TECHNOITSCHOOL | MUHAMMAD SHARIF RESEARCH PAPER ON BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE FROM BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD BULC. 2019-2021

1. MUHAMMAD SHARIF SON OF ABDULLAH FROM LAHORE.{MS-CS APEX APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT}
MY RESEARCH PAPER APPROVED FROM BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD*(BULC) PAKISTAN
NON-INVASIVE BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE FOR
AUGMENTATIVE AND ALTERNATIVE COMMUNICATION
MUHAMMAD SHARIF
STUDENT AT BAHRIA-UNIVERSITY
LAHORE CAMPUS
ALLAMA IQBAL TOWN LAHORE
technoitschool@gmail.com
DR. GULAM MUSTAFA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR AT
BAHRIA- UNIVERSITY LAHORE
CAMPUS
gmustafa.bulc@bahria.edu.pk
ABSTRACT
Brain-computer interface is the study of neuro-engineering to
explore and show how the brain can use external devices. I
explain and review the rules and principles of this human brain-
computer communication. BCI enhance the integration between
human brain and external devices and non-invasive neuro-
modulation process to improve mind-body interaction to perform
the interaction and performance. Brain-computer interface is the
connection of external man-made devices with the natural brain to
provide new output channels with all other external channels
without any link neuromuscular pathways. This neuroscience
accomplishes the user’s goal with the computer. BCI is already
used in healthcare to enhance the communication-interaction
between computer and human-brain. Patient with brain, spinal-
cord injury can enhance his, her computer-interaction without any
big planning. Patient can move his face and head that denoted
some instructions that is read by BCI project. Sometime patient or
disabled person may face some difficulty to create speech and
touch the computer screen and other mouse and keyboard devices.
Patient can also interact with computer by blinking of eyes that
transfer some expression to BCI system. BCI system decodes it
and read the instruction and work external devices according to
the decoded-instructions. The BCI control- signals are generated
from electroencephalographic activity. This process is done by
receiving the brain-signals and analyzes than and interprets them
and transfers into a controlled command that control the computer
machine and other electronic devices. [1]
We are going to research the BCI main branches in which brain
aspects of the BCI, BCI user engagement, mind-body awareness,
and brain imaging. Including these four trust areas, we will find a
facility and latest disable care of the brain and muscles and BCI
system on a large scale in daily life.[2]
A big challenge in BCI research is to find the process of
communication less invasive or even totally noninvasive. So that
even paralyzed patients to control their environment or robotic
limbs by using their thoughts and feeling. These types of type of
BCI if successful bring much neuroscience technology that is
usable for the patient as well as the general population.
Keywords
Brain-computer interface (BCI); Brain-machine interface (BMI);
Electroencephalography (EEG); Motor imagery (MI); Sensory
motor rhythm (SMR)
INTRODUCTION
The BCI means to providethe interface of computer with physical
brain. The ARPA-agency becomes interested in technologies that
develop a bionic application that communicate between computer
and human brain. After some time Dr. George Lawrence develops
a technique that maintains the load of the brain known as
biofeedback technique. The research developed important insights
on biofeedback but make less progress to reaches its stated goal.
After some time a program was developed known as bio
cybernetics has become the main source of bionic research
BCI gives two core benefits to their disable users. An AAC and
other is to provide the ability to move independently around in
and interact within or outside their environment. It becomes the
core research-topic due to its hand free movement of interaction
within or out-side the environment as well as the computer
environment. It becomes an interacting topic for researchers due
to its means of controlling the external devices by the severely
disabled person. The main examples of detecting and directing the
movements of electronic things. BCI provides the facility to
severely disabled people or spinal cord damage to provide a
technological environment. BCI system decodes human intentions
without requiring invasive surgical puncturing and surgical
process. BCI is the ease of use and lost cost procedure so that
server motor disabled patients can use and interact with the
technological environment. Brain-computer interface (BCIs)
means to provide interface and interaction between computers and
humans. It is also the study of Novel access to computers by
means of augmentative and alternative communication systems. It
provides access to people for accessing the system by using their
physical impairments. Hardly working is done on the BCI system
from the last decay. Previous BCI provides the Communication
aspects with system via spelling system utilization.[3]
AAC includes all the forms of transfer systems that share feeling
without talking. you can use AAC when you feel to communicate
with computers with gestures and facial expressions. BCI
provides human interaction as well as comfortableness and
reliability to the peoplewho are with impairments physically. The
potential for BCI is to provide Physical interaction to improve
autonomy for disable users and eventually a healthy person can
get output. My effort is using to BCI interface with physical
external devices real as well as virtual environments. In the BCI
environment, Cued cursor work as actual and virtual movement
for communication but its activity of daily utility is limited.
Researcher researching the electro-biological signals in the
research institute from the last decade. The ELECTRODES are

2. MUHAMMAD SHARIF SON OF ABDULLAH FROM LAHORE.{MS-CS APEX APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT}
MY RESEARCH PAPER APPROVED FROM BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD*(BULC) PAKISTAN
used for tasks such as monitoring the movements of a cursor and
spelling the words. The EEG AND SMR related BCI can be used
in robotics by motor-imagery. BCI detects the intention of the
user and provide feedback to those users. These feedback
intentions taken from the brain via BCI AND SMR can be used as
a alternative source for different or similar pre-programmed
robotic motion task. BCI provide are assistive technology that
captures brain activities and translates into machine-readable
signals to control and manipulate. The process of studying and
sensing the electromagnetically signals obtained
FROM THE SCALP of head by EEG device is shown below
figure 1.
Fig.1. Diagram show the BCI environment based on
motor imagery. A user imagine motor actions without
performing any movements. Motor-imagery create some
signals that can be read by EEG.[1] EEG filter them
and decode them to determine the user’s intents. When
one time user intents are determined, a number of
actions can be performed by natural-motor movements
The brain-computer interface was first introduced by MIPT
BASED on an artificial neural network that works with the help of
(electroencephalography) EEG it is a process or project that
records brain waves via electrodes placed on the brain. The
environmental images focused on the EEG in real-time. Brain-
computer interface basically used for capturing the external
information by EEG and understand by the human brain. This
process is called neurorehabilitation purposes. BCI control and
translate signals into the control signal that are studied by the
computer application. BCI are assistive technology that can
potentially facilitate pre-clinical or non-clinical. Brain-computer
interface is the process in which a physical impairment individual
can communicate with the environment without any hardness.
Individuals can meet their expressions with the environments
through natural speech or hard typing. BCI interacts with brain
activities through neurophysiological signals that are used as an
access point. BCI also known as the language expression
methodology. BCI is the assistive technology used as
augmentative and alternative communication. Eyes' gaze and
tracking of head are examples of BCI that used for AAC that
offered to the individuals for generating the machine-
understandable messages that are conveyed to BCI for
recognition. BCI monitors all electrical signals of the brain
generated by Brain scalp via electrodes that give access to more
communication with social interactions for people with SSPI.
Mind-Body Awareness Training
Mind-body awareness training is the (MBAT) exercise that tell
the body how to act with in the environment and outside the
environment. It increase the interest rate of potential health
benefits’. MBAT also improve the concentration with the
technology. Yoga with EEG is the efficient technique for good
practices. It reduces the stress of mind and anxiety. Meditation is
the way of awareness training that includes both internal and
external stimuli. It increases the attention. There are two types of
meditations like mind full-based and concentrative-based
meditations. This all discusses motor imaginary performance.
TYPES OF BCI BASED AAC.
Actually, BCI is helped with the following two types of
AAC.
UNAIDED SYSTEM
An unaided system is the process of body thoughts and
feeling that translate to other environments. That means it
includes gestures body, facial expressions and signed languages.
AIDED SYSTEM
That includes the hardware type microelectrodes and other
devices like the BCI project.
BCI Components
In this paper I discuss SMR BASED BCI approach, I focus
to provide the facility to enhance the neuroscience knowledge to
maximize the performance of BCI communication. This technique
record the scalp EEG signals to integrate with MI to improve BCI
performance. It also deals with the mind-body awareness training
to judge what kind of signals and what the signals meanings. [4]
Noninvasive BCI consists of many components in which
some of them are shown below.
1 Stimulus-Presentation paradigm ( auditory etc.)
2 A signal-acquisition like EEG data and eye tracker etc.
3 Preprocessing like signal-filtering.
4 contextual evidence like word completion
5 EEG evidence
6 SMR interface
7 Joint inference
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF
SENSORIMOTOR RHYTHMS
BCI assistive technology consists of five components:
From brain, it consist EEG device , ECoG, Single unit fixed
in cortex. EEG is fixed at the brain skull. ECoG is fixed inside the
skull. They all capture user intent and user movements. In

3. MUHAMMAD SHARIF SON OF ABDULLAH FROM LAHORE.{MS-CS APEX APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT}
MY RESEARCH PAPER APPROVED FROM BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD*(BULC) PAKISTAN
external part there is a Computer device that can generate the
device control commands. These control commands can control
temperature , communication and internet and other robotic
arms.[1][5]
BCI project detects the brain intent that activated within the
brain by brain holders. Continually changing in user brain intent,
the BCI-system should be able to capture it continually. These
continually changing brain thoughts generate the electrical signals
brains. This system is done by using micro-electrodes fixed within
the brain. The microelectrodes control a cursor on a computer-
screen non-invasively.
The long term BCI AAC is to facilitate the individuals to
participate with the health, social, and community environments.
Utility of BCIs, BCI gives pathological treatment that minimizes
the clinical dependency for the disability. BCIs are the new
avenues for the patient that suffers from limitations disable of the
necessity of residual motor ability like limb, head or eye and any
other body part movements. This technology is working at an
advanced level in the robotics. BCI gives hospital patients or
unreliable muscle user-controlled channel for the augmentative
and alternative communication with the independently with
environment. BCI detects the brain signals from brain muscles
and translates them into the machine-understandable program.
These BCI instructions are consist of user intent. Assistive
technology Human study has shown that the surrounding
environment can be controlled by some movement of a prosthetic
device that is implanted within the brain. BCI provides the
engagement for disabled sensorimotor man an interface and
connection between physical devices and users. BCI increases the
engagement between users and the system.
BCI is attached on the scalp of the human brain sensorimotor
areas that operated by the modulation of EEG activity, these
modulations are used to limit the hand movement of the patient
and directly communicate with computer or prosthetic devices.
This process will minimize the movements of human hands and
other physical parts and does not limit the interaction between the
human and computer. The BCI mental activities are put forward
into the prosthetic devices that act as received from the electrical
signals emitted from the BCI environment. This complete
environment has not yet been developed but the Principle's aim is
to create it. It is the assistive communication platform between a
human disable person and an intelligent machine. BCI recover the
difficulty of human mobility. There are various input signal and
methodology are studied by researcher for alternative and
communication and to control the physical devices
METHODOLOGY
BCI is a device. Brain-computer interface has two parts. First part
is translate and decoding the brain signal. Second using that brain
signals using machine to transmit that signals to a machine. It is
also called fireless handsets. Its alternative name is EEG that
contains electrodes, gel and sensors. It is fixed on the head like
helmet. The device have wireless sensors and electrodes. It
receives the sensorimotor rhythm. They are generated from motor
imagery tasks. Motor imagery task are done by the brain at the
need of user. User wants to show his need by some intent. These
user intent are decoded by the BCI. Some sensors are also used
for receiving the user intents. These sensors are implanted or
fixed within the brain. This BCI technology becoming famous in
the recent years due to its noninvasively communication. One
example of noninvasive technology is Electroencephalography
(EEG). EEG device record the scalp signals. These signals are in
intra-cortical sense. The movement of these signals are depend on
eyes directions. This type is also known as dependent BCI. If the
user intents are received to EEG without any eye direction. non-
invasive electroencephalogram-based brain-computer interface
create bioelectrical signals that shows the user intent, produce the
real-life action. This type of communication is called independent
BCI. The BCI give the basic two means. An alternative mean of
communication, and provide the physical interaction for the
disabled persons and alternative pathway for the healthy users. If
the user intent correlate with control commands, the BCI will
work. The user intent generate a specific task that he she wand on
computer. BCI will work on the user intent. This users intent
translation depend on the specific instruction of process[6]
Source Analysis and BCIs
SMR BASED BCIs can be used in the case of event related case
that are observed at the motor cortex with electrodes. When the
task is being performed the large number of neurons is used to
perform alpha/mu at the rate 8-13 Hz. When the imagining or
other movement the cortical-processing is performed to encode
the movements of state of body.
SIGNALS PROCESSING
Signal translational-algorithm convert independent variable
into dependent variables like sensorimotor rhythm into control
commands. These commands must be independent to each
other’s. For example vertical cursor movement does not depend
on horizontal cursors movements. These movement of cursor
depend on the user intent. If the user intent does not correlate
with these control commands, do nothing.
Its work was to determine the possibility for the biological-
signals, analyzed in real-time by a computer that helps to control
the vehicles, weaponry or other system. BCI receive and translate
the signal into instructions that can controls and perform the
computer actions. The brain is connected with electrodes that are
fixed within the EEG device. The signal received form the brain
could be in the form of metabolic and magnetic in nature. All the
patient and human expression are obtained by these signals. These
metabolic-signals are converted into digital signals that are
accomplishes the user intentions into control the external devices
like wheelchair. This work is done by using some algorithms.
Different Techniques and paradigms of BCI communication
in the field of Non-invasive augmentative and alternative
communications:
Event-related-potentials(ERP)
Slow-Cortical-potentials
Sensorimotor-rhythms SMR
Attention based BCI
MOTER-IMAGERY BCI
Visual based BCI (event-related potentials and steady-state
visual evoked potentials)
Motor-imagery based BCI means that a machine that
performed an action that are based some movements of motor
such as limbs. Some other BCI system is like inactive BCI,
reactive BCI and affective BCI. All these BCI are used to control

4. MUHAMMAD SHARIF SON OF ABDULLAH FROM LAHORE.{MS-CS APEX APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT}
MY RESEARCH PAPER APPROVED FROM BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD*(BULC) PAKISTAN
devices and applications by inner movement of user brain. Some
types of BCI are independent and dependent BCI. Independent
BCI does not depend on the peripheral nerves and muscles to
create the brain activity to perform functions. Dependent BCI is
based on peripheral and muscles to perform function and task. If
this research I am discussing on BCI research that related to
sensorimotor-rhythms and electron and motor-imagery.
Like other kind of communication BCI also uses input, an output
and a translation algorithm that convert the former and paralyzed
person activities into the latter. BCI consists of many brain
activity feature that is used to measure those features.
BCI Methodology and features:
BCI brain scalp electrode type and their locations.
1. ELECTROONCEPHALOGRAPHY and SMR is a BCI
system that is also known as non-invasive BCI, used to easy
access of Computers and humans using eye tracker or minimal
head movement.
2. CONTINOUS CONTROL.
BCI system must be able to continuous change and give
quickly respond with the
3. A controller for intelligent motion devices that can
follow complex paths based on a small set of commands;
4. A device of information transmission between the BCI
environment and system.
5. A biofeedback technique that improves the performance
of communication and decrees the mental load
BCI is the user Engagement with the system that is the
fundamental outcome that tells the expected satisfaction and users
comfortable. Response and throughput of the technical assistance
tell the performance of the system with the user of the system.
There are many sophisticated challenges related to the BCI that
are related to AT that we can feel by expert end-users that told us
about our challenges in BCI. The end-user challenges are that they
want a BCI system should be safe, reliable and should be at a
normal level. In this review report paper, we will discuss on
noninvasive EEG based BCI systemthat is useful for the AAC are
consist following Factors.
TIME-FREQUENCY MODULATION OF
SENSORIMOTOR RHYTHMS AND BCI
EEG with ECoG read and judges the potentials that is combined
with neural activity and is used to judge the basic cortical process.
They make visible oscillation that are spread over the entire brain.
It found the important functions of motor and cognitions. The
event related frequency band can be decrees and increase. If
amplitude decrease the low-frequency in SMR, is known as
desynchronization. If amplitude increase in a frequency band is
known as event related synchronization. [1][2]
My study demonstrates that execution of movement can be found
to decrease the alpha and beta band of frequency. Motor imagery
mostly case ERD rare ERD.
We can discriminate the sensory-motor information by means of
ERS AND ERD. The frequency of alpha-beta band SMR can be
determined by the organized in a somatotropin manner. The EEG-
SMR relates along with the source imaging study is to work with
the movement of different body parts is known as Homunculus.
This movement of EEG SENSORIMOTOR Rhythms can be used
to find out the brain states and movement of limb which tell about
the EEG BASED BCI information. SMR signal is a very low-
frequency band less than 1 Hz that are exploring for studying the
kinematic information. BCI developer and researcher are working
to find out to convert a very low-frequency band of 2D and 3D
velocity to useful movement for the result of sensorimotor
rhythms. Online BCI that have very low band allow user to
acquire 2D movement control at short training time. The Hand
and finger kinematics and oscillations in ECOG refer to local
motor potentials. SMR has the ability to detect the physiological
processes and their interactions within and across sites. SMR
information can get out of the cerebral cortex. On decoding of the
frequency band, neurophysiological information becomes the part
of BCI control.
BCI’S FEATURE TRANSLATION AND
EFFECTOR
By feature, the translation technique means that what are the
algorithms that translate the goal of mind as an input variable into
Machine control commands for achieving the user’s intent.
Common this algorithm capture the intent of the user form the
brain and then convert then into machine learning accurately and
reliably. This algorithm works spontaneously and encourages and
facilitates the user’s acquisition of better control.
SIGNAL-PROCESSING BCI FOR
COMMUNICATION
Signal-processing is the same technique as other processing held.
It means that the signal emitted from the BCI environment goes
through the air into the application server and the system work on
them as the signal wants to do. EEG capture and record brain
activity fixed on the brain via electrode at very low signal-to-noise
ratio and send to HEADBOX that is directly connected with
computer. BCI Electrodes can carefully capture information from
the brain and send to the EEG computer system for reading them
and action them as the man record its activity to EEG via minor
momentum. The goal of signals in a BCI system is to enhance the
STN ratio of EEG that carry out the user’s message and
commands. To study this topic the study of a major-source of
noise is essential. Noise detection and discrimination are very
understandable when more than one frequency are matched with
each other.
BCI TRANSLATION ALGORITHMS
There are 5 to 6 devices to convert user intent into useful
information. First of all patient that want to communicate with
environment. Second is EEG-HEADERBOX. Third is EEG-
AMPLIFIER. 5th
is pcand AD-CARD.
First device is called my me is patient. That has sensors attached
on his head. This sensors have box that contain configurations that
can captureuser intents. 2nd
thins was amplifier that has small
voltages and a AD converters. It is also called bio signal deveice
that convert the signals into stateof predictions. This amplifier is
used to judge the which kind of signal what shows the users
intent. The stateprediction signals also judge the user states.

5. MUHAMMAD SHARIF SON OF ABDULLAH FROM LAHORE.{MS-CS APEX APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT}
MY RESEARCH PAPER APPROVED FROM BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD*(BULC) PAKISTAN
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY:
When we move our left and right hand to show our
expression to theBCI system, it makes it into bit. At a time many
numbers of brain activities occur due to brain perceptions and
movements, at these state.
Motor-imagery is BCI technology that used when we move our
hands and foots. It create certain type of sensorimotor-cortex and
mind-brain pattern. It is based on motor-imagery spellers. These
motor-imagery spellers have many movements. Like left hand
movements and right hand movement and feet movements.
Fig.2. It show a imagery-control diagram that control a
wireless systemby moving the left and right hand movement.
Both hands are work for different purpose.[1]
Placing BCI-EEG cap on the head that performs calibration
session during which at user extension move to the EEG system.
When the calibration session receives data from the brain and
EEG, data is extracted that gives the dynamic activities of the
brain. Next, we remove the outliers and artifacts. It uses advanced
learning technology and uses a support vector machine. After all,
set up, we start the BCI application and do an experiment by
typewriting. If BCI give feedback, it works as a fully automatic
machine as illustrated in the diagram of Fig:2[1]
Figure 2 shows how to collect data from the environment.
We know that in the environment the BCI system every moving
event is the target for the BCI. These events and target and no
target events. These events further pre-processing module is used
as data normalization. The last best feature and channels are
selected. The CSP-spatial filtering increases the reparability
between target and non-target classes. These steps are explained
below.
Visual stimuli paradigm.[5]
Figure 3 showing the 8 arrows and 5 small squares. These
arrows were designed to show the events in the environments for
robotic devices that show steering directions. Each arrow and
square is associated with another environmental event. These
events are likely held in desk, door, and room, etc. Each symbol is
indiscriminately flashed with a uniform-distribution. The target
event occurs only once on each 15 flashes. All that worked events
show that how a robotic count these events mentally. A training
phase occurs before the testing session. Usually, the training
consists of approximately 80 target events and 1100 no target
events. [7]
BCI uses an algorithm to translate its BCI-input into BCI output
signals. These algorithms might be linear or non-linear equations.
Actually, BCI output is the cursor movement and provide the
feedback that to user and BCI environment. In addition to BCI
input translational equation and other BCI output, BCI has other
distinctive-characteristics. These include its ON/OFF mechanism,
response time and BCI information transfer rate. BCI operation
mostly depends on the user input wishes that are being transferred
into MACHINE, that the system measures the signals and omit its
related outputs into the signal controls. This system also provides
the special environment and facility so that the end BCI user can
generate its report and other motor and muscles disable persons
can research the specific field of interest. They can generate the
book in their interesting topics. BCI can use any kind of motor
imagery like right and left-hand movement or another mental
movement to produce electronic signals. A severe speech and
disable person if, he is a professor can also teach and can give
training to their students. Motor disable can increase the HCI and
can take benefits in the medical and education fields.
APPLICATION OF BCI
Non-invasive BCI system used by the patient to control the
internet browsers and the external computer system by his/her
extent or intensions. Brain activities can be measured by the non-
invasively with the help of an electroencephalogram device.
BCI is one that control you conscious voluntary thoughts that
are generated by your movements of limbs and other things. It is
direct manipulation with the applications. BCI is used to play
video games non-invasively. It crack the neural code into useful
information as the user want.
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION:
The quality of life can be improved by using this technology
as I discuss in the previous. This quality is only discussed in the
area of individuals who are in severe motor impairments. BCI
system cannot relieve but it can give an environment to an
individual to interact with computer interaction. In other sense
the patient can also be fixed in the patient room since the
individual can patient can interact with the system her/ his own. A
BCI can simply be defined it is direct communication between the
human brain and the computer system. It improves the health
status of those who are disabled by motor disability. It reduces the
cost of users because BCI is also usable in education,
entertainment and in almost all hospitals for healthcare. There are
a number of benefits in healthcare.
CONCLUSION REMARKS.
BCI provide independence to individuals and improve the quality
of comfortable life. Basic limitation of BCI system is signal
process when received form brain and prone to BCI system. If
they are damaged, causes many hardens as minimizing the
interaction and skipping the communication process. Other
challenges such as BCI can enhance the risk of hemorrhage and
infection rate of patient. [6] BCI is used to control the computer
and devices now a reality. Now a day BCI is mostly used non-
invasively in the environment. This process is used mental and
brain signals. Wearable sensors like BCI electrodes are used for
communications. This process is carried out with signal
processing algorithms. This paper reviewed on the process of
neuromodulation and neuroscience to improve the BCI
improve ness and
The approaches reviewed in this paper, including
integrating noninvasive- neuromodulation-techniques to
improve the learning of BCI control. BCI may increase
their user to control BCIs fasters.

6. MUHAMMAD SHARIF SON OF ABDULLAH FROM LAHORE.{MS-CS APEX APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT}
MY RESEARCH PAPER APPROVED FROM BAHRIA UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD*(BULC) PAKISTAN
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