68. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Sep;86(3):790-6.
Effect of low-fat, fermented milk enriched with plant sterols on serum lipid profile and oxidative
stress in moderate hypercholesterolemia.
刊登於 2007 年 9 月《美國臨床營養學雜誌》的一篇
論文,巴黎慈善醫院 (Hôpital de La Pitié) 的研究人員
對
富含植物固醇的低脂發酵牛乳對於輕微高膽固醇血症
患者的血清血脂與氧化應激的效應進行研究。
112. 刊登於 2006 年 2 月《臨床血液流變學和微循環》
期刊的一篇論文,南加大醫學院的研究人員對
納豆激酶對紅細胞聚集和全血粘度的影響進行研究。
Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2006;35(1-2):139-42.
Effects of nattokinase, a pro-fibrinolytic enzyme, on red blood cell aggregation and whole blood viscosity.
Pais E, Alexy T, Holsworth RE Jr, Meiselman HJ.
納豆激酶不但可以降低血中紅血球的凝集與黏性,
減少血塊的形成,且具有溶解血栓的作用,
進而降低血管梗塞的機率。
Different foods lower cholesterol in various ways.
各種的食物以不同方式降低膽固醇。
Some deliver soluble fiber, which binds cholesterol and its precursors in the digestive system and drags them out of the body before they get into circulation. 某些食物提供可溶性纖維,它會結合膽固醇及其在消化系統的前體並排出體外,避免進入身體循環。
Some give you polyunsaturated fats, which directly lower LDL.
有些食物提供多不飽和脂肪,它可以直接降低低密度脂蛋白。
And some contain plant sterols and stanols, which block the body from absorbing cholesterol.
一些食物含有植物固醇和甾烷醇,它們可以阻止人體吸收膽固醇。
1. Oats. 1.燕麥。
An easy first step to improving your cholesterol is having a bowl of oatmeal or cold oat-based cereal like Cheerios for breakfast.
改善膽固醇最簡單的第一步是,早餐吃一碗燕麥粥或燕麥麥片。
It gives you 1 to 2 grams of soluble fiber.
它提供了1〜2克可溶性纖維。
Add a banana or some strawberries for another half-gram.
添加一根香蕉或一些草莓可增加另外半克。
Current nutrition guidelines recommend getting 20 to 35 grams of fiber a day, with at least 5 to 10 grams coming from soluble fiber. (The average American gets about half that amount.)
當前營養指南建議每天攝入20至35克的纖維,其中至少5至10克是可溶性纖維。 (美國人平均大約一半的量。)
The NCEP recommends consuming at least 5 to 10 grams of soluble fiber daily as part of the TLC diet, but 10 to 25 grams daily is preferable.
Eating oats with at least 3 grams of soluble fiber every day, for example, can lower LDL and total cholesterol by 5 to 10 percent.
每天吃至少含3克的可溶性纖維的燕麥,可以降低低密度脂蛋白和總膽固醇5至10%。
The soluble fiber that oats and barley contain — called beta-glucan — is particularly powerful.
燕麥和大麥含有的可溶性纖維稱為Beta-葡聚糖(beta-glucan), 效果特別強大。
2. Barley and other whole grains.
Like oats and oat bran, barley and other whole grains can help lower the risk of heart disease, mainly via the soluble fiber they deliver.
2,大麥與其他全穀物。
與燕麥和燕麥麩一樣,大麥等粗糧有助於降低心臟疾病的風險,主要是通過它們的可溶性纖維。
3. Beans.
3.豆類。
Beans are especially rich in soluble fiber. 豆類特別是富含可溶性纖維。
Every half-cup of cooked lima beans provides 3.5 grams, for example. 例如,每半杯煮熟的利馬豆提供3.5克。
They also take awhile for the body to digest, meaning you feel full for longer after a meal. 豆類在體內需要一段時間來消化,這意味著飯後你有較長時間的飽足感。
That’s one reason beans are a useful food for folks trying to lose weight. 這是試圖減肥的人們選用豆類當食物的原因之一。
With so many choices — from navy and kidney beans to lentils, garbanzos, black-eyed peas, and beyond — and so many ways to prepare them, beans are a very versatile food.
有了這麼多的選擇 - 來自海軍和芸豆,以小扁豆,鷹嘴豆,黑眼豌豆,超越 - 等多種方式讓他們做好準備,豆是一種用途很廣的食品。
One study in The Journal of Nutrition found that consuming a half cup of cooked dried pinto beans (2 grams of soluble fiber) daily for 12 weeks decreased LDL cholesterol by about 7 percent.
在營養學雜誌的一項研究發現,消耗了半杯煮熟的幹斑豆(2克可溶性纖維)每天連續12週的大約7%下降低密度脂蛋白膽固醇。
4. Eggplant and okra. 4.茄子和秋葵。
These two low-calorie vegetables are good sources of soluble fiber.
這兩個低熱量的蔬菜是可溶性纖維的良好來源。
6. Vegetable oils. 6.植物油。
While butter and other solid fats raise cholesterol, the unsaturated fats in oils help lower it. Polyunsaturated fats, found primarily in corn, safflower, sesame, soybean, and sunflower oil, slash LDL cholesterol. Monounsaturated fats, found mainly in olive, avocado, and canola oil, not only lower LDL, but may also raise HDL.
雖然黃油和其他固體脂肪會升高膽固醇,但是含不飽和脂肪的油有助於降低膽固醇。多元不飽和脂肪,主要存在於玉米油、紅花油、芝麻油、大豆油、葵花籽油,能降低LDL膽固醇。單元不飽和脂肪,主要存在於橄欖油、鱷梨、和菜籽油,不僅降低LDL,但也可以提高HDL。
Using liquid vegetable oils such as canola, sunflower, safflower, and others in place of butter, lard, or shortening when cooking or at the table helps lower LDL.
使用植物油(例如菜籽油、葵花油、紅花籽油等)來取代動物性油(牛油、豬油等);或縮短的烹飪的時間有助於降低LDL。
5. Nuts. 5.堅果。
Nuts are another good source of monounsaturated fats.
堅果是單元不飽和脂肪的另一個良好來源。
Eating 1 ounce of any kind of nuts daily for one month may lower LDL cholesterol by 8 to 20 percent.
吃任何形式的堅果的1盎司一個月可以由8%到20%降低低密度脂蛋白膽固醇。
Try this: Nosh on an ounce a day — the equivalent of 23 almonds, 35 peanuts, 14 English walnut halves, 49 pistachios, or 2 tablespoons of peanut butter.
每天一盎司的量相當於杏仁23粒、花生35粒、半粒英語核桃14粒、開心果49粒、或2湯匙的花生醬。
nosh. to snack on.
Or add chopped nuts to salads, pasta, or yogurt. Nuts do have a lot of calories, so don’t eat them by the fistful.
或者,加入切碎的堅果沙拉,意大利面,或酸奶。堅果確實有大量的熱量,所以不要用大把吃。
A bushel of studies shows that eating almonds, walnuts, peanuts, and other nuts is good for the heart. 許多研究表明,吃杏仁、核桃、花生和其他堅果是對心臟有益。
=================================================================================
Eating about a handful (1.5 ounces, or 42.5 grams) a day of most nuts, such as almonds, hazelnuts, peanuts, pecans, some pine nuts, pistachio nuts and walnuts, may reduce your risk of heart disease. Make sure the nuts you eat aren't salted or coated with sugar. 每天吃大約一把(1.5盎司或42.5克)的堅果,如杏仁、榛子、花生、山核桃、松子、開心果和核桃,會降低心臟疾病的風險。確保你吃不加鹽或塗有糖的堅果。
Eating 2 ounces of nuts a day can slightly lower LDL, on the order of 5%.
每天吃2盎司堅果可以稍微降低LDL(~5%)。
Nuts have additional nutrients that protect the heart in other ways.
堅果含有其他的營養物質,在其他方面具有保護心臟的功能。
Walnuts, almonds and other nuts核桃,杏仁等堅果
Walnuts, almonds and other tree nuts can improve blood cholesterol. Rich in mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, walnuts also help keep blood vessels healthy. 核桃,杏仁等堅果可以提高血液中的膽固醇。在單和多不飽和脂肪酸豐富,核桃還有助於保持血管健康。
A study was done (published in American Journal of Clinical Nutrition), in which a group of people were given 1.5 ounces of whole walnuts 6 days a week for 1 month. The affect:
There total cholesterol lowered by 5.4%
And LDL cholesterol lowered by 9.3%
發表在《美國臨床營養學雜誌》的一項研究表示,每週6天受試者食用1.5盎司的核桃為期1個月後發現:
總膽固醇下降5.4%和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇下降9.3%
These fruits are rich in pectin, a type of soluble fiber that lowers LDL.
這些水果都含有豐富的果膠,是一種可溶性纖維可以降低低密度脂蛋白。
8. Foods fortified with sterols and stanols.
8.富含植物固醇(sterol)和固烷醇(stanol)的食物。
plant sterol and stanol. 植物甾醇和甾烷醇
Stanol ester is a heterogeneous group of chemical compounds known to reduce the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in blood when ingested, though to a much lesser degree than prescription drugs such as statins.
甾烷醇酯是公知的攝取時,以降低低密度脂蛋白(LDL)膽固醇水平在血液,儘管在較小的程度比處方藥如他汀類化合物的一組異質性。
植物固烷醇
The starting material is phytosterols from plants. 起始材料是從植物中的植物甾醇。
烷醇(stanol)是飽和性固醇、差異主要在於其固醇環上沒有雙鍵,且其在自然界的含量不像固醇(sterol)那樣的豐富
These are first hydrogenated to give a plant stanol which is then esterified with a mixture of fatty acids also derived from plants.
這些第一氫化,得到植物甾烷醇,然後與脂肪酸也來源於植物的混合物酯化。
Plant stanol esters are found naturally occurring in small quantities in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, cereals, legumes, and vegetable oils.
植物甾烷醇酯是發現天然存在的少量在水果,蔬菜,堅果,種子,穀類,豆類和植物油。
========================================================
富含植醇的食物,如:黃豆、花椰菜、香菇、柑橘類、綠色蔬菜…等,
Stanol ester is often added to rapeseed oil based margarine or other foods for its health benefits.
植物固烷醇酯因其健康的益處,通常被加入在油菜籽油為基底的人造黃油或其他食品中。
Studies have indicated that consumption of about 2-3 grams per day provides a reduction in LDL cholesterol of about 10-15%.
研究表明,每天攝入約2-3克可以導致LDL膽固醇約10-15%的降低。
The compound itself passes through the gut without entering the blood stream or lymph.
該化合物本身穿過腸而不進入血液或淋巴。
Its presence, however, reduces both the amount of cholesterol the body absorbs from food and the reabsorption of the cholesterol component of bile.
然而它的存在,降低身體從食物中吸收膽固醇的量,也會降低膽汁對膽固醇成分的重新吸收。
Sterols and stanols extracted from plants gum up the body’s ability to absorb cholesterol from food.
甾醇烷醇從植物膠了身體的能力,從食物中攝取的膽固醇提取。
Companies are adding them to foods ranging from margarine and granola bars to orange juice and chocolate.
許多食品公司正在將其添加到食品(包括人造黃油、燕麥條、橙汁和巧克力)。
They’re also available as supplements. 它們也可以作為食品補充劑。
Getting 2 grams of plant sterols or stanols a day can lower LDL cholesterol by about 10%.
每天攝入2克的植物固醇或固烷醇,可降低低密度脂蛋白膽固醇約10%。
Drink a cup of sterol-fortified orange juice, which provides 1 gram. Snack on a 3-ounce fortified yogurt, which has 2 grams. Smear a tablespoon of fortified, trans fat-free margarine, which has 1 gram, on your whole-grain toast for breakfast.
喝一杯固醇強化的橙汁,它提供了1克。吃一杯3盎司強化固醇酸奶,其中有2克。早餐的全麥麵包上塗抹一湯匙固醇強化、不含反式脂肪的人造黃油,它有1克。
plasma concentrations of oxidized LDL were reduced significantly in the PS group compared with the control group (-1.73 compared with 1.40 U/L, respectively; P < 0.05).
血漿中氧化的低密度脂蛋白的濃度與對照組相比,植物固醇組顯著減少(-1.73, 對照組為1.40 U / L,P<0.05)。
Higher plant sterol density was associated with lower serum total cholesterol in both sexes and with lower LDL cholesterol in women.
更高植物甾醇密度用在兩性降低血清總膽固醇(2.6%)和在婦女降低LDL膽固醇(3.5%)有關。植物固醇
9. Soy. 9,大豆。
Eating soybeans and foods made from them, like tofu and soy milk, was once touted as a powerful way to lower cholesterol.
吃大豆和由其製成的食品,如豆腐和豆奶,一度被認為是一種強有力的方式來降低膽固醇。
Analyses show that the effect is more modest — consuming 25 grams of soy protein a day (10 ounces of tofu or 2 1/2 cups of soy milk) can lower LDL by 5% to 6%.
分析表明,該效果是更溫和 - 消耗25個克大豆蛋白的一個天(10盎司豆腐或2 1/2杯的豆奶)可以通過5%降低低密度脂蛋白至6%。
10. Fatty fish. 10.富含脂肪的魚。
Fish and omega-3 fatty acids
魚和ω-3脂肪酸
Eating fatty fish can be heart healthy because of its high levels of omega-3 fatty acids, which can reduce your blood pressure and risk of developing blood clots. In people who have already had heart attacks, fish oil — or omega-3 fatty acids — may reduce the risk of sudden death.
吃富含脂肪的魚對心臟是健康的,因為它含有高水平的ω-3脂肪酸,可以降低你的血壓和發展血凝塊的風險。對有心臟病病史的人,魚油 - 或ω-3脂肪酸 - 可降低猝死的風險。
Eating fish two or three times a week can lower LDL in two ways: by replacing meat, which has LDL-boosting saturated fats, and by delivering LDL-lowering omega-3 fats.
吃魚一個週可以以兩種方式降低低密度脂蛋白兩次或三次:通過更換肉,其具有的LDL升壓飽和脂肪,並通過提供LDL降低ω-3脂肪酸。
========================================================================================================
Although omega-3 fatty acids don't affect LDL levels, because of their other heart benefits, the American Heart Association recommends eating at least two servings of fish a week. 儘管ω-3脂肪酸不會影響LDL水平,但因為它們的其他對心臟的益處,美國心臟協會建議一個星期至少吃魚兩份。
Omega-3s reduce triglycerides in the bloodstream and also protect the heart by helping prevent the onset of abnormal heart rhythms.
Omega-3脂肪酸會降低在血液中的甘油三酯,並阻止異常心臟節律的發作進而保護心臟。
The highest levels of omega-3 fatty acids are in: 含ω-3脂肪酸最高水平的魚類是:
=============================================================================
You should bake or grill the fish to avoid adding unhealthy fats. If you don't like fish, you can also get small amounts of omega-3 fatty acids from foods such as ground flaxseed or canola oil. 料理時應該烘烤或燒烤魚,避免加入不健康的脂肪。如果你不喜歡吃魚,你也可以從食物,如亞麻籽粉或菜籽油獲得少量的ω-3脂肪酸。
You can take an omega-3 or fish oil supplement to get some of the benefits, but you won't get other nutrients in fish, such as selenium. If you decide to take a supplement, talk to your doctor about how much you should take.
你可以服用ω-3或魚油補充劑來獲得一些好處,但你不會得到魚類所含的其他營養物質,如硒。如果你決定服用補充劑,先諮詢你的醫生你應該服用多少。
11. Fiber supplements.
11.纖維補充劑。
Supplements offer the least appealing way to get soluble fiber.
補充提供最吸引人的方式來獲得可溶性纖維。
Psyllium /’sɪliəm/, or Ispaghula /,ɪspə’ɡuːlə/
車前屬(Plantago)美 [plæn'teɪgoʊ]
plantago psyllium歐車前草
Psyllium /’sɪliəm/, or Ispaghula /,ɪspə’ɡuːlə/
Getting 10 to 12 grams of blond psyllium (the kind of fiber in supplements like Metamucil) per day can decrease LDL cholesterol by 5 to 10 percent, according to the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database. You mix psyllium powder into water and drink it as a beverage.
獲得10〜12克,每天金發碧眼的洋車前子(那種纖維就像Metamucil補充劑)可以通過5〜10%的降低低密度脂蛋白膽固醇,根據天然藥物綜合數據庫。你混洋車前子粉放入水中,喝它作為飲料。
Consult your doctor before taking blond psyllium, since it could interfere with the absorption of certain medications.
金發碧眼的洋車前子前諮詢你的醫生,因為它可能會影響某些藥物的吸收。
Then start with 3 grams of psyllium (widely available in health food stores and drugstores), and gradually increase the amount until you’re taking 10 to 12 grams daily, says Jimenez. 以然後開始用3克車前子的(廣泛使用在保健食品商店和藥店),並逐漸增加,直到你服用10〜12克,每日用量,希門尼斯說。
“It’s important to not take psyllium in large doses, since it’s a laxative, it may cause potassium depletion, and may decrease absorption of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, K, and E,” she notes. “不拿車前大劑量,因為它是瀉藥,它可能會導致鉀缺乏這一點很重要,並可能降低脂溶性維生素A,D,K和E的吸收,”她說。
And make sure you get enough fluids — if you don’t, psyllium can cause constipation, and possibly even obstruct your bowel or esophagus. Follow package directions to make sure you drink enough.
並確保你得到足夠的液體 - 如果你不這樣做,車前子可引起便秘,甚至可能阻礙您的腸或食道。按照包裝上的說明,以確保你喝夠了。
Two teaspoons a day of psyllium, which is found in Metamucil and other bulk-forming laxatives, provide about 4 grams of soluble fiber.
一天歐車前的,這是在Metamucil等塊狀成形輕瀉劑發現,兩茶匙提供大約4克的可溶性纖維。
Out with the bad出配合不好
Harmful LDL creeps upward and protective HDL drifts downward largely because of diet and other lifestyle choices.
有害的LDL上升和保護性的HDL流失主要是因為飲食等生活方式。
Genes play a role, too — some people are genetically programmed to respond more readily to what they eat — but genes aren’t something you can change. Here are four things you can:
基因也是原因之一 - 有些人的基因讓他們對吃入食物更易作出反應 - 但基因是不是你可以改變。
Saturated fats. 飽和脂肪。
Typical sources of saturated fat include animal products, such as red meat, whole-fat dairy products, and eggs, and also a few vegetable oils, such as palm oil, coconut oil, and cocoa butter. 飽和脂肪典型的來源包括動物產品,如紅肉、全脂肪乳製品和蛋,還有幾種植物油,如棕櫚油、椰子油、和可可脂。
Saturated fat can increase your levels of “bad” LDL cholesterol.
飽和脂肪會增加你的“壞”的低密度脂蛋白膽固醇的水平。
But it has some benefits, too — it lowers triglycerides and nudges up levels of “good” HDL cholesterol.
但它也有一定的好處, - 它降低甘油三酯和向上微調“好”的HDL膽固醇水平。
The role of saturated fat in heart disease is currently under debate. For now, it’s best to limit your intake of saturated-fat-rich foods.
飽和脂肪在心臟疾病中的作用目前尚在討論之中。就目前而言,最好是限制富含飽和脂肪食物的攝入量。
Trans fats. 反式脂肪。
The right amount of trans fats is zero! 反式脂肪的適量為零!
The right amount of trans fats is zero! 反式脂肪的適量為零!
These fats have no nutritional value — and we know for certain they are bad for heart health. 脂肪沒有營養價值 - 我們肯定知道他們是壞的心臟健康。
Trans fats increase LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels while reducing levels of HDL cholesterol.
反式脂肪會增加LDL膽固醇和甘油三酯的水平,同時減少HDL膽固醇水平。
Weight and exercise. 體重和鍛煉。
Being overweight and not exercising affect fats circulating in the bloodstream. 體重超重和不運動會影響脂肪在血液中循環。
Excess weight boosts harmful LDL, while inactivity depresses protective HDL. 體重超重會升高有害的LDL,而閒置不動會降低具保護性的HDL。
Losing weight if needed and exercising more reverse these trends.
如果需要減肥和鍛煉更扭轉這些趨勢。