Thermal dispersion mass flow transmitters measure mass flow by detecting heat dissipation from a heated surface. The sensor contains two mass balanced elements with precision matched RTDs. The reference sensor measures the process temperature (up to +400° F [+200° C]); the second RTD measures the temperature of the heated sensor. The power to the heater is varied to maintain a constant temperature difference above the reference temperature.
There is an inherent non-linear relationship between power and mass flow. A microprocessor compares the power against the calibration curve and converts the power requirements to the mass flow rate. Temperature is also measured to provide temperature compensation of the mass flow over the operating range of the instrument.
Series One Safety Transmitter, Pressure and Temperature SwitchIves Equipment
The One Series Safety Transmitter is a transmitter-switch for monitoring pressure or temperature and meets the requirements of SIL 2 for random integrity at HFT = 0, SIL 3 for random integrity at HFT = 1 and SIL 3 for systematic capability. The One Series Safety Transmitter incorporates UE’s patented IAW self diagnostics, redundant and diverse signal processing and software algorithms to detect abnormalities in the process and internal faults. The design is based on a powerful microprocessor that provides an extremely fast response time for emergency shutdown situations.
Smarter, self-diagnostic digital safety switches for temperature, pressure, flow, and level eliminate some of the risks associated with mechanical or pneumatic actuated devices.
The 212 Heat Calculator is designed to measure the energy consumed in hot water heating systems and chilled water
cooling systems. The 212 will interface with a wide range
of flowmeters, including vortex and magnetic flowmeters with pulse outputs, positive displacement and inferential water meters, turbine and paddle wheel flowmeters.
Data Acquisition Equipment for Automation and Process ControlMiller Energy, Inc.
Power generation, process automation, and factory automation in manufacturing industries require rigorous, continuous monitoring in the control room. Yokogawa's DX series recorders are purpose-built data acquisition systems designed for industrial automation.
Thermatel products are in service worldwide in many of the most demanding applications.As a flow switch Thermatel is used for gas and liquid applications for both flow and no/low flow detection. Typical applications involve pump protection, cooling air/water,relief valve monitoring,exhaust flows and lubrication systems. Thermatel products provide outstanding low flow sensitivity with high range ability.
Magnetrol TA2 Thermal Mass Flow Meter for Flare Gas ApplicationsMiller Energy, Inc.
Low flow sensitivity means high reliability for flare gas applications. The Thermatel® TA2 thermal dispersion mass flow meter provides reliable mass flow measurement for flare gas applications to comply with monitoring requirements.
Series One Safety Transmitter, Pressure and Temperature SwitchIves Equipment
The One Series Safety Transmitter is a transmitter-switch for monitoring pressure or temperature and meets the requirements of SIL 2 for random integrity at HFT = 0, SIL 3 for random integrity at HFT = 1 and SIL 3 for systematic capability. The One Series Safety Transmitter incorporates UE’s patented IAW self diagnostics, redundant and diverse signal processing and software algorithms to detect abnormalities in the process and internal faults. The design is based on a powerful microprocessor that provides an extremely fast response time for emergency shutdown situations.
Smarter, self-diagnostic digital safety switches for temperature, pressure, flow, and level eliminate some of the risks associated with mechanical or pneumatic actuated devices.
The 212 Heat Calculator is designed to measure the energy consumed in hot water heating systems and chilled water
cooling systems. The 212 will interface with a wide range
of flowmeters, including vortex and magnetic flowmeters with pulse outputs, positive displacement and inferential water meters, turbine and paddle wheel flowmeters.
Data Acquisition Equipment for Automation and Process ControlMiller Energy, Inc.
Power generation, process automation, and factory automation in manufacturing industries require rigorous, continuous monitoring in the control room. Yokogawa's DX series recorders are purpose-built data acquisition systems designed for industrial automation.
Thermatel products are in service worldwide in many of the most demanding applications.As a flow switch Thermatel is used for gas and liquid applications for both flow and no/low flow detection. Typical applications involve pump protection, cooling air/water,relief valve monitoring,exhaust flows and lubrication systems. Thermatel products provide outstanding low flow sensitivity with high range ability.
Magnetrol TA2 Thermal Mass Flow Meter for Flare Gas ApplicationsMiller Energy, Inc.
Low flow sensitivity means high reliability for flare gas applications. The Thermatel® TA2 thermal dispersion mass flow meter provides reliable mass flow measurement for flare gas applications to comply with monitoring requirements.
Datasheet Fluke Hydra Series III. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
Datasheet Fluke 2638A. Datasheet Fluke Data Acquisition. Informasi lebih detail hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika, Jakarta Office : 021-45850618 atau Surabaya Office : 031-8421264
GE Advanced Modular Calibrator for Process Measurement InstrumentsFlow-Tech, Inc.
The DPI 620 Genii is an easy to use, rugged, and highly accurate multifunction instrument for calibrating & maintaining process instrumentation. Its modular design and functionality means it can be expanded over time and tailored to applications as needs change. With options that include HART / Fieldbus / Profibus communications, it’s a powerful, simple to use and high accuracy calibrator.
Datasheet Fluke 5502A. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
Datasheet Fluke 5502A Multi-product Calibrator. Informasi lebih detail hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika, Jakarta Office : 021-45850618 atau Surabaya Office : 031-8421264
Thermal dispersion switch for flow, level, interface, or temperatureFlow-Tech, Inc.
FCI liquid level/interface switches feature thermal dispersion technology in which the temperature difference between the two RTDs is greatest in the absence of liquid and decreases when the level element is submerged, cooling the heated RTD.
FCI flow switches feature thermal dispersion technology in which the temperature difference is greatest in a no-flow condition and decreases as flow increases, cooling the heated RTD. Changes in flow velocity directly affect the extent to which heat dissipates and, in turn, the magnitude of the temperature difference between the RTDs.
Siemens Terminal Box Controller (APOGEE Automation System )CONTROLS & SYSTEMS
In This PPT we are discussed about complete details of that product (Use,Operation, Technical details, Dimensions, Wiring, and etc..)
Please Support us and Follow our other Sites
https://www.instagram.com/controlsandsystems.offical
https://twitter.com/ControlsSystems
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https://controlsandsystems.business.site
www.controls.systemsdm@gmail.com
If you enjoyed this article, share it with your friends and colleagues
One Series Safety Transmitter - Pressure and Temperature Transmitter-SwitchMiller Energy, Inc.
The One Series Safety Transmitter simplifies installation, improves productivity, and eliminates nuisance trips. Sensor diagnostics with redundant data processing detect open, shorted, and plugged sensing elements.
Making the best instrument selection for a flow measurement application should include an assessment of what the operators really need in order to safely and effectively run the process or perform the task related to the measurement of fluid flow.
Datasheet Fluke Super-Thermometer. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
Datasheet Fluke 1594A. Datasheet Fluke 1595A. Informasi lebih detail hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika, Jakarta Office : 021-45850618 atau Surabaya Office : 031-8421264
Process Digital Bargraph Display for Industrial Control and AutomationClassic Controls, Inc.
Commercial bargraphs are designed for use in non-nuclear environments. They may be used as HI-LO, on/off, or differential gap controllers and/or annunciators in process or other control applications. Fully programmable, these are the preferred choice for new applications, or for replacement of set point controllers, switchboard meters, other common size indicators.
The Vanguard WirelessHART gas detector is ideal for the monitoring of toxic and combustible gases without the need for costly and fixed wiring. With a five year battery life and one button calibration, the Vanguard detector is easy to operate and maintain.
Each Vanguard detector has a WirelessHART transceiver, an antenna, a display, a long life power module, a gas sensor, and a signal processor for the gas sensor. Vanguard uses a sensor architecture trademarked “Flexsense,” which allows the sensor to identify its target gas and self-configure to a Vanguard transmitter upon connection.
Turbine flow meters for gas service from HofferFlow-Tech, Inc.
Hoffer Flow Controls manufactures high precision turbine flowmeters for the cryogenic industry and is the world leader in turbine flowmeter technology for the measurement of clean liquids and gases throughout the processing industries.
Flowfit cca250 endress+hauser datasheet-flow assembly for chlorine and p h:or...ENVIMART
Flowfit cca250 endress+hauser datasheet-flow assembly for chlorine and p h:orp sensors - Endress+Hauser - Envimart JSC - www.envimart.vn - ĐT: 028 77727979 - sales@envimart.vn - Nền tảng cung cấp thiết bị, vật tư ngành nước và môi trường.
Pressure Handbook for Industrial Process Measurement and ControlMiller Energy, Inc.
Illustrated handbook provides clear explanation of pressure concepts and measurement. Various sensor technologies are explained and compared. Good quick reference.
What is a flowmeter ?
Simply a device that can monitor and measure the actual amount of ‘product’ being sent through it. Typically flowmeters in industry are used for monitoring use of water, chemicals, ingredients, etc.
Datasheet Fluke Hydra Series III. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
Datasheet Fluke 2638A. Datasheet Fluke Data Acquisition. Informasi lebih detail hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika, Jakarta Office : 021-45850618 atau Surabaya Office : 031-8421264
GE Advanced Modular Calibrator for Process Measurement InstrumentsFlow-Tech, Inc.
The DPI 620 Genii is an easy to use, rugged, and highly accurate multifunction instrument for calibrating & maintaining process instrumentation. Its modular design and functionality means it can be expanded over time and tailored to applications as needs change. With options that include HART / Fieldbus / Profibus communications, it’s a powerful, simple to use and high accuracy calibrator.
Datasheet Fluke 5502A. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
Datasheet Fluke 5502A Multi-product Calibrator. Informasi lebih detail hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika, Jakarta Office : 021-45850618 atau Surabaya Office : 031-8421264
Thermal dispersion switch for flow, level, interface, or temperatureFlow-Tech, Inc.
FCI liquid level/interface switches feature thermal dispersion technology in which the temperature difference between the two RTDs is greatest in the absence of liquid and decreases when the level element is submerged, cooling the heated RTD.
FCI flow switches feature thermal dispersion technology in which the temperature difference is greatest in a no-flow condition and decreases as flow increases, cooling the heated RTD. Changes in flow velocity directly affect the extent to which heat dissipates and, in turn, the magnitude of the temperature difference between the RTDs.
Siemens Terminal Box Controller (APOGEE Automation System )CONTROLS & SYSTEMS
In This PPT we are discussed about complete details of that product (Use,Operation, Technical details, Dimensions, Wiring, and etc..)
Please Support us and Follow our other Sites
https://www.instagram.com/controlsandsystems.offical
https://twitter.com/ControlsSystems
https://automationtechplc2.blogspot.com
https://humidificationcontrol.blogspot.com
https://controlsandsystems.business.site
www.controls.systemsdm@gmail.com
If you enjoyed this article, share it with your friends and colleagues
One Series Safety Transmitter - Pressure and Temperature Transmitter-SwitchMiller Energy, Inc.
The One Series Safety Transmitter simplifies installation, improves productivity, and eliminates nuisance trips. Sensor diagnostics with redundant data processing detect open, shorted, and plugged sensing elements.
Making the best instrument selection for a flow measurement application should include an assessment of what the operators really need in order to safely and effectively run the process or perform the task related to the measurement of fluid flow.
Datasheet Fluke Super-Thermometer. Hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika 021-45850618PT. Siwali Swantika
Datasheet Fluke 1594A. Datasheet Fluke 1595A. Informasi lebih detail hubungi PT. Siwali Swantika, Jakarta Office : 021-45850618 atau Surabaya Office : 031-8421264
Process Digital Bargraph Display for Industrial Control and AutomationClassic Controls, Inc.
Commercial bargraphs are designed for use in non-nuclear environments. They may be used as HI-LO, on/off, or differential gap controllers and/or annunciators in process or other control applications. Fully programmable, these are the preferred choice for new applications, or for replacement of set point controllers, switchboard meters, other common size indicators.
The Vanguard WirelessHART gas detector is ideal for the monitoring of toxic and combustible gases without the need for costly and fixed wiring. With a five year battery life and one button calibration, the Vanguard detector is easy to operate and maintain.
Each Vanguard detector has a WirelessHART transceiver, an antenna, a display, a long life power module, a gas sensor, and a signal processor for the gas sensor. Vanguard uses a sensor architecture trademarked “Flexsense,” which allows the sensor to identify its target gas and self-configure to a Vanguard transmitter upon connection.
Turbine flow meters for gas service from HofferFlow-Tech, Inc.
Hoffer Flow Controls manufactures high precision turbine flowmeters for the cryogenic industry and is the world leader in turbine flowmeter technology for the measurement of clean liquids and gases throughout the processing industries.
Flowfit cca250 endress+hauser datasheet-flow assembly for chlorine and p h:or...ENVIMART
Flowfit cca250 endress+hauser datasheet-flow assembly for chlorine and p h:orp sensors - Endress+Hauser - Envimart JSC - www.envimart.vn - ĐT: 028 77727979 - sales@envimart.vn - Nền tảng cung cấp thiết bị, vật tư ngành nước và môi trường.
Pressure Handbook for Industrial Process Measurement and ControlMiller Energy, Inc.
Illustrated handbook provides clear explanation of pressure concepts and measurement. Various sensor technologies are explained and compared. Good quick reference.
What is a flowmeter ?
Simply a device that can monitor and measure the actual amount of ‘product’ being sent through it. Typically flowmeters in industry are used for monitoring use of water, chemicals, ingredients, etc.
Thermal plant instrumentation and controlShilpa Shukla
Detail working description of each components used in A Thermal or Coal based Plant for generation of electricity. Controlling and automation is described.
Application of sensors : Thermistors and potentiometerAnaseem Hanini
Application of sensors
Applications of potentiometer:
1. Audio Control The potentiometer is used in radio and television (TV) receiver for volume control, tone control and linearity control.
2. Continuous Balance DVM – The basic block diagram of a servo balancing potentiometer type DVM The input voltage is applied to one side of a mechanical chopper comparator, the other side being connected to the variable arm of a precision potentiometer.
3. Lighting
We can use a potentiometer to control the lighting level of a television, or the brightness of a computer screen.
RTD
1.Air and Gas Temperature Measurement with RTD Sensors
2.liquids Temperature Measurement with Flexible RTDs
The RTD temperature sensors are more accurate and precise then normally used temperature sensors and uses resistance concept to detect the temperature and convert to the digital value.
THERMISTOR
1.NTC Thermistors For Cooling Applications ((PCB)
2. Thermistors Temperature Detection in Fire Alarms.
The most cost effective fire alarm is one utilizing the thermistor method.
The Fox Model FT1, winner of the 2015 Flow Control Innovation Award and the 2015 Processing Breakthrough Product Award, is the newest Thermal Gas Mass Flow Meter offered from Fox Thermal Instruments.
The Model FT1 is a multiple award winner due to its innovative design elements such as the DDC-Sensor™ technology platform that allows it to operate using the Gas-SelectX® gas menu selection tool.
The Model FT1 measures gas flow rate in standard units (SCFM, NM³/hr, LBS/HR, KG/HR & many more) without the need for temperature and pressure compensation.
The two most important design innovations on the new FT4A are the new 2nd Generation DDCSensor™ and the expanded GasSelectX® gas selection menu.
Like all Fox meters, the rugged FT4A measures gas flow rate in standard units without the need for temperature or pressure compensation.
Transformer Parameters Monitoring System using MATLAB SimulinkDr. Amarjeet Singh
Transformer is an important component of an
electrical distribution system. Hence it is important to
monitor transformers for problems before faults occur. This
system is about design and implementation of embedded
system to monitor and record key parameters of a
distribution transformer like load currents,voltage and
temperature. It is installed at the distribution transformer
site and the above parameters are recorded using the analog
to digital converter (ADC) of the embedded system. The
obtained parameters are processed and recorded in the
system memory. If any abnormality or an emergency
situation occurs the system takes immediate action to avoid it.
This system will help the transformers to operate smoothly
and identify problems before any failure. proposed system is
low cost, easy to use capable of monitoring and displaying
data using matlab[1,6].
Toshniwal - Thermal mass flow meters and controllerSangeethaS99
THERMAL MASS FLOW METERS AND CONTROLLER
The range of Thermal Mass Flow Meters from Bronkhorst address high accuracy in low flow rate scenarios like those seen in laboratory and Pilot plant usages. With a housing designed for laboratory and clean processing conditions, the instruments are truly unique in their capability to measure and control flow ranges between 0,014…0,7 mln/min and 8…1670 ln/min with pressure rating between vacuum and 400 bar – all in one range of instruments.
FEATURES
Rangeability in digital mode up to 1:150
High accuracy (standard 0,5% Rd plus 0,1% FS)
Pressure ratings 64 / 100 bar
Highly resistant to mechanical shocks and pressure fluctuations
Large range of Input/output options to choose from
Extremely fast and dynamic response
User configurable control characteristics
Applications
Analytical/environmental equipment
Gas flow monitoring in food, chemical and petrochemical industries
Gas consumption measurement in gas distribution systems for internal accounting purposes
Detection of gas leakage through objects
Semiconductor manufacturing
Surface treatment installations
Flow & Pressure Instrumentation for Biopharmaceuticals & Life SciencesMiller Energy, Inc.
Producing biopharmaceuticals is one of the world’s most demanding manufacturing processes. Brooks Instrument’s mass flow and pressure control technology helps maximize cell culture yields and control bioprocess costs. Brooks flow and pressure controllers set global standards for reliability, repeatability and long-term stability.
Magnetrol Guide Wave Radar Level Transmitter For Hygienic ApplicationsMiller Energy, Inc.
For hygienic applications, the transmitters are available with a 304 stainless steel housings designed specifically for use in facilities with the special requirements for the wetted and non-wetted materials, process connections and surface finishes of hygienic industries.
Solenoid Valves for Water Conditioning and Purification Systems and EquipmentMiller Energy, Inc.
New composite valve technologies can offer notable benefits
when improved valves are specified for membrane-based filtration like reverse osmosis systems. Advantages include current certifications, ready availability, high reliability in challenging applications, ease of installation and use, and a choice of normally open and normally closed versions
Special RTD Temperature Sensor Configuration for Heat Trace ApplicationsMiller Energy, Inc.
Heat traced piping requires a means of temperature measurement to assure control of heat input to minimize energy consumption and maximize pipe and fluid temperature.
Maintenance Procedures for Yokogawa ADMAG TI Series AXW Magnetic Flow MeterMiller Energy, Inc.
The AXW series is ideal for industrial process lines, and water supply and sewage applications. With outstanding reliability and ease of operation, developed on decades of field-proven experience, the AXW will increase user benefits while reducing total cost of ownership.
Regulatory modifications have raised important issues in design and use of industrial safety systems. Certain changes in IEC 61508, now being widely implemented, mean that designers and users who desire full compliance must give new consideration to topics such as SIL levels and the transition to new methodologies.
Eclipse Model 706 High Performance Guided Wave Radar Level TransmitterMiller Energy, Inc.
The Eclipse® Model 706 high performance transmitter is a loop-powered, 24 VDC level transmitter that is based upon the proven and increasingly accepted technology of guided wave radar (GWR). Encompassing a number of significant engineering accomplishments, this leading edge level transmitter is designed to provide measurement performance well beyond that of many of the more traditional technologies.
Schubert & Salzer is a fast growing high-tech company, that develops, produces and distributes highly precise control and stop valves which are applied in the process industry.
Achieve superior accuracy and unmatched zero stability in ultra-low-flow gas and liquid measurement and control with the Quantim® Coriolis mass flow controllers and meters from Brooks Instrument. Brooks has taken the lead in driving improvements in Coriolis flow technology: Our patented Coriolis sensor design measures low flows independent of fluid type or process variables. The result: unsurpassed performance - the most accurate, stable, repeatable and reproducible mass flow measurement and control, even under changing conditions.
Verbatim Gateway is a field-proven, stand-alone alarm monitoring and reporting solution. More reliable than PC-based alarm systems, you can depend on it to perform in mission-critical applications due to its fault tolerance and internal battery backup. Robust yet affordable, Verbatim Gateway monitors operations and notifies personnel of problem conditions — anytime, anywhere — for a one-time cost. No extra service contracts or plug-ins required!
Parker manufactures one of the widest offerings of quick connect hose fittings available, with variants, options, and specialized products to suit almost every application.
Rugged, NEMA 4X, epoxy coated enclosure
SPDT or DPDT switch output
Easy access wiring
Single switch output
Internal reference scale and adjustable deadband available
Adjustable ranges: ◦30 "Hg Vac to 5000 psi
• 1 bar Vac to 344 bar
• 0.2 "wcd to 500 psid
• 0,5 mbar d to 34,5 bar d
• -180 to 650 ºF
• -117 to 340ºC
Approvals: UL, CSA, CE, TUV
A straight forward device, the current to pneumatic converter produces a pneumatic output signal that is proportional to an electrical control level input signal of 4 to 20 mA or 10 to 50 mA. This provides a useful interface between electronic controllers and pneumatically operated valves, air cylinders, or other air operated control elements.
Magnetrol is a globally recognized manufacturer of level and flow measurement instrumentation and devices. Technologies include inferential and direct measurement.
Habonim Valves & Actuators is a leading manufacturer of ball valves and pneumatic actuators with over 50 years' experience and a worldwide reputation for its high quality, innovation and engineering expertise. Habonim supplies a wide range of 3-piece and flanged ball valves, as well as tailor-made solutions, generating significant cost and space savings for its customers.
Magnetrol International has launched the PULSAR Model R86 Non-Contact Radar transmitter, an advanced level control solution that offers radar technology with improved performance for a wide range of level measurement applications.
The PULSAR Model R86 is designed to provide
outstanding accuracy, reliability and safety for
virtually all process industries.
Utilizing an Aluminum Oxide sensor 600 times more sensitive than conventional sensors
The 8800 series uses field proven aluminum oxide (Al2O3) sensing technology to accurately detect trace moisture on either a continuous or spot checking basis.
Combustion sources such as furnaces and fired
heaters play a critical role in the process industry.
Unfortunately, combustion requires large amounts of
fuel (gas, fuel oil). As a result, combustion efficiency
directly influences the performance and operational
costs of production facilities. However, efficiency is not
the only concern. Compliance and safety are major
challenges as well.
Brooks Instrument manufactures an array of flow, pressure, vacuum and level products for dozens of industries from pharmaceuticals, oil and gas, fuel cell research and chemicals, to medical devices, analytical instrumentation, semiconductor manufacturing.
Product guide for industrial gauges from Ametek U.S. GaugeMiller Energy, Inc.
U.S. Gauge is one of the world's leading suppliers of high quality, competitively priced pressure gauges, diaphragm seals, temperature gauges and thermowell fittings. The product line includes a wide range of gauges, from vacuum pressure to a 23,000 psi gauge pressure device, in single or dual scale dials. Gauge sizes range from 1-1/2 inches to 6 inches, with brass, 316 stainless steel, or Monel internals. USG offers a complete range of options for all the above products, such as a gauge snubber, Sta-Kool cooling element, siphon, over-pressure protector, and much more.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
1. S p e c i a l A p p l i c a t i o n S e r i e s
THERMATEL®
MASS FLOW MEASUREMENT
2. S Mass Flow Measurement
Thermal flow meters measure flow rate in units of
mass flow (SCFM or NM3/hr) rather than flow at oper-
ating conditions. Because temperature and pressure
variations will influence the gas density, mass flow
measurement provides optimum measurement accuracy
despite temperature and pressure variations.
In addition to greater measurement accuracy, mass
flow is also measured to accommodate an industry’s
measurement standards. Chemicals react on the basis
of mass relationships of ingredients. Combustion is
based upon the mass flow rate of the air and fuel. In
addition, a facility’s gas consumption is based upon
mass flow.
S Thermatel®
Technology
Operating on the
basis of heat transfer,
THERMTATEL TA2
transmitters measure
mass flow by
detecting heat dissipation from a heated surface.
Their sensor probes contain two mass balanced ele-
ments with precision matched RTDs. The reference
RTD measures the process temperature (up to +400 °F,
+200 °C) while the second RTD measures the temper-
ature of the heated sensor.
A brief discussion of the TA2
technology follows on page 4.
For a thorough discussion
of thermal dispersion
technology, download our
32-page Thermatel®
Measurement Handbook at
www.MAGNETROL.com.
S Thermatel®
Benefits
THERMATEL flow meters offer distinct advantages
over many traditional gas flow measuring methods*:
N Direct mass flow measurement does not require
pressure or temperature input for density correc-
tion as do many gas flow technologies, such as
differential pressure.
N Offers excellent low flow sensitivity: mass veloci-
ties of 10 ft/min (0.05 m/s) to 50,000 ft/min
(250 m/s) (gas dependent).
N Measures low velocities as well as high flow rates
for a turndown rate of 100:1 or more.
N THERMATEL probes create negligible pipe blockage
resulting in very low pressure drops.
N THERMATEL measurement functions are accom-
plished without moving parts—resulting in little or
no maintenance and fewer on-line problems.
N THERMATEL transmitters have been engineered
for easy installation and fast set-up while providing
rugged, accurate and reliable service.
N Calibrated for your application, each instrument is
ready for immediate field installation and operation.
N Installed cost of THERMATEL is very competitive
with other gas mass flow measurement technologies.
N FM, FMc, ATEX approvals for combustible gases.
N Available as insertion or Inline styles.
N Flow body designs for pipe sizes as small as
1
⁄2 inch
*These conditions will compromise THERMATEL performance:
(1) a continuous presence of condensed moisture;
(2) an excessive probe buildup; (3) an attempt to measure
media for which the instrument was not calibrated.
Introducing Thermatel®
Magnetrol®
TA2 thermal mass flow transmitters measure mass flow by detecting heat dissipation from a heated surface.
2
3. 3
Supply Voltage: 100-264 VAC, 50-60 Hz
11.6-30 VDC
Flow Range: 10-50,000 SFPM (0.05-250 Nm/s)
(gas dependent)
Flow Accuracy: ±1% of reading plus 0.5%
of calibration range
Temperature Accuracy: ±2° F (1° C)
Repeatability: ±0.5% of reading
Sensor Range: -50° to +400° F (-45° to +200° C)
Rated to 1,500 psig (103 bar)
Turn Down: 100:1 (application dependent)
TA2 S P E C I F I C A T I O N S
TA2 I N D E P T H
Integral or Remote:
All electronics are housed in
a compact, explosion-proof
enclosure mounted on the
probe or at a remote location.
Display: Optional two-line,
16 digits/line, alphanumeric
backlit display module with
four-button keypad for easy
configuration. Displays flow
rate, temperature, totalized flow,
and diagnostic messages.
TA2 Electronics Features:
• Unit accepts both 11.5 to 30 VDC and 100–264
VAC input power
• Rotatable housing for viewing display at virtually
any angle
• Active and passive 4-20 mA output of flow
• Second mA output for temperature or second
flow range
• Pulse output available for external totalizer or PLC
• HART and PACTware communications
• Real time temperature compensation
• Automatic pipe blockage adjustment
• Very low heat input
• Unit delivered factory calibrated and configured—
simplifies startup
• Flow profile compensation
• Easy. Intuitive software configuration
• Software totalizer displays the totalized flow
usage in the user’s choice of engineering units.
• Both resettable and non-resettable totalizer
• Complete diagnostics monitor condition of
probe, circuit, wiring and even RTD sensor drift
Insertion (left) or In-Line style (above)
Process Connections: Selection of
process connections includes threads,
welded flange construction, and use
with a compression fitting.
Probe: All-welded 316 stainless steel;
Hastelloy®
C-276 optional. Process tempera-
tures to +400° F (+200° C); Pressure rating to
1,500 psig (103 bar); ratings are dependent
upon process connections.
Convenience: Probe is field-
replaceable; Optional hot tap
Retractable Probe Assembly
(RPA) allows for probe
installation or removal
without a process shut-
down. At right, standard
and high pressure RPAs.
Protection: Sensor is
protected within a durable
enclosure to prevent damage
if the probe is inserted too
far into a pipe.
G
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4. 4
Principle of Operation
TA2 thermal mass flow transmitter technology for measuring mass flow.
The TA2 uses the proven Constant Temperature
Difference Technology for mass flow measurement.
There are two elements in the sensor as shown on
page 2. The RTD in the reference pin measures the
process temperature of the gas where the sensor is
located; a variable amount of power is applied to the
heater in the second pin to maintain a specified
temperature difference. The amount of the temperature
difference is set during the calibration to optimize the
performance for the particular application.
At low mass flow rates there is little heat transfer
and the amount of power required to maintain the
desired temperature difference is low. However, as the
mass flow rate increases, the power requirements
increase. Changes in heat transfer are greatest at low
velocities which provide excellent low flow sensitivity.
As the mass flow increases the power increases in a
non-linear manner as shown in the chart below. The
curve continues permitting flow measurements at high
velocities; this provides very high turndown capabilities.
The units are factory calibrated to establish this
relationship between heat transfer and mass flow.
Calibration is performed by placing the TA2 in a flow
bench and flowing a known amount of gas past the
sensor. The signal is measured at each flow rate.
A minimum of 10 data points are taken over the operating
range of the instrument. Once calibrated this is a
permanent calibration unless something happens to
the sensor. The TA2 provides a simple method which
permits the user to verify calibration in the field.
The TA2 is designed with advance digital electronics
which produce very low amounts of heat input to the
sensor. Testing by FM has demonstrated a maximum of
a 4 °C (7.2 °F) temperature rise of the heated element
which is much lower than other designs. This permits
the TA2 to measure much higher velocities than other
designs without running out of power.
One of the advantages of the Constant Temperature
Difference Technology is the response time. There is
some thermal mass which needs to heat up or cool
down with changes in flow. The TA2 incorporates an
advance PID control circuit which immediately detects
changes in temperature difference to provide very rapid
response in the flow measurement. Once at constant
flowing conditions, the signal remains extremely stable.
Mass Flow Rate
Power
Flow Calibration Curve
5. Measuring Mass Flow in Large Pipes and Ducts.
ABOVE: Two, custom-engineered
multi-point arrays. BELOW: Four
standard TA2 flow meters.
he larger the diameter of a
pipe, stack or duct, the
greater the likelihood of significant
flow velocity profile distortions. In
these highly skewed flow condi-
tions, a single point flow meter
won’t do the job. So, what’s the
best measurement solution?
A frequent choice for greater
measurement accuracy is the
multi-point sensor array. Here,
two or more flow sensors are
placed along an extended-length
insertion element. With more sen-
sor points across the interior
expanse of the duct, the more
representative will be the flow
measurement. And, if you install
two of these arrays in crisscross
fashion inside the duct (as dia-
gramed at top right), you have a
sensor array that will provide very
good results. The price you pay
for this set-up, however, is cost;
for the multi-point array is engi-
neering-intensive at the front end,
and maintenance-intensive down
the line.
Option #2 is to insert four TA2s
(or more, as needed) from oppo-
site sides of a duct (bottom right)
and average their output signals.
This approach uses standard
THERMTATEL flow meters for
accurate and reliable mass flow
measurement at a lower installed
cost, and with less maintenance
headaches in the future. I
T
Mass Flow of Air
Applications: The flow of air (78% nitrogen, 21%
oxygen and traces of eight other gases) is monitored in
nearly all industrial settings, including applications for
processing; air/gas mixing; cooling; blowing & drying;
combustion; aeration; ventilation; filtration; ingredient
mixing; air sampling, and many others. Significant air-
flow variables include pipe diameters, wide flow ranges,
varying velocities and low flow sensitivity. Large-duct
flow applications for THERMATEL include combustion
air flow used in determining fuel-to-air mixtures for
industrial boilers, heaters, furnaces and kilns.
TA2 Air Flow Applications:
• Aeration Flows Wastewater Treatment
• Combustion Air Boilers, Kilns, Heaters
• Test Air Flow Pump and Equipment Mfgrs.
• Air Flow Rate Metals Processing and Recovery
• Spray Drying Food, Bio-Pharm, Chemical
• Remediation Agricultural, Environmental
• Heat Treating Manufacturing, Metals
• Drying Air Flow Pulp and Paper
• Reheat Air Flow PowerGen
• Leak Detection All Industries
The combustion efficiency of burners, furnaces and
dryers is enhanced by obtaining repeatable flow meas-
urement of the inlet combustion air. Ducts can vary from
six-inches in diameter to many square feet. Too little air
and combustion is incomplete; too much air and com-
bustion efficiency is greatly reduced.
Application Insights
5
6. Compressed Air Flow
Applications: Air that is compressed and contained
at a pressure greater than atmosphere has become
industry’s universal power source. Seventy percent of
all manufacturers operate compressed air (CA).
Process operations dependent upon CA include pneu-
matic tools; materials handling; painting; oxidation;
fractionation; cryogenics; refrigeration; dehydration;
filtration and aeration. Flow meters help ensure effi-
cient operation at rated SCFM output and are also
used to detect leaks. A Flow Meter with a Totalizer
provides an accurate measurement of CA consumption.
TA2 Compressed Air Flow Applications:
• Automation & Process Systems All Industries
• Pneumatic tools, Painting All Industries
• Materials Handling Systems All Industries
• Filling, Capping, Packaging Bottling, Packaging
• PET, PE Bottle Blowing Plastic Containers
• Labs, Pill Coating Pharmaceuticals
• Soil Remediation Environmental Industry
• Drilling, Pipelines Oil and Natural Gas
• Pressurizing Gas Lines Natural Gas
• Food & Drug Processing Foods, Pharmaceuticals
Nitrogen Gas Flow
Applications: Nitrogen gas (N2) is the most widely
used commercial gas. Colorless, odorless, tasteless,
and nonflammable, its inertness makes it an ideal
blanketing gas to protect flammable or explosive
solids and liquids from contact with air. Keeping
chemicals, pharmaceuticals and foods within a nitro-
gen atmosphere keeps them protected from oxygen
and moisture degradation. Oil, gas and petrochemical
industries purge tanks and pipes with nitrogen to
replace hazardous or undesirable atmospheres. In
refinery maintenance, nitrogen quickly cools catalyst
temperatures to vastly reduce shutdown time.
TA2 Nitrogen Gas Flow Applications:
• Tank Blanketing Chemicals, Foods, Hydrocarbons
Bio-Pharm, Semi-Conductor
• Gas Purging Natural Gas, Refinery Industries
• Pressure Transfer Storage Vessels, All Industries
• Cooling, Freezing Refineries, Food Processing
• Forming Control Metal Casting
• Heat Treatment Shield Gas for Steel and Iron
• Pill & Tablet coating Pharmaceutical, Nutritional
• Inerting of LNG Tankers, Transport Vessels
• Drilling, Processing Oil and Natural Gas Industries
Nitrogen flow in a two-inch line at a chemical plant.
Point-of-use consumption of compressed air and gases
will permit the user to obtain improved usage rate infor-
mation for more efficient operations. Some centralized
facilities bill the individual plants for gas usage.
This Glycol Regeneration Skid serving a natural gas
field in Holland features three TA2s—two measuring air
flow to an incinerator and one measuring natural gas.
Natural gas is one of the major energy sources for
fueling large central power stations as well as smaller
industrial furnaces and boilers. Flow rate measure-
ment and totalization of flow usage are vital to effi-
cient operations.
6
7. Thermatel®
: Precisely Calibrated To Your Gas Flow Requirements.
very gas has distinct thermal properties that
affect the convective heat transfer of the
THERMATEL sensor. It is for this reason that each
flow meter is calibrated in
the Magnetrol®
Calibration
Lab to our customer’s spe-
cific requirements. The
instrument is performance
tested under conditions of
gas composition, flow
rates, velocities, and tem-
peratures. Once installed,
the unit goes directly into
service without any need
for field set-up, calibration, or adjustment.
Our customer has total control over field con-
figuration of the TA2. By using a simplified proce-
dure, they can configure the instrument in order
to change pipe or duct size, the range and span
of the 4-20 mA signal, the units of measurement,
or installation factors.
Some competitors’ flow meters require their
calibration to include a speci-
fied cable length, and any sub-
sequent cable changes will
affect the unit’s accuracy.
The TA2 cable length is inde-
pendent of their calibration.
This allows our customers to
provide their own cable, or
change its length in the field.
The TA2 probe and circuit
boards are also field replace-
able. New calibration factors can be
entered into the instrument by using
the TA2 keypad or with a HART®
remote communicator. I
TA2
The Magnetrol®
NIST Traceable
Calibration Facility
E
Natural Gas Flow
Applications: Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocar-
bon gases, primarily (70-90%) methane (CH4). In its
pure form it is colorless, odorless and combustible.
The cleanest burning fossil fuel, natural gas trails
electricity as the second most used energy source in
industry. Industrial demand accounts for 40 percent
of total natural gas demand, the highest of any sec-
tor. With a multitude of industrial uses, natural gas is
consumed primarily in pulp and paper; metals manu-
facture; power generation; petroleum refining; stone,
clay and glass manufacture; chemicals production;
plastic resin production; and food processing.
TA2 Natural Gas Flow Applications:
• Extraction, Production Natural Gas Industry
• Waste Treatment, Incineration All Industry Sectors
• Co-Firing Technology Power Generation
• Base Ingredients, Feedstocks Plastics, Chemicals, Bio-Pharm
• Preheating, IR heating Iron and Steel, Powder Coating
• Processing Food, Chemicals, Refining, Paper
• Manufacturing Stone, Clay and Glass
• Primary and Backup Fuels Industrial Boilers, Furnaces
• Gas Desiccant Systems Plastics, Bio-Pharm, Confections
• Gas Absorption Systems Heating & Cooling of H2O
Natural gas flow at a gas production plant is
monitored to provide flow measurement from each
individual well. The main custody transfer meter is
positioned downstream from where the flow from
individual lines is combined.
Application Insights
7
8. Hydrogen Gas Flow
Applications: Hydrogen (H2), the lightest of gases, is
colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable and nontoxic
(at atmosphere). It has the highest combustion energy
release per unit of weight of any commonly occurring
material. Hydrogen’s industrial applications include
chemical processing; metal production; petroleum
refining; electronics; power; pharmaceuticals and
foods. With the development of a viable fuel cell tech-
nology, new application opportunities in the automo-
tive sector will no doubt surface. Consideration must
be given to Hydrogen’s volatility and its greater cooling
effect on the sensor compared to other gases.
TA2 Hydrogen Gas Flow Applications:
• Treating, Welding, Annealing Steel, Stainless Steel, Copper
• Hydrodesulfurization Oil Refineries
• Catalytic Cracking Oil Refineries
• Vitamin Manufacturing Pharmaceuticals, Supplements
• Oxidation Preventative Glass Manufacturing
• Hydrogenation of Fatty Acids Food and Dairy
• Carrier Gas Integrated Circuits
• Generator Coolant Power Generation
• Rocket Fuel, Fuel Cells Aerospace, Automotive
• Making NH3, CH3OH, H2O2 Chemicals, Polymers, Solvents
Argon Gas Flow
Applications: Composing slightly less than 1% of the
air, Argon (Ar) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-
corrosive, nonflammable, and nontoxic gas. It is the
most abundant of the “rare” gases, those with an
extremely weak tendency to chemically interact with
other materials. Argon is commercially valued in multi-
industry applications for its near total inertness and low
cost. Argon is utilized to produce specialty products;
protect and maintain product quality; and lower operat-
ing costs in steelmaking. It is essential in metal fabrica-
tion; light bulbs; the production of electronic equipment;
and in thermal glass and plastics manufacture.
TA2 Argon Gas Flow Applications:
• Degasification Aluminum, Titanium, Stainless Steel
• Heat Transfer Electronics, Semiconductors
• Bulb Media Fluorescent, Incandescent Lighting
• Thermal Media Thermopane Window Manufacturing
• Argon Lasers DNA Sequencing, Electronics, Printing
• Arc, Tig, Mig Welding Manufacturing, Metal Fabrication
• Filler Gas Silicone and Germanium Manufacturing
• Gas-plasma Treating Plastics, Painting and Coating
• Spectrometry Anodizing, Plating, Powder Coating
• Cryoablation Medical technology
Retractable Probe Assemblies (RPAs) permit installa-
tion of the instrument in applications which must remain
in continuous operation. RPA designs with pressure rat-
ings up to 720 psi are available.
Hydrogen gas has many industrial applications. Using
a catalyst and large quantities of hydrogen, hydrotreat-
ment (above) removes 90% of the sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen
and metals from gasoline refinery feedstocks.
The flow of large ducts and stacks, as in this power
generation boiler, can be measured using multiple stan-
dard TA2 units to obtain an averaging of the flow rate.
This approach is more economical and easier to maintain
than custom-designed, multiple-point array systems.
8
9. Oxygen Gas Flow
Applications: Oxygen (O2) is the second-largest vol-
ume industrial gas. Because it forms compounds with
virtually all chemical elements it is most often bound
with other elements in silicates, oxides, and water
compounds. Oxygen is highly oxidizing and reacts vig-
orously with combustible materials generating heat in
the reaction process. Ozone (O3) is an allotropic form
of oxygen that is more reactive. Oxygen finds numer-
ous uses in steelmaking and metals refining; chemicals
and pharmaceuticals; petroleum processing; glass and
ceramic manufacture; pulp and paper manufacture;
and in municipal and industrial effluent treatment.
TA2 Oxygen Gas Flow Applications:
• Furnace Combustion Steel Making, Haz Mat Industry
• Metal Processing Copper, Lead, Zinc Manufacturing
• Glass Smelters Glass Manufacturing
• Raw Material for Oxidation Chemical Industry
• Coal Gasification Chemical Feedstock Production
• Catalyst Regeneration Oil Refineries
• Oxy-fuel Furnaces Glass Manufacturing, Pulp & Paper
• Pulp Bleaching Agent Pulp & Paper
• Biological Treatment Municipal Wastewater Treatment
• Water Oxygenators Aqua Culture, Water Treatment
The largest industrial user of gaseous oxygen is
the steel industry. Oxygen-enriched air increases
combustion temperatures in open hearth and blast
furnaces.
9
The Inline Advantages
AGNETROL offers an inline sensor for the
TA2 Mass Flow Meters. The principle reasons
for using an inline—or flow body—configuration for
mass flow measurement are:
I The inline configuration measures lower flow
rates within smaller pipe sizes. Flow rates of less than
1 SCFM (1.7 Nm3/h) can be detected in pipe sizes as
small as 1
⁄2".
I As most flow meters are of the in-line type, they
represent a more traditional approach to flow meas-
urement. Also, the flow body can be used to replace
other flow meters of the same dimensions.
I The inline style provides optional flow condition-
ing to obtain a predictable flow profile and remove
swirl at the sensor. This is especially important when
an insufficient straight run of pipe is placed before the
flow meter. I
M
TA2 with Flow Body
Application Insights
10. Carbon Dioxide Gas Flow
Applications: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an odorless,
colorless, non-combustible and slightly toxic gas with a
pungent acidic taste. It constitutes a fraction of our air,
about 0.036%. Carbon dioxide is valued in industry for
its reactivity, inertness and ability to create cold condi-
tions. Large quantities of gaseous CO2 are produced
and consumed in making fertilizers, plastic resins, and
rubber. Other important uses include beverage carbon-
ation; food and pharmaceutical processing; enhance-
ment of oil recovery from oil wells; a raw material for
producing many chemicals; treatment of alkaline water;
and manufacturing CO2 fire extinguishing systems.
TA2 Carbon Dioxide Flow Applications:
• MIG/MAG Welding Shield Metal Industries
• Casting Mold Hardening Metal Industries
• Dry-Ice Feed Manufacturing, Construction
• Urea, Methanol Production Chemical Industry
• Oil Extraction Well Priming Petroleum Industry
• Flash Removal Rubber and Plastics
• Dry Ice & CO2 Coolant Food and Beverages
• Beverage Carbonation Soft Drinks, Beer, Sparkling Wine
• Blanketing Agent Foods, Pharmaceuticals
• Fertilizer Processing Agricultural Chemicals
Exhaust & Waste Gas
Applications: Exhaust gases in a wide variety of com-
positions range from the ecologically benign to toxic
emissions. Off-gases are vapors emitted from extraction
and treatment systems that are discharged directly to the
atmosphere, captured or destroyed. Hydrocarbon gases
from industrial operations are often “flared” in a high-
temperature oxidation process which burns combustible
components of waste. Natural gas, propane, ethylene,
propylene, butadiene and butane constitute over 95 per-
cent of the waste gases flared. Consideration must be
given to changes in gas composition, abruptness of flow
change, low pressures, and a wide range of velocities.
TA2 Exhaust & Waste Gas Applications:
• Vent Lines All Industries
• Waste CO2 Petrochemicals, Chemical Production
• SO2 Off-Gas Metals, Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals
• Flare Stacks, Headers Oil Platforms, Refineries; Chemicals
• Flue Gas Power Generation
• Waste-to-Energy Gas Landfill, Waste Treatment Plant
• Waste Flow Mixing Incinerators, All Industries
• Flare Gas Recovery Electricity, Steam, Hot Water Generation
• NC Gas Disposal Pulp and Paper
Due to environmental laws and restrictions, oil and
gas platform operators must monitor and report the
amount of flared gases. The consistent composition, low
flow sensitivity, and high turndown capabilities make the
TA2 an ideal flow meter for this service.
Measuring natural gas flow to a furnace. The use of an
insertion probe permits the TA2 to be installed in lines of
various sizes and with considerable installation flexibility
while also ensuring economical mass flow measurement.
Today’s refineries and chemical plants frequently
burn-off waste gases in a flare line. Because both flow
rates and gas compositions vary, the TA2 can be used
to obtain relative flow indication.
10
11. Temperature Compensation of the Mass Flow Measurement
hermal Mass Flow Transmitters measure
heat transfer and infer the mass flow based
upon calibration information. The gas properties
that effect convective heat transfer, however, are
affected by changing temperatures.
After extensive testing and analysis on the
effect of changes in flow at different tempera-
tures, MAGNETROL has developed a proprietary
method of providing temperature compensation
over the entire operating range of the instrument.
THERMATEL Flow Meters measure the temper-
ature and then apply a correction in the flow meas-
urement based upon the operating temperature.
The charts below show data from the TA2
with and without temperature compensation.
These graphs demonstrate the effectiveness of
MAGNETROL temperature compensation of the
mass flow measurement based upon varying
gas properties. I
Application Insights
Applications: These gases are typically composed of
65% methane (CH4) and 35% carbon dioxide (CO2).
Landfill gas (LFG) is generated from the degradation
of biodegradable wastes. Digester gas results from the
anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in munici-
pal wastewater treatment. Bio-gas is created from
livestock production, agricultural and industrial efflu-
ents and sewage treatment. Flaring and venting as
management strategies for these gases is giving way
to energy harvesting technologies with the economic
advantage of creating heat, electricity, fuel or feed-
stocks while also reducing carbon emissions that
would ordinarily result from flaring operations.
LFG, Digester & Bio-Gas
TA2 LFG, Digester & Bio-Gas Applications:
• Anaerobic Digestion Gas Municipal Wastewater Treatment
• Methane Gas for Heat, Power Boilers, Power Co-Generation
• Digester Gas Recirculation Wastewater Treatment
• Bio-Mass to Bio-Gas Wood Scrub-to-Gas Conversion
• LFG Monitoring, Harvesting Municipal Landfills
• Sewer Gas Processing Municipal Treatment Systems
• Displacement Digester Manure to Bio-gas Conversion
• Gas Venting and Flaring Landfills and General Industry
• Bio-Engine and Motor Fuel Generator, Engine Manufacturers
T
Bio-gas, a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide,
results from the decomposition of organic materials and
can be harvested as a fuel source. Due to its low flow
sensitivity and low pressure drop, the TA2 is an excellent
flow meter for measuring bio-gases.
11