Manganese (II) Bakelite composites with variable salt concentration of MnCl2.4H2O were prepared. The composite samples were characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). From the TGA and DSC, it was seen that there was beneficial effect of increasing salt concentration on thermal stability of the composite in comparison to pure Bakelite resin.

1. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 104-110© IAEME
104
THERMAL ANALYSIS OF MANGANESE (II) BAKELITE
COMPOSITES
REETUKA RAJ1
Dr. B. TIWARI2
1
Department of Chemistry, Krishna Engineering College, U.P. Technical University,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
D. S. Institute of Technology and Management, U.P. Technical University,
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
ABSTRACT
Manganese (II) Bakelite composites with variable salt concentration of MnCl2.4H2O were
prepared. The composite samples were characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). From the TGA and DSC, it was seen that there was
beneficial effect of increasing salt concentration on thermal stability of the composite in comparison
to pure Bakelite resin.
Keywords: Composite Materials; Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC); Thermo gravimetric
analysis (TGA); Thermal properties.
1. INTRODUCTION
Engineering material nowadays rely on use of composite materials. Composites are
combination of different material to form new material with characteristics different, but superior
attributes than the individual component. It consists of matrix, the main frame body and
reinforcement, the strength giver. These materials have greater strength to weight ratio, creep
resistance and toughness at elevated temperatures [1].Composites act as high performance material
which can handle corrosive and stressful environment with ease [2].
The role of metal matrix composites in telecommunication, electronics, and transportation
has seen a tremendous increase in the coming years. MMC are the composites in which metal is
incorporated in form of matrix. They reduce structural weight but retain same strength as of parent
material. They favor reduced power consumption, but increases speed due to less weight of the
material. The machine parts designed by MMC are easy to handle and install. Several industries are
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2. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
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involved in sandwich construction or particulate construction which consists of both metallic and
other composite material [3].
Bakelite has been a polymer of great industrial interest due to its excellent insulating and
mechanical properties. It is lightweight and durable in comparisons to wood or metal [4].It is a
thermoset polymer and has been choice in structural and fire resistant designs. It is formed by
polycondensation of phenol and formaldehyde at temperature of about 70 0
C approximately in acidic
or basic environment. Itis less expensive and can be moulded very quickly, thus has an added
advantage in mass production .It retains its shape, even if, heated or subjected to various solvent. The
high thermal, dimensional and mechanical stability of thermosetting phenolic polymer is due to its
highly cross linking density formed during polymerization [5]. In the quest of high performance
material the attributes of this strong resin has been modified by incorporating it in several metal
matrix such as aluminum, iron, silver, copper, boron etc. These Metal matrix Composites play major
role in electrical, telecommunication and automobile sectors of an industry [6-8]. The Manganese,
which have similar attributes to iron and is used for strengthening steel in industry, hold promising to
instill ferromagnetic and conducting nature in Bakelite9
. This study investigates the thermal stability
of Manganese (ii) Bakelite composite which can be used as thermo ablative material in future.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 Materials
Phenol was supplied by Qualigens Fine Chemicals (India).Formaldehyde and Hydrochloric
Acid was supplied by Fisher Scientific, Qualigens (India). Glacial acetic Acid was purchased from
Central Drug House (P) Ltd (India). Manganese (II) Chloride tetrahyd rate ≥ 98% (MnCl2.4H2O)
was supplied by Sigma-Aldrich ACS reagent (India).Distilled water which was used to prepare
composites was of chemically pure grade. Metal solutions were prepared by dissolving appropriate
amount of its chloride salt in distilled water.
2.2 Sample preparation
About 0.5gm, 1gm and 2gm of MnCl2.4H2O Manganese dichloride tetra hydrate were
weighed separately by electronic balance and kept in 100ml beakers. 5ml of Distilled water was
added in the beakers and mixed thoroughly. 2gm of phenol and 4 ml of formaldehyde solution and
5ml of glacial acetic acid were added to each beaker containing salt solution. The mixture was
shaken vigorously with continuous addition of conc.HCL (15-20ml) approximately. It was then
slightly heated upto 700
C and the mixture were stirred continuously to obtain homogenous mixture.
The reaction is exothermic in nature and thus can be explosive. Within few minutes a large light pink
mass of plastic with sheen and luster was formed. The residue obtained was washed several times
with distilled water. The composite with variable concentration of inorganic salt were formed. The
composites so formed were kept on watch glass in the desiccators for three days; later reddish hard
shiny cured composites were obtained.
2.3 CHARACTERISATION
TGA
It was performed using Perkin Elmer Thermal Analyzer instrument from 50o
C-700O
C at
heating rate of 200
C/min in air.
DSC
This analysis was carried out in a PerkinElmer Pyris 1 DSC analyzer from 500
C-3000
C at
10°C/min in air at mosphere20 ml/min on samples weighing 3mg approximately.

3. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
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3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1 TGA
TGA has been used to investigate the thermal degradation, phase transition and
crystallization ofthe polymers. In order to ascertain the thermal stability, the prepared composites
were subjected to TGA.
Bakelite decomposed in two stages with increase in temperature i.e. around 500
C-1000
C
involving water condensation[10-11]and above 2800
C due to elimination of volatiles such as
H2O,CO2,CO,CH4,C2H6,Phenoletc.[12-14].Generally, the thermal stability of the composite is
enhanced by an increase in the decomposition temperature of the polymer.
The thermo grams were recorded for Mn (II) Bakelite composite with variable salt
concentration of MnCl2.4H2O.Fig1 shows TGA curve of 0.5gm wt%Mn (II) Bakelite composites.
Fig2 shows TGA curve of 1gm wt% Mn (II) Bakelite composites. Fig3 shows TGA curve of 2gm
wt% Mn (II) Bakelite composites. From TGA curve Fig1 it is clear that composite started
decomposing at 3110
C and finally decomposed at 693.0060
C. A constant weight i.e. char yield of
1.175 % was obtained at the end. From TGA curve Fig2 weight loss was first reported at 72.3720
C
then composite further decomposed at 322.4470
C and finally decomposed at 693.6220
C. A constant
weight i.e. char yield of 24.408% was obtained at the end. From TGA curve of Fig 3 composite
showed first weight loss at 63.1470
C and then second step was reported at 281.920
C and end
decomposition temperature was 692.9280
C. A constant weight 0f 58.03% was obtained at the end.
The final degradation temperature of pure PF was reported at 532.80
C7
, but that of the Mn
(II)Bakelite composite with 0.5gm wt.%, 1gm wt.%, and 2gm wt.% was 693. 006,693.622, 692.
9280
C respectively. The residual quantity also increased with an increase in the Mn (II) salt
Concentration from 1.175% for 0.5gm wt%,24.4% for 1gm wt% to 58.03% for 2gm wt% Mn
composite respectively. Thus, it is evident from the TGA data that the increase in Final
Decomposition Temperature in the composite is due to incorporation of metal salt into polymer
backbone which needs more energy for decomposition. Thus, thermal stability is reported to increase
with increasing salt concentration.
Figure 1: TGA curve of 0.5gm wt% MnCl2.4H2O Manganese Bakelite Composite

4. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 104-110© IAEME
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Figure 2: TGA curve of 1gm wt% MnCl2.4H2O Manganese Bakelite Composite
Figure 3: TGA curve of 2gm wt% MnCl2.4H2O Manganese Bakelite Composite
3.2 DSC
With differential scanning calorimetry, it is possible to get a thermal profile of the
investigated sample under the conditions of thermal dynamic or isothermal scanning. The results of
the measurements produce the knowledge of the reaction behavior, the beginning, the end at which
the reaction reaches its maximum peak. It also gives the heat of reaction and the glass transition
temperature when operated under dynamic scanning.
Fig4 show DSC curve of 0.5gm wt% Mn (II) Bakelite composite. It shows fluctuation in
decomposition temperature of composite which finally stops at 3000
C. Fig5, Fig6 shows the DSC
curve of the Manganese Bakelite composite with 1gm and 2gm wt% Mn(II) Bakelite composite .It
show a constant heat flow during analysis. No exothermic peaks or endothermic peaks were
observed in the curves. It indicates that there is strong interaction between metal and polymer in the
composite which have raised glass transition temperature. For pure Bakelite glass transition

5. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
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temperature is around 1300
C[6].Thus, there is increment in thermal stability of metal composite in
comparison to simple resin.
Figure 4: DSC curve of 0.5gm wt% MnCl2.4H2O Manganese Bakelite Composite
Figure 5: DSC curve of 1gm wt% MnCl2.4H2O Manganese Bakelite Composite

6. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 – 6340(Print),
ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online), Volume 6, Issue 1, January (2015), pp. 104-110© IAEME
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Figure 6: DSC curve of 2gm wt% MnCl2.4H2O Manganese Bakelite Composite
4. CONCLUSION
In this study, thermal stability of Manganese (II) Bakelite with variable salt concentration
was investigated. From the TGA and DSC Curves, it was observed that there was increment in
thermal stability of composite on increasing the amount of inorganic salt in the composite due to
effective interaction between metal and Bakelite. Thus Manganese Bakelite composite can be used in
applications working under high temperature conditions.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors thanks to IIT Delhi, Mr. Shiv Kumar for TGA and DSC analysis.
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