This document discusses analyzing and treating flowback water for reservoir characterization and production optimization. It outlines how flowback data and samples can be used to learn about water-rock interactions and their effects on wettability and permeability. Various treatment methods are examined, including electro-oxidation to alter wettability from oil-wet to water-wet. Laboratory coreflood experiments show treated brine can increase oil recovery compared to untreated brine. The goal is to optimize fracturing processes to improve long-term well productivity through enhanced oil recovery while fracturing.
Analysis of Anions and Cations in Produced Water from Hydraulic Fracturing Using Ion Chromatography
This presentation describes the use of ion chromatography (IC) to determine anions and cations in produced water from three different hydraulic fracturing sites. Considerable variation in ion concentration was found, which was attributed to differences in the geology of the locations from which samples were obtained.
37.8 MGD Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Field and Model Capacity...njcnews777
This paper presents results from the model capacity evaluation of an activated sludge plant at a large 37.8 MGD regional municipal wastewater treatment plant with reuse potential. The plant capacity evaluation (stress test) was performed to evaluate treatment process capacity and efficiencies as a part of the continuous improvement of the treatment plant for process optimization and maximization of flow through the plant.
Analysis of Anions and Cations in Produced Water from Hydraulic Fracturing Using Ion Chromatography
This presentation describes the use of ion chromatography (IC) to determine anions and cations in produced water from three different hydraulic fracturing sites. Considerable variation in ion concentration was found, which was attributed to differences in the geology of the locations from which samples were obtained.
37.8 MGD Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant Field and Model Capacity...njcnews777
This paper presents results from the model capacity evaluation of an activated sludge plant at a large 37.8 MGD regional municipal wastewater treatment plant with reuse potential. The plant capacity evaluation (stress test) was performed to evaluate treatment process capacity and efficiencies as a part of the continuous improvement of the treatment plant for process optimization and maximization of flow through the plant.
Propeller cavitation is a major problem in ship operation and the costs of repair and maintenance is high for ship-owners. Proper design of propeller plays a very important role in life cycle and the performance of a vessel. The use of simulation to observe various parameters that affect cavitations can be helpful to optimize propeller performance. This project designs and simulates cavitations flow of a Kaplan series, Fixed Pitch Propeller (FPP) of a 48-metres Multipurpose Deck Ship at 11 knots. Simulation test was carried out for laminar and turbulent flow using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach to observe cavitations occurrence at selected radius. The parameters considered are pitch angle, angle of attack, viscosity of sea water, operating vapour pressure in the sea water, engine power, lift and drag vectors of each of the blade sections, and resultant velocity of the fluid flow. Comparison of performance is made and it compares well with the theory. Thrust coefficient (KT), torque coefficient (KQ), thrust (T), advance coefficient (J), and cavitations number (σ), were calculated to deduce efficiency and validate the model. The study can be used to build a prototype physical model that could be beneficial for future additional experimentation investigation.
Key words: Simulation, cavitation, performance, propeller, CFD
Why Frac & How it works!
Rock Mechanics
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Fracturing
Fracturing models
Design criteria for frac treatments
Frac Equipment
Frac chemicals and proppants
QC for Frac job
Hydraulic fracturing technologies and practices
Parameter Estimation of Pollutant Removal for Subsurface Horizontal Flow Cons...mkbsbs
Treatment efficiencies of a pilot scale constructed wetland treating greywater
from a staff canteen of the University of Moratuwa was studied to estimate the
temperature dependent reaction rate constants of specific pollutant removal
mechanisms.
Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning watersacciona
Marina Arnaldos, responsable de desalación de desalación y nuevas tecnologías de ACCIONA Agua, presentó la ponencia “Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning waters for irrigation purposes” en la conferencia anual que la asociación europea de desalación ha celebrado en Roma entre los días 22-26 de mayo de 2016.
Industry studies show that mature fields currently account for over 70% of the world’s oil and gas production. Increasing production rates and ultimate recovery in these fields in order to maintain profitable operations, without increasing costs, is a common challenge.
This lecture addresses techniques to extract maximum value from historical production data using quick workflows based on common sense. Extensive in-depth reservoir studies are obviously very valuable, but not all situations require these, particularly in the case of brown fields where the cost of the study may outweigh the benefits of the resulting recommendations.
This lecture presents workflows based on Continuous Improvement/LEAN methodology which are flexible enough to apply to any mature asset for short and long term planning. A well published, low permeability brown oil field was selected to retroactively demonstrate the workflows, as it had an evident workover campaign in late 2010 with subsequent production increase. Using data as of mid-2010, approximately 40 wells were identified as under-performing due to formation damage or water production problems, based on three days of analyses. The actual performance of the field three years later was then revealed along with the actual interventions performed. The selection of wells is compared to the selection suggested by the workflow, and the results of the interventions are shown. The field's projected recovery factor was increased by 5%, representing a gain of 1.4 million barrels of oil.
PLN 360/560 Environmental Impact Assessment Homework No. 4 1. An applicant has applied
to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) for a Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 404
Permit to construct a marina at the mouth of Chaotic Creek on Bagel Bay on Lake Promise, a
Water of the United States and Class \"B\" surface water in New York State. This site is located
in the upper reach of a large commercial harbor used for deep-draft navigation. The project
entails (1) construction of a breakwall; (2) dredging (and future maintenance dredging) of
navigation entrance and creek channels; (3) installation of 50 docks with boat slips; and (4)
construction of a boat launching ramp. During construction, it is estimated that a total of 60,000
cubic yards of material will be dredged and need to be managed, and about 2,500 cubic yards of
fill will need to be placed in Lake Promise. Management alternatives for the dredged material
include placement at an upland permitted municipal landfill, or discharge at a designated open-
water site in the harbor. The site is an abandoned \"hole\" and since discharge of the dredged
sediment is conceived to have benefits through reducing DDE bioaccumulation through capping
and restoration of shallow water aquatic habitat, it is referred to as a habitat restoration site
(HRS). The applicant had a consultant sample the sediments to be dredged for the marina as well
as a lake reference area and HRS, and had the samples analyzed by a laboratory. The following
is a summary of the test results that are to be submitted with the application: Contaminant
Concentration in sediment sample of Concentration in Concentration in reference bulk HRS bulk
marina sediment to be sediment sample sediment sample dredged Bulk Standard sediment
elutriate (mg/kg)(mg/L) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) 13 0.02 Barium Cyanide Iron Mercury Dieldrin p.p\'-
DDE Chlorobenzene 16 65 0.70 13,000 120 14 53 0.40 12,500 130 0.60 11,000 100 0.02 3x10-7
8x10 1.3x10 0.32 0.008 0.0034 0.12 1.3 38,000 Total organic 21,000 10,300 carbon (TOC) a.
What type of CWA regulatory approvals (i.e., permits, etc.) would be required for this project?
(2 pts.)
Solution
Approvals required for this project -
Storm Water permit - Clean Water Act (CWA) permit coverage for discharge of storm water
runoff from the construction site which are issued throught the US Environmental protection
agency\'s NPDES (national pollutant discharge elimination system) or the state NPDES authority
Permit under section 404 of the CWA issued by US Army Crops for Engineers
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) permit for generators of hazardous wastes
(The RCRA regulations list quantities of hazardous wastes that determine whether a generator is
large or small.), Storage of hazardous wastes (The RCRA regulations specify the time hazardous
wastes can be stored at a site. If the storage time is exceeded, a RCRA permit is required) and
Transport, treatment, and disposal of hazardous wastes (a transporter should be a .
This work has sought to answer how global environmental change affects the concentration of nutrients in Mediterranean rivers. By means of a modeling effort using data collected by water agencies, this work has contributed to the knowledge of the relevant factors that drive nutrient dynamics in Mediterranean rivers, and how these change in time and space. Furthermore, it has clearly shown the potential modeling and time-series analysis offer to river scientists and managers.
Propeller cavitation is a major problem in ship operation and the costs of repair and maintenance is high for ship-owners. Proper design of propeller plays a very important role in life cycle and the performance of a vessel. The use of simulation to observe various parameters that affect cavitations can be helpful to optimize propeller performance. This project designs and simulates cavitations flow of a Kaplan series, Fixed Pitch Propeller (FPP) of a 48-metres Multipurpose Deck Ship at 11 knots. Simulation test was carried out for laminar and turbulent flow using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) approach to observe cavitations occurrence at selected radius. The parameters considered are pitch angle, angle of attack, viscosity of sea water, operating vapour pressure in the sea water, engine power, lift and drag vectors of each of the blade sections, and resultant velocity of the fluid flow. Comparison of performance is made and it compares well with the theory. Thrust coefficient (KT), torque coefficient (KQ), thrust (T), advance coefficient (J), and cavitations number (σ), were calculated to deduce efficiency and validate the model. The study can be used to build a prototype physical model that could be beneficial for future additional experimentation investigation.
Key words: Simulation, cavitation, performance, propeller, CFD
Why Frac & How it works!
Rock Mechanics
Fundamentals of Hydraulic Fracturing
Fracturing models
Design criteria for frac treatments
Frac Equipment
Frac chemicals and proppants
QC for Frac job
Hydraulic fracturing technologies and practices
Parameter Estimation of Pollutant Removal for Subsurface Horizontal Flow Cons...mkbsbs
Treatment efficiencies of a pilot scale constructed wetland treating greywater
from a staff canteen of the University of Moratuwa was studied to estimate the
temperature dependent reaction rate constants of specific pollutant removal
mechanisms.
Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning watersacciona
Marina Arnaldos, responsable de desalación de desalación y nuevas tecnologías de ACCIONA Agua, presentó la ponencia “Advanced oxidation processes to recover reverse osmosis cleaning waters for irrigation purposes” en la conferencia anual que la asociación europea de desalación ha celebrado en Roma entre los días 22-26 de mayo de 2016.
Industry studies show that mature fields currently account for over 70% of the world’s oil and gas production. Increasing production rates and ultimate recovery in these fields in order to maintain profitable operations, without increasing costs, is a common challenge.
This lecture addresses techniques to extract maximum value from historical production data using quick workflows based on common sense. Extensive in-depth reservoir studies are obviously very valuable, but not all situations require these, particularly in the case of brown fields where the cost of the study may outweigh the benefits of the resulting recommendations.
This lecture presents workflows based on Continuous Improvement/LEAN methodology which are flexible enough to apply to any mature asset for short and long term planning. A well published, low permeability brown oil field was selected to retroactively demonstrate the workflows, as it had an evident workover campaign in late 2010 with subsequent production increase. Using data as of mid-2010, approximately 40 wells were identified as under-performing due to formation damage or water production problems, based on three days of analyses. The actual performance of the field three years later was then revealed along with the actual interventions performed. The selection of wells is compared to the selection suggested by the workflow, and the results of the interventions are shown. The field's projected recovery factor was increased by 5%, representing a gain of 1.4 million barrels of oil.
PLN 360/560 Environmental Impact Assessment Homework No. 4 1. An applicant has applied
to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) for a Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 404
Permit to construct a marina at the mouth of Chaotic Creek on Bagel Bay on Lake Promise, a
Water of the United States and Class \"B\" surface water in New York State. This site is located
in the upper reach of a large commercial harbor used for deep-draft navigation. The project
entails (1) construction of a breakwall; (2) dredging (and future maintenance dredging) of
navigation entrance and creek channels; (3) installation of 50 docks with boat slips; and (4)
construction of a boat launching ramp. During construction, it is estimated that a total of 60,000
cubic yards of material will be dredged and need to be managed, and about 2,500 cubic yards of
fill will need to be placed in Lake Promise. Management alternatives for the dredged material
include placement at an upland permitted municipal landfill, or discharge at a designated open-
water site in the harbor. The site is an abandoned \"hole\" and since discharge of the dredged
sediment is conceived to have benefits through reducing DDE bioaccumulation through capping
and restoration of shallow water aquatic habitat, it is referred to as a habitat restoration site
(HRS). The applicant had a consultant sample the sediments to be dredged for the marina as well
as a lake reference area and HRS, and had the samples analyzed by a laboratory. The following
is a summary of the test results that are to be submitted with the application: Contaminant
Concentration in sediment sample of Concentration in Concentration in reference bulk HRS bulk
marina sediment to be sediment sample sediment sample dredged Bulk Standard sediment
elutriate (mg/kg)(mg/L) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) 13 0.02 Barium Cyanide Iron Mercury Dieldrin p.p\'-
DDE Chlorobenzene 16 65 0.70 13,000 120 14 53 0.40 12,500 130 0.60 11,000 100 0.02 3x10-7
8x10 1.3x10 0.32 0.008 0.0034 0.12 1.3 38,000 Total organic 21,000 10,300 carbon (TOC) a.
What type of CWA regulatory approvals (i.e., permits, etc.) would be required for this project?
(2 pts.)
Solution
Approvals required for this project -
Storm Water permit - Clean Water Act (CWA) permit coverage for discharge of storm water
runoff from the construction site which are issued throught the US Environmental protection
agency\'s NPDES (national pollutant discharge elimination system) or the state NPDES authority
Permit under section 404 of the CWA issued by US Army Crops for Engineers
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) permit for generators of hazardous wastes
(The RCRA regulations list quantities of hazardous wastes that determine whether a generator is
large or small.), Storage of hazardous wastes (The RCRA regulations specify the time hazardous
wastes can be stored at a site. If the storage time is exceeded, a RCRA permit is required) and
Transport, treatment, and disposal of hazardous wastes (a transporter should be a .
This work has sought to answer how global environmental change affects the concentration of nutrients in Mediterranean rivers. By means of a modeling effort using data collected by water agencies, this work has contributed to the knowledge of the relevant factors that drive nutrient dynamics in Mediterranean rivers, and how these change in time and space. Furthermore, it has clearly shown the potential modeling and time-series analysis offer to river scientists and managers.
Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
of marketing resources. Formulating such competitive strategies fundamentally
involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
price and product quality), as well as assessing competitive and market conditions
(i.e., industry structure in the language of economics).
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
The world of search engine optimization (SEO) is buzzing with discussions after Google confirmed that around 2,500 leaked internal documents related to its Search feature are indeed authentic. The revelation has sparked significant concerns within the SEO community. The leaked documents were initially reported by SEO experts Rand Fishkin and Mike King, igniting widespread analysis and discourse. For More Info:- https://news.arihantwebtech.com/search-disrupted-googles-leaked-documents-rock-the-seo-world/
TIME SAVING ELECTRO-OXIDATION TECHNOLOGY FOR TREATING PRODUCED WATER
1. Analysis and Treatment of Flowback Water
for Reservoir Characterization and Production Optimization
May, 2022
Hassan Dehghanpour
University of Alberta
2. 2
Outline
1. What can we do with flowback data and samples?
2. What can we learn from water flowback analysis?
3. What happens when fracturing water interacts with reservoir rock and fluid?
4. Can in-situ water-rock interactions be controlled?
5. How does the treatment process affect rock wettability?
6. Can the treatment process be optimized for “Enhanced Oil Recovery While
Fracturing”?
3. 3
How can flowback data and samples be analyzed?
Flowback Volumetric Analysis
Flowback Chemical Analysis
4. 4
Flowback Data Recognition and Digitization
Keywords’ Frequency in PDF and PAS Reports
• Collect Pressure-Test reports of 40,000 MFHWs
completed in WCSB (from geoSCOUT).
• Digitize PDF reports using optical character
recognition (OCR).
• Extract text (keywords) from PAS and PDF files.
• Estimate keywords’ frequency (𝑥𝑖)
• Apply feedforward ANN to classify (flag)
flowback data/reports.
• Develop an automation algorithm to extract
flowback pressure, rate and choke-size from
identified flowback reports.
• Process the extracted data for quality control
and store into MySQL database
𝒙𝟏
𝒙𝟐
𝒙𝒏
𝒀𝒆𝒔
𝑵𝒐
∑ | 𝒇
𝒃𝟐𝑨
𝒃𝟐𝑩
⋮
𝑤1
𝑤2
𝑤3
5. 5
Well Productivity and Completion Intensity
*Barrel of oil equivalent (BOE) = 6,000 ft3
Moderate (20%) increase in BOE
production in the last 10 years.
6. 6
Is Fracturing Water Efficiently Used?
Since 2015, the
more water volume
injected the less
water recovery!
Is the current completion-design approach efficient enough?
Completion Intensity
High = large volume of water
injection per stage , more stages
and high proppant concentration.
7. 7
The Efficiency of Fracturing-water Recovery
• 56 billion gallons of water was used for
the hydraulic fracturing operations in
WCSB in the last 10 years.
• Only 26 billion gallons recovered (46%)
• What are the key reasons for the
variation in water-recovery efficiency?
Water-recovery distribution map generated by:
1. Collecting flowback and production data of 40,000
MFHWs completed in WCSB and collected from
geoSCOUT database
2. Applying ordinary kriging for spatial interpolation and
contouring
8. Predicting Ultimate Water Recovery from Flowback
8
Flowback Post Flowback
Harmonic Decline Model
Ultimate Water
Recovery Volume
(a) (b)
Flowback Post Flowback
Harmonic Decline Model
Ultimate Water
Recovery Volume
(a) (b)
Harmonic Decline model can predict ultimate
water recovery volume
Early-time flowback water rate obeys
Harmonic Decline trend
9. 9
A Horn River Case Study
Ghanbari et al., 2013. (SPE-157165)
10. 10
Distinct Trends in Salinity Profiles of
Flowback Water versus Time
Ghanbari et al., 2013. (SPE-157165)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Salinity
(ppm)
Cumulative Water Production (m3)
MU-R1 OP-R1 EV-R1
Continuous
increase
Plateau
at late times
11. 11
Barium Vein on Surface of a Natural Fracture
Left: Picture of a barium vein found on the surface of a natural fracture in a
sample from the Ev formation.
Right: The corresponding barium map from EDS analysis of the barium vein.
Ba
Barium Vein
5mm
Zolfaghari et al., (2016). Laboratory and field analysis of flowback water from gas shales
12. 12
Barium Vein on Surface of a Natural Fracture
Barium Source
Natural Fractures
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 300 600 900 1200
Concentration
(ppm)
Time (hr)
Ba2+ (Ev)
Larger Slope
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 300 600 900 1200
Concentration
(ppm)
Time (hr)
Ba2+ (Mu)
Smaller Slope
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 300 600 900 1200
Concentration
(ppm)
Time (hr)
Ba2+ (OP)
Smaller Slope
Connectivity between
natural & induced fractures
Barium concentration profile
More complex
More simple
More simple
Zolfaghari et al. (2016), Fracture characterization using flowback salt-concentration transient (SPE-168598-PA)
13. 13
A Horn River Well Pad: Low Fracturing Water Recovery
0
100
200
300
400
500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 100 200 300 400
Water
Rate
(m
3
/d)
Time (hrs)
Xu et al. (2015)
Lan et al. (2014)
Gas
Water
Gas
Rate
(Mm
3
/d)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 500 1000
Load
Recovery,
%
Time (hrs)
well B well E
well G well K
well N well Q
14. 14
Where Did All the Frac Water Go?
Is it left in fractures?
Did it imbibe into the shale matrix?
……and what are the implications to long term production?
Gas Bubbles
16. A Horn River Case Study
Imbibition Experiments
SPE-171620-PA
Oil Brine
Drilling Twin Plugs
Spontaneous Imbibition
Imbibition Profiles
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Imbibed
Volume
(%PV)
Time (hrs)
Oil
Brine
17. 17
Measuring Water Imbibition and Salt Diffusion
EC & ICP-MS
DI Water Brine Fracturing water with
additives or treated produced
water
Balance
Computer
SPE-185078-MS
18. 18
The Role of Clays
SPE-167165-MS
Clay content
Role of Clays
Shale samples are disintegrated
after water imbibition!
Clay content
Before
Imbibition
After
Imbibition
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 10 20 30
Imbibed
volume/Surface
area
(cc/cm
2
)
Time (Hours)
Fort Simpson
Muskwa
Otter Park
18
19. 19
The Role of Salinity
Xu and Dehghanpour, 2014. (Energy & Fuels)
20. What happens during shut in period of an oil well?
20
Releasing oil from matrix
by counter-current imbibition?
Formation damage by phase trapping?
Scale formation and precipitation?
21. 21
Simulation of Shut-in Period in Laboratory
Hassan et al., JPSE 2017.
http://www.naturphilosophie.co.uk
1 inch
3
inch
Oil Recovery
Oil
RF
(%OOIP)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 30 60 90 120
Time (days)
22. 22
The Role of Wettability
Oil
RF
(%OOIP)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 30 60 90 120
Time (days)
1 cm
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 500 1000 1500
Oil
RF
(%OOIP)
Time (days)
20 40 60
Water-wet
Oil-wet
50%
5%
1 cm
SPE-175157-PA
SPE-185065-PA
Small oil droplets
81.9nm
1000 nm
Organic
Pores
23. 23
What is the role of water chemistry
on wettability and oil recovery?
26. 26
Wettability alteration by nanoparticle additives: Oil-Wet to Water-Wet
Nanoparticle concentration increasing from 0 (base cases) to 2wt%
Wettability Alteration by Nanoparticle Additives
Fresh Water
Brine
30. 30
Comparative Contact-Angle Results
Rock is less oil-wet in treated formation brine
In untreated
Brine
In treated
brine
CA = 71.8𝑜
CA = 83.0𝑜
Rock
Oil droplet
EO Process
71.8o±4.6o
75.0o±5.1o
84.9o±2.8o
89.6o±3.9o
0
20
40
60
80
100
90,000 ppm FB 40,000 ppm FB
CA
measurements
(Degree)
Untreated brines/solutions Treated brines/solutions
The Effects of Electro-oxidation Process on Tight-Rock Wettability and Imbibition Oil Recovery,
Energy & Fuels, Yanze Zhang, (in Press).
34. 34
Mineral Dissolution and Re-precipitation
Reddish-brown precipitates
• Dissolution of minerals (e.g., pyrite, chlorite, etc.)
• Releasing high-valence cations (e.g., Mg2+, Si2+, Ca2+, Al3+, or Fe3+)
• Re-precipitating at surface (e.g., Fe(OH)3)
Pictures of Core Plugs in Treated Brine
35. 35
A Performance Indicator: Formation Permeability Change
What are the effects of treated
water as fracturing fluid on
pressure profile during leak-off
and flowback?
36. 36
Evaluating the Possibility of Formation Damage
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 50 100 150 200 250
Pressure
(psi)
Time (hrs)
Injecting fracturing
fluid into the oil
saturated plug
Injecting oil into
the plug from the
other side
Soaking the plug
with fracturing fluid
at high pressure
Leak-off Flowback
0
200
400
600
800
0 40 80
Pressure
(psi)
Time (hrs)
0
200
400
600
800
0 40 80
Pressure
(psi)
Time (hrs)
Permeability
measurement
before Leak-off test
Permeability
measurement after
Flowback test
37. 37
Compatibility of Treated Brine and Friction Reducer
37
Ions in brine (e.g., Calcium, Magnesium, and Ferris ions) can cause the polymer chains to
curl or permanently damage
(Yang et al., 2019)
38. 38
Effect of Salinity on Dynamic Viscosity
38
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 20 40 60 80 100
Shear
Stress
[Pa]
Shear Rate [1/s]
Shear Stress Vs Shear Rate
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 20 40 60 80 100
Viscosity
[mpa.s]
Shear Rate [1/s]
Viscosity vs Shear Rate
FR in DI Water
High salinity gives lower shear stress and viscosity at constant shear rate
FR in DI Water
FR Formation Brine
FR Formation Brine
39. Effect of Salinity on Viscoelastic Properties of Friction Reducers
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
0.1 1 10
Storage
Modulus
[G’]
Loss
Modulus
[G’’]
Angluar Frequency [Rad/s]
High salinity decreases the values of storage and loss modulus
Crossover Frequency
FR in DI Water
FR in Brine
G”
G’
G”
G’
43. HPHT Visualization Cell
Computer
Data acquisition
Visual cell
Camera
Hydraulic oil (HO)
accumulator N2 accumulator
Back pressure
regulator (BPR)
Sampling
chamber
44. Analysis and Treatment of Flowback Water
for Reservoir Characterization and Production Optimization
May, 2022
Hassan Dehghanpour
dehghanpour@ualberta.ca
University of Alberta