The document discusses various issues that can occur in multi-threaded applications and how thread dumps can help identify and diagnose them. It describes problems that can arise from I/O blocking, inefficient algorithms, lock contention, deadlocks, and non-thread-safe code. It provides examples like a HashMap causing 100% CPU usage. It also covers thread dump formats, tools for analyzing thread dumps, and questions that thread dumps may help answer about sporadic application behavior and performance problems.