waste food, you’ll probably laugh it off. But then, this is a fact, an inconvenient truth to be precise, that we have long turned blind eye to. In fact, when it comes to food wastage, India is one of the major culprits.
All along, from Bauhaus to Farnsworth to the Seagram's building, Mies & Eames were consistently developing and defining a designer's modernist vocabulary that worked it's way into the 2 and 3 dimensional language of the 2nd half of the century.
How to Speak Art & Tech:
Social Media and the Global Guggenheim
Social media is a lot like language. Users communicate with each other while living in a digital dimension of the world with trends that shift and evolve over time. If you’re not a part of that world, it might as well be a foreign language. How can social media be used to speak to a global audience—about art—a foreign language in and of itself, and how do you tell stories from within your own institution in a meaningful, accessible, and authentic voice? Conversely, how do you translate digital speak to key stakeholders who aren’t fluent in technology?
Using the Guggenheim as a case study, this talk will guide participants on how to speak art and tech—from creating a digital content strategy around visual literacy and best practices for integration within a digital ecosystem, to leveraging success internally to inspire participation and champion support. The presentation will also include highlights and case studies from recent Guggenheim social media initiatives that engage both local and global audiences.
JiaJia Fei is the Associate Director, Digital Marketing at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York, where she has catalyzed the museum’s embrace of digital media through integrated social media, e-mail, web, mobile, and new media marketing initiatives since 2010. JiaJia received her BA in History of Art from Bryn Mawr College, and has lectured widely on social media and digital marketing at museum conferences and universities worldwide, including Museums & the Web, College Art Association, Sotheby’s Art Institute, New York University, University of Oregon, Fundación Proa, and MIT Media Lab.
Forge - DevCon 2016: The Future of Making Buildings Forms Follow FormulaeAutodesk
Anthony A. Hauck, Director of Product Strategy, Autodesk
Computation can apply to far more than recording and communicating decisions about buildings through drawings. More than 50 years ago, advanced architecture and engineering firms foresaw the potential for technology to become an exploratory partner in the design and building process. Now this potential is being realized through the intersection of captured project intent, shared expertise, known physical and regulatory constraints, and scalable cloud computing. Autodesk is investing in this future, creating a platform to capture and express building expertise in the context of project requirements to rapidly arrive at possible solutions. This session will summarize three years of research and development in generative form and highlight current customer collaborations and coming development opportunities for the Autodesk partner network.
DESIGNLOBBY.CN & .ASIA is a trademark and business unit of DESINEMBASSADOR.COM UG based in Berlin, Germany and owned by Vassilios P Bartzokas, who is the CEO and Founder.
DESIGNLOBBY.CN & .ASIA is a creative cluster and agency representing the best of Greek and European Design in Asia from the fields of Branding & Communication, Product Design, Architecture, Motion Design, Graphics, Illustration, Packaging, Events Design, Food design, Advertising and Music Videos productions, Design and Art Curators, Contemporary Art, Interior Desigh, Visual Arts, Lighting Design & Architecture Photography, Trend Forecasting, Web & Mobile Applications & Design.
Our members have worked for some of the world’s best brands. We love good and sustainable design and we do not follow trends, we create them. Some of our clients from diverse industries are : GOOGLE, MICROSOFT, DANONE, VOLVO OCEAN RACE, METAXA, DIMPLE Whiskey, ABSOLUT Vodka, COCA COLA, SIMPLY BURGERS, AMSTEL, OLYMPIC AIRWAYS, THE NEW ACROPOLIS MUSEUM, VOLVO, TASCHEN, KORRES, BRITISH AMERICAN TOBACCO, NIKE, FINAL FOUR BASKETBALL, BUGATTI CARS, ALFA ROMEO, AMERICAN EXPRESS, BENTLEY MOTORS, GOOD YEAR, GALLERIES LAFAYETTE, SWATCH, TUI, ATHENS OLYMPIC GAMES, CARNIVAL CRUISE LINES, CUNARD LINES, NOVARTIS HELLAS, SPECIAL OLYMPICS, KRAFT FOODS, HSBC BANK, FOX MEDIA SERVICES, GREEK GOVERNMENT MINISTRIES OF CULTURE, PUBLIC WORKS, etc…
We know how to deliver the best possible results, fast, efficiently and in a reasonable budget. We can create added value for any professional or end user and help you materialize your vision.
Ebook History of morden architecture giới thiệu về những kiến trúc sư hàng đầu hình thành trào lưu kiến trúc hiện đại. Ebook còn đưa ra những ví dụ, là những công trình thể hiện rõ sự chuyển biến trong những nguyên tắc thiết kế trước đây của những trào lưu cũ.
It is a development in POST-MODERNISM that started in late 1980s.
It views architecture in bits and pieces.
It has no visual logic.
Buildings may appear to be made of abstract forms.
The idea was to develop buildings which show how differently from traditional architectural conventions buildings can be built without loosing their utility and still complying with the fundamental laws of physics.
The ideas were borrowed from the French philosopher, Jacques Derrida.
Architects involved –
Zaha Hadid
Bernhard Tschumi
Rem Koolhaas
The term ‘Critical Regionalism’ was first coined by Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre and later more famously and pretentiously by Kenneth Frampton in “Towards a Critical Regionalism : Six points of an architecture of resistance”
According to Frampton, critical regionalism should adopt modern architecture critically for its universal progressive qualities but at the same time should value responses particular to the context. Emphasis should be on topography, climate, light, tectonic form rather than scenography and the tactile sense rather than the visual.
According to Tzonis and Lefaivre, critical regionalism need not directly draw from the context, rather elements can be stripped of their context and used in strange rather than familiar ways.
Critical regionalism is different from Regionalism which tries to achieve a one-to-one correspondence with vernacular architecture in a conscious way without consciously partaking in the universal.
It is considered a particular form of post-modern response in developing countries, not to be confused with postmodernism as architectural style.
Refer to:
(1) The Design of Building Structures (Vol.1, Vol. 2), rev. ed., PDF eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2016, published originally by Prentice Hall, 1996, (2) Building Support Structures, Analysis and Design with SAP2000 Software, 2nd ed., eBook by Wolfgang Schueller, 2015.
1. TIMELINE OF MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE + DESIGNS BY LEON KRÜGER ARCHITECTS The buildings designed by Leon Krüger Architects (“LKA”) contextualised within the development of Modernist Architecture from the 1940s to 2003
2. 1940s to 1970s International Style LKA - Sunninghill Hospital, Johannesburg, 1991 LKA – Republic Observatory, Sutherland, 1978 (Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry.
3. 1940s to 1970s International style 1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture LKA - Sunninghill Hospital, Johannesburg, 1991 LKA – Republic Observatory, Sutherland, 1978 (Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry. (Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building. LKA - CSIR Convention Centre, Pretoria, 1975
4. 1940s to 1970s International style 1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture 1970 onwards High-tech Architecture LKA - Sunninghill Hospital, Johannesburg, 1991 LKA – Republic Observatory, Sutherland, 1978 (Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry. (Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building. LKA - CSIR Convention Centre, Pretoria, 1975 (Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it. LKA – Grosvenor Corner, Johannesburg, 1996
5. 1940s to 1970s International style 1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture 1970 onwards High-tech Architecture 1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture LKA - Sunninghill Hospital, Johannesburg, 1991 LKA – Republic Observatory, Sutherland, 1978 (Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry. (Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building. LKA - CSIR Convention Centre, Pretoria, 1975 (Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it. LKA – Grosvenor Corner, Johannesburg, 1996 (Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. LKA - GNLD Distr. Centre, Longmeadow, Johannesburg, 2006
6. 1940s to 1970s International style 1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture 1970 onwards High-tech Architecture 1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture 1940s to 1960s Googie Architecture LKA - Sunninghill Hospital, Johannesburg, 1991 LKA – Republic Observatory, Sutherland, 1978 (Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry. (Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building. LKA - CSIR Convention Centre, Pretoria, 1975 (Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it. LKA – Grosvenor Corner, Johannesburg, 1996 (Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. LKA - GNLD Distr. Centre, Longmeadow, Johannesburg, 2006 (Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon. LKA- Nestlé Distr. Centre, New Germany, KwaZulu-Natal, 1994
7. 1940s to 1970s International style 1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture 1970 onwards High-tech Architecture 1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture 1940s to 1960s Googie Architecture 1980s – Critical Regionalism LKA - Sunninghill Hospital, Johannesburg, 1991 LKA – Republic Observatory, Sutherland, 1978 (Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry. (Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building. LKA - CSIR Convention Centre, Pretoria, 1975 (Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it. LKA – Grosvenor Corner, Johannesburg, 1996 (Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. LKA - GNLD Distr. Centre, Longmeadow, Johannesburg, 2006 (Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon. LKA- Nestlé Distr. Centre, New Germany, KwaZulu-Natal, 1994 LKA – TongaRural Hospital, Mpumalanga 1997 (Right) SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE - Uses contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning – emphasising topography, climate, light, tectonic form and the tactile sense.
8. 1940s to 1970s International style 1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture 1970 onwards High-tech Architecture 1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture 1940s to 1960s Googie Architecture 1980s – Critical Regionalism Late 1980s Deconstructivism LKA - Sunninghill Hospital, Johannesburg, 1991 LKA – Republic Observatory, Sutherland, 1978 (Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry. (Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building. LKA - CSIR Convention Centre, Pretoria, 1975 (Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it. LKA – Grosvenor Corner, Johannesburg, 1996 (Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. LKA - GNLD Distr. Centre, Longmeadow, Johannesburg, 2006 (Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon. LKA- Nestlé Distr. Centre, New Germany, KwaZulu-Natal, 1994 LKA – TongaRural Hospital, Mpumalanga 1997 (Right) SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE - Uses contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning – emphasising topography, climate, light, tectonic form and the tactile sense. LKA – Federated Forum Building, Pretoria, 1983 (Right) IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM, MANCHESTER, UK - Fragmentation, non-linear processes of design, distortion and dislocation of structure and envelope - move away from 'rules' of modernism such as "form follows function” & "purity of form“.
9. 1940s to 1970s International style 1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture 1970 onwards High-tech Architecture 1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture 1940s to 1960s Googie Architecture 1980s – Critical Regionalism Late 1980s Deconstructivism 2000 onwardsSustainable Architecture LKA - Sunninghill Hospital, Johannesburg, 1991 LKA – Republic Observatory, Sutherland, 1978 (Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry. (Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building. LKA - CSIR Convention Centre, Pretoria, 1975 (Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it. LKA – Grosvenor Corner, Johannesburg, 1996 (Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. LKA - GNLD Distr. Centre, Longmeadow, Johannesburg, 2006 (Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon. LKA- Nestlé Distr. Centre, New Germany, KwaZulu-Natal, 1994 LKA – TongaRural Hospital, Mpumalanga 1997 (Right) SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE - Uses contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning – emphasising topography, climate, light, tectonic form and the tactile sense. LKA – Federated Forum Building, Pretoria, 1983 (Right) IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM, MANCHESTER, UK - Fragmentation, non-linear processes of design, distortion and dislocation of structure and envelope - move away from 'rules' of modernism such as "form follows function” & "purity of form“. (Right) K2 APARTMENTS, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA - Environmentally-conscious design techniques – Focus on energy efficiency. LKA - HitachiOffices, Boksburg, 2008
10. 1940s to 1970s International style 1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture 1970 onwards High-tech Architecture 1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture 1940s to 1960s Googie Architecture 1980s – Critical Regionalism Late 1980s Deconstructivism 2000 onwardsSustainable Architecture 2003 onwards Blobitecture LKA - Sunninghill Hospital, Johannesburg, 1991 LKA – Republic Observatory, Sutherland, 1978 (Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry. (Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building. LKA - CSIR Convention Centre, Pretoria, 1975 (Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it. LKA – Grosvenor Corner, Johannesburg, 1996 (Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. LKA - GNLD Distr. Centre, Longmeadow, Johannesburg, 2006 (Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon. LKA- Nestlé Distr. Centre, New Germany, KwaZulu-Natal, 1994 LKA – TongaRural Hospital, Mpumalanga 1997 (Right) SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE - Uses contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning – emphasising topography, climate, light, tectonic form and the tactile sense. LKA – Federated Forum Building, Pretoria, 1983 (Right) IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM, MANCHESTER, UK - Fragmentation, non-linear processes of design, distortion and dislocation of structure and envelope - move away from 'rules' of modernism such as "form follows function” & "purity of form“. (Right) K2 APARTMENTS, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA - Environmentally-conscious design techniques – Focus on energy efficiency. LKA - HitachiOffices, Boksburg, 2008 (Right) LONDON CITY HALL Buildings with organic, amoeba- shaped, bulging forms. LKA - SandhurstOffices, Johannesburg, 2006
11. 1940s to 1970s International style 1950s onwards Brutalist Architecture 1970 onwards High-tech Architecture 1950 onwards Postmodern Architecture 1940s to 1960s Googie Architecture 1980s – Critical Regionalism Late 1980s Deconstructivism 2000 onwardsSustainable Architecture 2003 onwards Blobitecture LKA - Sunninghill Hospital, Johannesburg, 1991 LKA – Republic Observatory, Sutherland, 1978 (Left) SEAGRAM BUILDING - The International style epitomises the modernist architectural movement of the 20th century - Form follows Function - simplified form and elimination of ornamentation - stark, uncompromisingly rectangular geometry. (Left) J EDGAR HOOVER BUILDING, WASHINGTON - From the French “béton brut” (raw concrete) - Use of concrete, striking repetitive angular geometries and the exposure of the building's functions in the exterior of the building. LKA - CSIR Convention Centre, Pretoria, 1975 (Left) HSBC HONG KONG - A bridge between modernism and post-modernism - incorporates elements of high-tech industry & technology - visual emphasis internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure - clear glass façade, visible network of support beams exposed behind it. LKA – Grosvenor Corner, Johannesburg, 1996 (Left) PORTLAND USA PUBLIC SERVICES BUILDING – Post-modernist Architecture continues to influence present-day architecture - return of "wit, ornament and reference" to architecture in response to the formalism of the International Style of modernism. LKA - GNLD Distr. Centre, Longmeadow, Johannesburg, 2006 (Left) MCDONNELL PLANETARIUM - A subdivision of expressionist, or futurist architecture - upswept roofs and, often, curvaceous, geometric shapes, and bold use of glass, steel and neon. LKA- Nestlé Distr. Centre, New Germany, KwaZulu-Natal, 1994 LKA – TongaRural Hospital, Mpumalanga 1997 (Right) SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE - Uses contextual forces to give a sense of place and meaning – emphasising topography, climate, light, tectonic form and the tactile sense. LKA – Federated Forum Building, Pretoria, 1983 (Right) IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM, MANCHESTER, UK - Fragmentation, non-linear processes of design, distortion and dislocation of structure and envelope - move away from 'rules' of modernism such as "form follows function” & "purity of form“. (Right) K2 APARTMENTS, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA - Environmentally-conscious design techniques – Focus on energy efficiency. LKA - HitachiOffices, Boksburg, 2008 (Right) LONDON CITY HALL Buildings with organic, amoeba- shaped, bulging forms. LKA - SandhurstOffices, Johannesburg, 2006