1. A 42-year-old Thai man presented to the emergency room with right knee pain after falling off his motorcycle when hit by a bicycle.
2. Physical examination revealed swelling, deformity, and limited range of motion of the right knee with intact sensation and good blood flow. X-rays showed a closed fracture of the right tibial plateau.
3. The patient was admitted for pain control, antibiotics, and planned surgery to repair the closed fracture of the right tibial plateau via open reduction and internal fixation.
Tendoachilles rupture and its managementRohan Vakta
Achilles tendon is the strongest tendon of body. There are many causes of its rupture. It can be acute or chronic rupture. Management of chronic rupture by semitendinosus tendon is mentioned here.
Tendoachilles rupture and its managementRohan Vakta
Achilles tendon is the strongest tendon of body. There are many causes of its rupture. It can be acute or chronic rupture. Management of chronic rupture by semitendinosus tendon is mentioned here.
Stoichiometric control via periods of open-circuit during electrodepositionArkansas State University
Electrodeposition can enable stoichiometric control of deposited samples through variation of electroplating potential. We demonstrate an in-situ technique for deposit analysis and stoichiometric control by interspersing periods of open-circuit during deposition. Opening the circuit in an organic Cu-In-S plating bath allows greater incorporation of Cu, In, and/or S into deposited films, based upon the open-circuit voltage the film/electrolyte interface is allowed to achieve. With the same deposition potential, samples can be made to vary from highly Cu-rich to highly In-rich through selection of an appropriate open-circuit voltage limit.
Perioperative evaluation of difficult clinical scenarios which prompted to delay of surgery:
- Undiagnosed aortic regurgitation
- Pleural effusion with suspected TB
“Little Old Ladies Hernia”: A Case Report and Review of Literature_Crimson Pu...CrimsonPublishersAICS
“Little Old Ladies Hernia”: A Case Report and Review
of Literature by Sonali Sethi*, Satyajit Godhi, Pankaj Kumar and Amit Javed in Advancements in Case Studies
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
18. Fracture tibial plateau
Periarticular injuries of the proximal tibia
frequently associated with soft tissue injuries
19. Fracture tibial plateau
Epidemiology
demographics
bimodal distribution
males in 40s (high-energy trauma)
females in 70s (falls)
location
unicondylar vs. bicondylar
frequency
lateral > bicondylar > medial
20. Fracture tibial plateau
Mechanism
varus/valgus load with or without axial load
high energy
frequently associated with soft tissue injuries
low energy
usually insufficiency fractures
23. Schatzker Classification
Type I Lateral split fracture
Type II Lateral Split-depressed fracture
Type III Lateral Pure depression fracture
Type IV Medial plateau fracture
Type V Bicondylar fracture
Type VI
Metaphyseal-diaphyseal disassociation
30. Associated conditions
meniscal tears
lateral meniscal tear
more common than medial
associated with Schatzker II fracture pattern
medial meniscal tear
most commonly associated with Schatzker IV
fractures
32. compartment syndrome
ได้แก่ 5 Ps คือ
a. Pain (markedly increase)
b. Paresthesia
c. Pallor
d. Paralysis
e. Pulseless
Tx. Fasciotomy and decompression
33. Vascular injury
commonly associated with Schatzker IV fracture-
dislocations
Most >>> popliteal artery