The document discusses concepts related to time management in an educational setting. It defines time management and describes its importance. It outlines several key aspects of effective time management including planning, setting goals and deadlines, prioritizing tasks, and spending time on the right activities. The document also discusses different types of time tables used in schools, including class-wise, teacher-wise, and activities timetables. It provides principles for developing timetables and outlines factors to consider like subject difficulty and length of periods. Finally, it briefly defines and discusses the concepts of school discipline and classroom management.

1. CHRISTIAN TRAINING COLLEGE, LUCKNOW
TIME
MANAGEMENT
Presented By:
Ms. Ranjana Prasad

2. and factors to be considered in programming. Time – table meaning, importance,
principles of framing time table and types of time table; Scheduling of tests and
examinations.
School Discipline: Concept and importance of school discipline; Causes of students
indiscipline; Measures to overcome students indiscipline.
Class Room Management: Classroom management – concept, techniques of classroom
Management
Concept of Time Management
Time management is the act or process of planning and exercising conscious control over the
amount of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness, efficiency or
productivity. Time management may be aided by a range of skills, tools, and techniques used to
manage time when accomplishing specific tasks, projects and goals complying with a due date.
Initially, time management referred to just business or work activities, but eventually the term
broadened to include personal activities as well. A time management system is a designed
combination of processes, tools, techniques, and methods. Usually time management is a
necessity in any project development as it determines the project completion time and scope.
It is rightly said “Time and Tide wait for none”. An individual should understand the value of
time for him to succeed in all aspects of life. People who waste time are the ones who fail to
create an identity of their own.
Time Management refers to managing time effectively so that the right time is allocated to the
right activity.
Effective time management allows individuals to assign specific time slots to activities as per
their importance.
Time Management refers to making the best use of time as time is always limited.
Ask yourself which activity is more important and how much time should be allocated to the
same? Know which work should be done earlier and which can be done a little later.
Time Management plays a very important role not only in organizations but also in our personal
lives.
Time Management includes:
• Effective Planning
• Setting goals and objectives
• Setting deadlines
• Delegation of responsibilities
• Prioritizing activities as per their importance

3. • Spending the right time on the right activity
• Effective Planning
Plan your day well in advance. Prepare a To Do List or a “TASK PLAN”. Jot down the
important activities that need to be done in a single day against the time that should be allocated
to each activity. High Priority work should come on top followed by those which do not need
much of your importance at the moment. Complete pending tasks one by one. Do not begin fresh
work unless you have finished your previous task. Tick the ones you have already completed.
Ensure you finish the tasks within the stipulated time frame.
Setting Goals and Objectives
Working without goals and targets in an organization would be similar to a situation where the
captain of the ship loses his way in the sea. Yes, you would be lost. Set targets for yourself and
make sure they are realistic ones and achievable.
Setting Deadlines
Set deadlines for yourself and strive hard to complete tasks ahead of the deadlines. Do not wait
for your superiors to ask you everytime. Learn to take ownership of work. One person who can
best set the deadlines is you yourself. Ask yourself how much time needs to be devoted to a
particular task and for how many days. Use a planner to mark the important dates against the set
deadlines.
Delegation of Responsibilities
Learn to say “NO” at workplace. Don’t do everything on your own. There are other people as
well. One should not accept something which he knows is difficult for him. The roles and
responsibilities must be delegated as per interest and specialization of employees for them to
finish tasks within deadlines. A person who does not have knowledge about something needs
more time than someone who knows the work well.
Prioritizing Tasks
Prioritize the tasks as per their importance and urgency. Know the difference between important
and urgent work. Identify which tasks should be done within a day, which all should be done
within a month and so on. Tasks which are most important should be done earlier.
Spending the right time on right activity
Develop the habit of doing the right thing at the right time. Work done at the wrong time is not
of much use. Don’t waste a complete day on something which can be done in an hour or so. Also
keep some time separate for your personal calls or checking updates on Facebook or Twitter.
After all human being is not a machine.
For Effective Time Management one needs to be:

4. Organized - Avoid keeping stacks of file and heaps of paper at your workstation. Throw what
all you don’t need. Put important documents in folders. Keep the files in their respective drawers
with labels on top of each file. It saves time which goes on unnecessary searching.
Don’t misuse time - Do not kill time by loitering or gossiping around. Concentrate on your work
and finish assignments on time. Remember your organization is not paying you for playing
games on computer or peeping into other’s cubicles. First complete your work and then do
whatever you feel like doing. Don’t wait till the last moment.
Be Focussed - One needs to be focused for effective time management.
Develop the habit of using planners, organizers, table top calendars for better time management.
Set reminders on phones or your personal computers.
The major themes arising from the literature on time management include the following:
• Creating an environment conducive to effectiveness
• Setting of priorities
• Carrying out activity around those priorities
• The related process of reduction of time spent on non-priorities
School Time Table
A school timetable is a table for coordinating these four elements:
• Students
• Teachers
• Rooms
• Time slots (also called periods)
Other factors include the subject of the class, and the type of classrooms available (for example,
science laboratories).
School timetables usually cycle every week or every fortnight. The phrase school timetables
largely refers to high schools, because primary schools typically have simple structures.
High school timetables are quite different from university timetables. The main difference is the
fact that in high schools, students have to be occupied and supervised every hour of the school
day, or nearly every hour. Also, high school teachers generally have much higher teaching loads
than is the case in universities. As a result, it is generally considered that university timetables
involve more human judgment whereas high school timetabling is a more computationally
intensive task,
Types of Time Table

5. There are seven broad types of a time-table:
(a) The Consolidated Time-table:
It is a combined time-table of all the classes in a school. A copy of it should be kept in the
principal’s office as well as staff-room.
(b) Class-Wise Time-table:
A copy of this should be kept in the concerned class, while the second and third copies should be
with the class teacher and the- principal’s office. In some schools, class-wise time-table is put up
on a beard near the main notice board also where it can be seen by everyone.
(c) Teacher-Wise Time-table:
This is useful for teachers as it indicates where he/she will be going and to teach which subject.
Each teacher should be given a copy of his/her time-table. A consolidated version of all the
teachers’ time-table should be available in the staff-room as well as the principal’s office.
Teachers’ time-tables should also indicate a schedule of their non-academic duties.
(d) Teachers’ Free-period Time-table:
A copy of this should be with the principal so that he/she can use this to arrange for a
proxy/substitution when one of the teachers is absent.
(e) Games Time-table:
This indicates the games which each class will be involved with at a particular time. This time-
table provides for better utilization of the school play-ground and games or sports equipment.
(f) Co-curricular Activities Time-table:
It shows various activities undertaken by each class at a specified time, the name of the teacher-
in-change and the venue. This avoids duplication of efforts and wastage of tin e and energy. It
helps students to select appropriate activities of their choice,
(g) Hone-work Time-table:
This indicates the amount of time students will devote on each subject every week. These days,
this type of time table has become more important because with already heavy syllabi and
uncoordinated manner of giving home work students have become over-burdened inducing stress
and anxiety in them.
This time-table will also ensure equal attention to home-work in all the subjects. It also helps
parents to know what home-work has been assigned. A copy of it should be given to each teacher
and each parent.

6. Besides, reference should be made in a time-table about a system of organization of teaching
such as the Dalton plan or other similar methods of individual work demanding subject teachers.
In such a system, the teacher is present in his her room and students of any class for which the
arrangement is in force may come to his/her room at any time. Periods are done away with on
such a day or a part of the day when this system is used and a student may stay in one room at
work on one subject as long as he/she likes-
Generally a minimum time for work for one subject is set. However, students are free to go from
one subject another as they wish to and there is no set length of time of different subjects as in
the ordinary time-table. Students are free to make their own time-table in accordance with their
needs and interests. If the entire school is following this plan, making a time-table is a simple
matter. However, if only part of the school follows this plan- formulating a time-table is very
difficult.
In reality, making a time-table is not an easy task nor can it be done in a hurry. Many of the
principles of time-table making are difficult to follow due to constraints such as lack of adequate
number of teachers, mismatch between teachers’ qualifications and the demands of the subjects,
local circumstances and so on.
However, as far as possible, we should observe these principles and attempt to do our best in the
face of constraints and adversity.
Principles of Framing Time Table
An educationally sound time-table emerges from the following considerations:
(1) Subjects which necessitate more mental efforts and attention are more fatiguing than other.
Such subjects should be put at a time of day when the child is fresh, alert and at his/her best.
Usually morning is considered to be better than afternoon for such subjects.
However, it must be noted that mental offence and alertness is not greatest at the beginning of
the day, but gradually increases and reaches its peak about the middle of the morning. Similarly,
mental freshness is not greater immediately after recess, but towards the middle of the afternoon.
In other words, the best periods for difficult or mentally demanding subjects are the second and
third periods in the morning and the second period in the afternoon. The worst period for such
subjects is the last period of the day when students are tired, inattentive and perhaps eager to go
home.

7. (2) The same principle holds in case of the days of a week. Tuesdays and Wednesdays are the
best days from the point of view of freshness and mental vigour. On Monday mornings and at the
end of the week freshness and alertness of the mind are not at their peaks. This principle should
also be borne in mind while preparing a time-table.
(3) In order to handle fatigue appropriately, a break should be kept for the entire school for a
short duration for drill and games a little after the middle of the morning.
Various school subjects are shown here in a descending order of fatigue-causing power as
follows: Mathematics, English, Mother-tongue, Science, History, Geography, Drawing and
Manual Work. In preparing a time-table, the best periods should be devoted to Mathematics and
English.
(4) The length of the periods should be considered in connection with the time-table. Ideally, it
would be better to have different lengths of periods for different subjects. For those subjects
which are more demanding mentally, the duration of a period should be less and the number of
periods should be more.
For less demanding subjects, the duration of a period could be longer. However, in reality this is
seldom achieved due to administrative difficulties in co-ordinating a time-table of this kind for
various subjects, teachers and classes.
Thus, in actual practice, the length of each period is the same and should be between 35 to
minutes. Ideally, the length of a period should be shorter during very hot weather and longer
during cool weather. In other words, the duration of a period should be flexible.
(5) The principle of variety should be considered while framing atime-table. This principle
applies to both students and teachers. Students should not be made to study the same subject or
type of subjects or highly demanding subjects for too long a duration or stretch.
Whenever possible, two consecutive periods should not be kept for the same subject, unless this
is necessary due to the nature of the subject such as science. Similarly, teachers should also be
allotted easy and difficult subjects alternately.
For example, a science teacher can be given Physics, (Chemistry and Biology alternatively. An
English teacher should not be given composition periods continuously but should be given
grammar, poetry and prose lessons alternately with composition periods.
(6) Adjacent classes should not be given a reading lesson and a lesson in tables simultaneously.
Otherwise, noise will interfere with learning in both the classes. When one classes reading, the
other class should be writing.
(7) For experiments and practical work in science, two consecutive periods should be allotted.
The same principle toads for other subjects like home-science, agriculture etc.

8. (8) A good time-table must provide free periods to teachers. However, all free periods should not
be given to a teacher on the same day. They should be scattered and equally distributed over the
entire week. Each teacher should ideally lave five free periods a week. Language teachers require
more free periods- since they have a great deal, of correction work o do. Science teachers should
also have extra free periods for the setting up of apparatus.
(9) A time-table should make adequate provisions for rest, recreation and co-curricular activities.
(10) The rules and regulations of the State Department of Education should be paid due attention
while formulating it. These rules are usually concerned with the durations of a school year, a
school term, a school day and the number of periods for each subject.
(11) Each school has its own specific needs depending upon whether it is a single-sex or co-
educational school, denominational school, urban or rural school, primary or secondary school,
general or special school, academic or vocational school and so on. A timetable should bear in
mind the nature and aims of a school as well as its specific needs.
(12) In a single-shift school, the length of a school day is usually longer while in a double-shift
school, it is shorter. This fact should be borne in mind. Besides, the length of a. school year, a
school term and the number of holidays should also be considered while framing a time-table.
School Discipline
School discipline is the system of rules, punishments, and behavioral strategies appropriate to the
regulation of children or adolescents and the maintenance of order in schools. Its aim is to
control the students' actions and behavior.
An obedient student is in compliance with the school rules and codes of conduct. These rules
may, for example, define the expected standards of clothing, timekeeping, social conduct, and
work ethic. The term discipline is also applied to the punishment that is the consequence of
breaking the rules. The aim of discipline is to set limits restricting certain behaviors or attitudes
that are seen as harmful or going against school policies, educational norms, school traditions, et
cetera.
School discipline is a system of certain rules which are considered appropriate to regulate
behaviour and maintain order among the school going children The term also refers to code of
behavior commonly known as School Rules and Regulation. These rules may include the
expected standards of clothing, timekeeping, social behaviour and work ethic. School discipline
often is enforced through the application of punishment which results from breaking the code of
behavior. Often School Discipline becomes a means of administration of punishment, rather than
behaving within the school rules. The means of Punishment often turn abusive and it is here that
School Discipline becomes controversial and raises it's ugly head.