The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck below the larynx. It has a butterfly shape made of two lobes connected by a central isthmus. The thyroid is supplied by the superior and inferior thyroid arteries and drains into the internal jugular and brachiocephalic veins. The thyroid regulates metabolism by secreting thyroid hormones like T3 and T4, which increase the basal metabolic rate and promote protein synthesis, thermogenesis, and other metabolic processes in the body.

1. THYROID
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Location Structure Function

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Location and Structure
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Function
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Table of Contents

3. Location andStructure

4. The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck and
spans the C5-T1 vertebrae.
Anatomical Location
It consists of two lobes (left and right), which are
connected by a central isthmus anteriorly – this produces
a butterfly-shape appearance.
The lobes of the thyroid gland are wrapped around the
cricoid cartilage and superior rings of the trachea.
The gland is located within the visceral compartment of
the neck (along with the
trachea, oesophagus and pharynx). This compartment is
bound by the pretracheal fascia.
Location and Structure
THYROID

5. Anteriorly – infrahyoid muscles, namely the
sternothyroid, superior belly of the omohyoid and
sternohyoid
Anatomical Relations
Laterally – carotid sheath, containing the common
carotid artey, internal jugular vein and vagus nerve
Medially –
Organs: larynx, pharynx, trachea and oesophagus
Nerves: external laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal
Location and Structure
THYROID

6. Superior thyroid artery – arises as the first branch of
the external carotid artery. It lies in close proximity to the
external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
(innervates the larynx).
Arterial Supply
Inferior thyroid artery – arises from the thyrocervical
trunk (a branch of the subclavian artery). It lies in close
proximity to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (innervates the
larynx).
Thyroid ima artery : In a small proportion of people
(around 10%) there is an additional artery present. It
arises from the brachiocephalic trunk and supplies the
anterior surface and isthmus of the thyroid gland.
Location and Structure
THYROID

7. The superior and middle thyroid veins drain into the
internal jugular vein
Venous Drainage
The inferior thyroid vein empties into the
brachiocephalic vein
Location and Structure
THYROID

8. Funtion of Thyroidhormones

9. Struture of Thyroid Hormones: T3, T4
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Funtion of Thyroid

10. Circulation of Thyroid Hormones: T3, T4
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Funtion of Thyroid

11. Basal Metabolic Rate
Glycogenolysis
Protein synthesis
Thermogenesis
THYROID
Metabolic processes increased
by thyroid hormones
This is achieved in a number of ways, such as:
1. Increasing the size and number of
mitochondria within cells
2. Increasing Na-K pump activity
3. Increasing the presence of β-adrenergic
receptors in tissues such as cardiac muscle.
Funtion of Thyroid
Gluconeogenesis
Lipogenesis

12. Circulation of Thyroid Hormones: Calcitonin
Funtion of Thyroid

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