40. 2008 年 1 月發表在《美國生活風格醫院期刊》
的一篇論文,對食用燕麥為基礎的產品
與總膽固醇之間的關係進行研究。
American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine; State of the Art Reviews: The Oatmeal-Cholesterol Connection, 10 Years Later;
Mark Andon & James Anderson; January/February 2008
57. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 May;89(5):1657S-1663S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.26736S. Epub 2009 Apr 1.
Walnuts and fatty fish influence different serum lipid fractions in normal to mildly hyperlipidemic individuals: a randomized
controlled study.
Rajaram S, Haddad EH, Mejia A, Sabaté J.
刊登於 2009 年 5 月《美國臨床營養學雜誌》
的一篇論文對核桃和富含脂肪的魚
對正常或輕度高脂血症個體的影響進行研究。
82. Eur J Nutr. 2013 Dec;52(8):1875-89. doi: 10.1007/s00394-012-0489-z. Epub 2012 Dec 28.
Intake of whole apples or clear apple juice has contrasting effects on plasma lipids in healthy volunteers.
刊登於 2013 年 12 月《歐洲營養學雜誌》的一篇論文
表示,食用整個蘋果、蘋果果渣 ( 漿 ) 、清澄的蘋果汁
、
混濁的蘋果汁的受試者,
4 週後大多數看到他們膽固醇的健康得到改善。
A recent study from the Canadian Medical Association Journal found that consuming one daily serving of beans, peas, chickpeas or lentils can reduce LDL cholesterol by 5%, lessening the risk for heart disease.
刊登於2014年5月《加拿大醫學協會雜誌》的一項研究發現,每日食用一份豆類、豌豆、鷹嘴豆或扁豆可以減少5%的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇,降低心臟疾病的風險。
BACKGROUND:Evidence from controlled trials encourages the intake of dietary pulses (beans, chickpeas, lentils and peas) as a method of improving dyslipidemia, but heart health guidelines have stopped short of ascribing specific benefits to this type of intervention or have graded the beneficial evidence as low. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the effect of dietary pulse intake on established therapeutic lipid targets for cardiovascular risk reduction.
METHODS:
We searched electronic databases and bibliographies of selected trials for relevant articles published through Feb. 5, 2014. We included RCTs of at least 3 weeks' duration that compared a diet emphasizing dietary pulse intake with an isocaloric diet that did not include dietary pulses. The lipid targets investigated were low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol. We pooled data using a random-effects model.
RESULTS:
We identified 26 RCTs (n = 1037) that satisfied the inclusion criteria. Diets emphasizing dietary pulse intake at a median dose of 130 g/d (about 1 serving daily) significantly lowered LDL cholesterol levels compared with the control diets (mean difference -0.17 mmol/L, 95% confidence interval -0.25 to -0.09 mmol/L). Treatment effects on apolipoprotein B and non-HDL cholesterol were not observed.
INTERPRETATION:
Our findings suggest that dietary pulse intake significantly reduces LDL cholesterol levels. Trials of longer duration and higher quality are needed to verify these results.
(208,83,83)
天然穀物中只有燕麥和大麥含有水溶性膳食纖維,特別是燕麥水溶性膳食纖維β-葡聚糖。
天然穀物中只有燕麥和大麥含有水溶性膳食纖維,特別是燕麥水溶性膳食纖維β-葡聚糖。
To evaluate selected metabolic effects of plant fibers, we fed control and oat-bran diets in an alternating sequence to eight men with previously documented hypercholesterolemia.
為了評價植物纖維的選擇的代謝效應,我們以交替的順序將對照和燕麥麩質飲食餵養到具有先前記錄的高膽固醇血症的8名男性。
The two solid diets differed only in the inclusion of 100 g of oat bran in the test diet.
兩種固體飲食的區別僅在於在測試飲食中包含100g燕麥麩。
We randomized diet sequences and the measured intakes of carbohydrate, protein, fat, and cholesterol were virtually identical on the two diets.
我們隨機選擇飲食序列,碳水化合物,蛋白質,脂肪和膽固醇的測量攝入量在兩種飲食中幾乎相同。
Serum total cholesterol concentrations were stable on control diets whereas a progressive reduction was observed in seven men on oat-bran diets.
血清中總膽固醇濃度在對照飲食中是穩定的,而在燕麥麩質飲食中的7名男性中觀察到逐漸減少。
On oat-bran diets, average reductions in serum total cholesterol concentrations were 13% (p less than 0.01, N = 8); plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were 14% lower (p less than 0.05) while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were not changed.
在燕麥麩質飲食中,血清總膽固醇濃度的平均降低為13%(p小於0.01,N = 8);血漿低密度脂蛋白膽固醇濃度降低14%(p小於0.05),而高密度脂蛋白膽固醇濃度沒有改變。
Fasting and postprandial serum glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations were similar on the two diets.
兩種飲食的空腹和餐後血清葡萄糖,胰島素和甘油三酯濃度相似。
Fecal excretion of total bile acids was 54% higher (p less than 0.001) on oat-bran diets than on control diets but neutral steroid excretion was slightly lower while on oat bran.
糞便排泄的總膽汁酸比燕麥麩皮飲食高54%(p小於0.001)而不是對照飲食,但中性類固醇排泄略低於燕麥麩。
Palatable and inexpensive high-fiber foods such as oat bran may have a role in the treatment of certain patients with hypercholesterolemia.
可口的和廉價的高纖維食物如燕麥麩可能在治療某些具有高膽固醇血症的患者中具有作用。
Five to 10 grams or more of soluble fiber a day decreases your total and LDL cholesterol.
每天攝入5至10克以上的可溶性纖維可以降低你的總膽固醇和LDL膽固醇。
Eating 1 1/2 cups of cooked oatmeal provides 6 grams of fiber. If you add fruit, such as bananas, you'll add about 4 more grams of fiber.吃煮熟的燕麥片1 1/2杯提供了6克纖維。如果添加水果(如香蕉),你會增加約4克纖維。
A 2008 study published in the American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine found that daily consumption of oat-based products helps reduce the absorption of LDL cholesterol and total cholesterol.
2008年發表在《美國生活醫院期刊》的一項研究發現,每天食用燕麥為基礎的產品可幫助降低低密度脂蛋白膽固醇和總膽固醇的吸收。
美國生活形態醫學雜誌
Ten years have passed since the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) completed their review of the literature pertaining to the consumption of whole-oat sources of soluble fiber and a reduction in blood cholesterol concentrations.
美國食品和藥物管理局(FDA)完成了關於食用來自燕麥的可溶性纖維和減少血液中膽固醇濃度的文獻綜述,已經過去了十年。
pertaining to的中文意思::關於的
Since that time, data have continued to accumulate regarding oat-soluble fiber consumption, cholesterol, and other physiologic vectors related to cardiovascular health.
從那時起,關於食用來自燕麥的可溶性纖維、膽固醇和與心血管健康有關的其它生理載體的數據繼續累積。
The objective of this review was to compare the findings of more contemporary analyses of the oat and cholesterol-reduction literature to determine if newer information is consistent with the original conclusion reached by the FDA.
本次評價的目的是比較更近代關於燕麥和降膽固醇文獻的分析結果,以確定更新的信息是否與FDA達成的原始結論一致。
A number of formal assessments have been conducted subsequent to the FDA review, and virtually all have reached the same conclusion, namely, consumption of oats and oat-based products significantly reduces total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations without adverse effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations.
在FDA審查之後進行了一些正式評估,並且幾乎所有的評估都得出了相同的結論,即,食用燕麥和以燕麥為基底的產品能顯著降低了總膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇濃度,而對於高密度脂蛋白膽固醇或甘油三酯濃度無不良影響。
In addition, a number of new insights about the potential benefits of oats have emerged over the past 10 years.
此外,在過去10年中出現了許多關於燕麥潛在效益的新見解。
These more recent data indicate that including oats and oat-based products as part of a lifestyle management program may confer health benefits that extend beyond total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction.
這些更新的數據表明,作為生活方式管理計劃的一部分,包括燕麥和以燕麥為基底的產品可以提供超過降低總膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇的健康益處。
(208,83,83)
We reviewed the use of marine-derived omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease by discussing key epidemiologic and placebo-controlled studies in people with and without prior cardiovascular disease at baseline.
我們審查了海洋來源的omega -3脂肪酸在心血管疾病中的使用,討論了基線時有或無先前心血管疾病的人群中的關鍵流行病學和安慰劑對照研究。
In addition, studies on the antitriglyceridemic, antihypertensive, hemostatic, antiarrhythmic, and antiatherogenic properties of omega-3 fatty acids were examined.
此外,研究了omega -3脂肪酸的抗甘油三酯血症、抗高血壓、止血、抗心律失常和抗動脈粥樣硬化的性質。
Lastly, we discussed current dietary and safety recommendations regarding fish and fish oil capsules as stated by the US Food and Drug Administration and the US Environmental Protection Agency.
最後,我們討論了目前關於魚和魚油膠囊的飲食和安全建議,如美國食品和藥物管理局和美國環境保護局所述。
We found that omega-3 fatty acids have shown to significantly reduce coronary mortality and sudden death in people without prior cardiovascular disease and reduce all-cause death and cardiac mortality in secondary prevention studies.
我們發現,omega -3脂肪酸已經顯示顯著降低冠心病死亡率和沒有先前心血管疾病的人的猝死,並且在二級預防研究中降低全因死亡和心臟死亡率。
Studies on stroke are still unclear and more studies need to focus on stroke subtypes.
對中風的研究仍不清楚,更多的研究需要關注中風亞型。
The beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acids might be the result of their ability to reduce triglyceride levels, blood pressure, platelet aggregation, arrhythmia, and atherogenesis.
omega -3脂肪酸的有益效果可能是它們降低甘油三酯水平、血壓、血小板聚集、心律失常和動脈粥樣化形成的能力的結果。
Currently, the general public is recommended to consume two fatty fish meals per week (0.3-0.5 grams per day eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid). Pregnant mothers and children should refrain from eating fish high in methylmercury levels while limiting their consumption of other fish varieties to 12 ounces per week. Patients with coronary heart disease should have 1 g per day of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, whereas patients with hypertriglyceridemia should take 3 to 5 g per day of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid under a physician's supervision.
目前建議民眾每週食用兩餐富含脂肪的魚(平均0.3 -0.5g /天的EPA及DHA)。孕婦和兒童應避免食用含過量甲基汞水平的魚,並限制他們食用其他魚類品種每週12盎司。冠心病患者每天應食用1克的EPA及DHA,而高甘油三酯血症患者應在醫生的監督下每日食用3〜5克的EPA及DHA。
羅馬林達大學是基督復臨安息日會創辦的一所大學,位於美國加州羅馬林達。成立於1905年。
BACKGROUND:
Increased consumption of n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids decreases the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD).
背景:
增加的N-3(omega -3)脂肪酸的攝入量可以降低冠心病(coronary heart disease, CHD)的發生率。
OBJECTIVE:
The objective was to determine whether walnuts (plant n-3 fatty acid) and fatty fish (marine n-3 fatty acid) have similar effects on serum lipid markers at intakes recommended for primary prevention of CHD.
目的:
目的是確定核桃(植物N-3脂肪酸)和富含脂肪的魚(海洋N-3脂肪酸)是否對推薦用於一級預防CHD的攝入時的血清脂質標誌物具有類似的影響。
DESIGN:
In a randomized crossover feeding trial, 25 normal to mildly hyperlipidemic adults consumed 3 isoenergetic diets ( approximately 30% total fat and <10% saturated fat) for 4 wk each: a control diet (no nuts or fish), a walnut diet (42.5 g walnuts/10.1 mJ), or a fish diet (113 g salmon, twice/wk).
Fasting blood was drawn at baseline and at the end of each diet period and analyzed for serum lipids.
設計:
在隨機交叉進食試驗中,25名正常至輕度高脂成人食用3種等能量飲食(約30%的總脂肪和<10%的飽和脂肪)為期4週:對照飲食(無堅果或魚),核桃飲食(42.5克核桃/10.1MJ)或魚類飲食(113克鮭魚,兩次/週)。在基線和每個飲食期結束時抽取空腹血液,並分析血清脂質。
Serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations in adults who followed the walnut diet (4.87 +/- 0.18 and 2.77 +/- 0.15 mmol/L, respectively) were lower than in those who followed the control diet (5.14 +/- 0.18 and 3.06 +/- 0.15 mmol/L, respectively) and those who followed the fish diet (5.33 +/- 0.18 and 3.2 +/- 0.15 mmol/L, respectively; P < 0.0001).
在核桃飲食後的成年人的血清總膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇濃度(分別為4.87 +/- 0.18和2.77 +/- 0.15MMOL / L)低於在對照飲食中的那些(5.14 +/- 0.18和3.06 +/- 0.15MMOL / L)和那些遵循魚類飲食的那些(分別為5.33 +/- 0.18和3.2 +/- 0.15MMOL / L; P <0.0001)。
The fish diet resulted in decreased serum triglyceride and increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations (1.0 +/- 0.11 and 1.23 +/- 0.05 mmol/L, respectively) compared with the control diet (1.12 +/- 0.11 and 1.19 +/- 0.05 mmol/L, respectively) and the walnut diet (1.11 +/- 0.11 mmol/L, P < 0.05, and 1.18 +/- 0.05 mmol/L, P < 0.001, respectively).
與對照飲食相比,魚飲食導致降低的血清甘油三酯和增加的HDL-膽固醇濃度(分別為1.0 +/- 0.11和1.23 +/- 0.05MMOL / L)(1.12 +/- 0.11和1.19 +/- 0.05MMOL / L,分別為1.11±0.11MMOL / L,P <0.05和1.18±0.05MMOL / L,P <0.001)。
The ratios of total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol:HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B:apolipoprotein A-I were lower (P < 0.05) in those who followed the walnut diet compared with those who followed the control and fish diets.
與那些跟隨對照和魚飲食的人相比,在跟隨核桃飲食的那些人中,總膽固醇:HDL膽固醇,LDL膽固醇:HDL膽固醇和載脂蛋白B:載脂蛋白A-I的比率較低(P <0.05)
CONCLUSION:
Including walnuts and fatty fish in a healthy diet lowered serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, respectively, which affects CHD risk favorably.
結論:
在健康飲食中包括核桃和富含脂肪的魚的攝入,分別降低了血清中膽固醇和甘油三酯的濃度,進而降低了罹患CHD的風險。
羅馬林達大學是基督復臨安息日會創辦的一所大學,位於美國加州羅馬林達。成立於1905年。
(208,83,83)
(208,83,83)
In a 2013 study published in the European Journal of Nutrition, people consumed whole apples, apple pomace (pulp), clear apple juice, cloudy apple juice, or no supplement for four weeks. 發表在歐洲營養學雜誌2013年的研究中,人們消耗的整個蘋果、蘋果果渣(漿)、清澄的蘋果汁、混濁的蘋果汁、或沒有補充四個星期。
Most saw their cholesterol health improve. 大多數看到他們的膽固醇的健康改善。
================================================================================================
蘋果:法國研究人員讓一組男女每天吃兩、三個蘋果,一個月後他們的LDL都降了。
PURPOSE:
Fruit consumption is associated with a decreased risk of CVD in cohort studies and is therefore endorsed by health authorities as part of the '5 or more a day' campaigns. A glass of fruit juice is generally counted as one serving. Fruit may cause protection by affecting common risk factors of CVD.
目的:
食用水果與隊列研究中降低CVD的風險相關,因此衛生當局認可水果消費是“5天或以上”運動的一部分。一杯果汁通常算作一份。水果可以通過影響CVD的常見風險因素而引起保護。
5 A Day is any of various national campaigns in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany, to encourage the consumption of at least five portions of fruit and vegetables each day, following a recommendation by the World Health Organization that individuals consume "a minimum of 400g of fruit and vegetables per day (excluding potatoes and other starchy tubers).
“每日五食”總體上大約是400克的水果和蔬菜。 每一類重量在80克左右。
第一類水果,包含兩個以上的小型水果(即無核小蜜橘)、一個中型水果(即蘋果或香蕉)、或者是一半的葡萄園或一大塊甜瓜。
第二類蔬菜,兩顆花椰菜,或者是三湯勺滿滿的煮過的胡蘿蔔、花生或是甜玉米。 土豆不算在內。 但是需包含有新鮮的、冷凍的水果和蔬菜。
冰沙可以算作是你五大類食物中的一類或兩類。幹豆和其他豆類可算為另一類——不管你吃多少都可以。
METHODS:
Apples are among the most commonly consumed fruits and were chosen for a comprehensive 5 × 4 weeks dietary crossover study to assess the effects of whole apples (550 g/day), apple pomace (22 g/day), clear and cloudy apple juices (500 ml/day), or no supplement on lipoproteins and blood pressure in a group of 23 healthy volunteers.
方法:
蘋果是最常見的水果之一,並被選擇進行全面性的5×4週膳食交叉研究,以評估整個蘋果(550克/天)、蘋果渣(22克/天) 、清澈的蘋果汁500ml /天) 、或沒有補充,在23個健康志願者的組中脂蛋白和血壓的。
RESULTS:
The intervention significantly affected serum total and LDL-cholesterol.
Trends towards a lower serum LDL-concentration were observed after whole apple (6.7%), pomace (7.9%) and cloudy juice (2.2%) intake.
On the other hand, LDL-cholesterol concentrations increased by 6.9% with clear juice compared to whole apples and pomace.
There was no effect on HDL-cholesterol, TAG, weight, waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, inflammation (hs-CRP), composition of the gut microbiota or markers of glucose metabolism (insulin, IGF1 and IGFBP3).
結果:
干預顯著影響血清總膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇。
在全蘋果(6.7%),果渣(7.9%)和混濁果汁(2.2%)攝入後觀察到較低的血清LDL濃度的趨勢。
另一方面,與整個蘋果和渣油相比,清除果汁的LDL-膽固醇濃度增加了6.9%。
對HDL-膽固醇,TAG,體重,腰臀比,血壓,炎症(hs-CRP),腸道微生物群或葡萄糖代謝標記物(胰島素,IGF1和IGFBP3)的組成沒有影響。
RESULTS:
The intervention significantly affected serum total and LDL-cholesterol.
Trends towards a lower serum LDL-concentration were observed after whole apple (6.7%), pomace (7.9%) and cloudy juice (2.2%) intake.
On the other hand, LDL-cholesterol concentrations increased by 6.9% with clear juice compared to whole apples and pomace.
There was no effect on HDL-cholesterol, TAG, weight, waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, inflammation (hs-CRP), composition of the gut microbiota or markers of glucose metabolism (insulin, IGF1 and IGFBP3).
結果:
干預顯著影響血清總膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇。
在全蘋果(6.7%),果渣(7.9%)和混濁果汁(2.2%)攝入後觀察到較低的血清LDL濃度的趨勢。
另一方面,與整個蘋果和渣油相比,清除果汁的LDL-膽固醇濃度增加了6.9%。
對HDL-膽固醇,TAG,體重,腰臀比,血壓,炎症(hs-CRP),腸道微生物群或葡萄糖代謝標記物(胰島素,IGF1和IGFBP3)的組成沒有影響。
CONCLUSIONS:
Apples are rich in polyphenols and pectin, two potentially bioactive constituents; however, these constituents segregate differently during processing into juice products and clear juice is free of pectin and other cell wall components. We conclude that the fibre component is necessary for the cholesterol-lowering effect of apples in healthy humans and that clear apple juice may not be a suitable surrogate for the whole fruit in nutritional recommendations.
結論:
蘋果富含多酚和果膠,兩種潛在的生物活性成分;然而,這些成分在加工成果汁產品期間不同地分離,並且澄清果汁不含果膠和其他細胞壁組分。我們得出結論,纖維組分是蘋果在健康人中的膽固醇降低作用所必需的,並且澄清的蘋果汁可能不是整個水果在營養建議的合適的替代品。
(208,83,83)
Dietary intake of cholesterol has been linked to coronary heart disease.
膳食攝入膽固醇與冠心病有關。
The effect of grapefruit pectin (Citrus paradisi) on plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and the low-density lipoprotein:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio was studied.
研究了葡萄柚果膠(Citrus paradisi)對血漿膽固醇、甘油三酯、極低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇和低密度脂蛋白:高密度脂蛋白膽固醇比率的影響。
The study design was a 16-week double-blind, crossover (placebo or pectin) using 27 human volunteers screened to be at medium to high risk for coronary heart disease due to hypercholesterolemia.
研究設計是使用27名人類誌願者的16周雙盲,交叉(安慰劑或果膠),篩選為由於高膽固醇血症而處于冠心病的中度至高度風險。
The study did not interfere with the subjects' current diet or lifestyle.
該研究不干擾受試者當前的飲食或生活方式。
Grapefruit pectin supplementation decreased plasma cholesterol 7.6%, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol 10.8%, and the low-density lipoprotein:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio 9.8%.
葡萄柚果膠補充降低血漿膽固醇7.6%,低密度脂蛋白膽固醇10.8%,而低密度脂蛋白:高密度脂蛋白膽固醇比例為9.8%。
The other plasma lipid fractions studied showed no significant differences. We conclude that a grapefruit pectin-supplemented diet, without change in lifestyle, can significantly reduce plasma cholesterol.
研究的其他血漿脂質級分顯示沒有顯著差異。我們得出結論,葡萄柚果膠補充的飲食,沒有改變的生活方式,可以顯著降低血漿膽固醇。