THEORIES & TECHNIQUES OF PSYCHLOGY.pptx

THEORIES & TECHNIQUES OF
PSYCHLOGY
FATIMA

AGENDA
 Type Theory of Personality
 Psychoanalytical Theory of Personality
 Trait Theory of Personality
 Rorschach Inkblot Test
 RISB (Rotter's Incomplete Sentence Blank
Test)
 Thematic Apperception Test
 Childrens Apperception Test
 House Tree Person Test
 Theory Guided Inventory
 16 PF Test
 MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory)
 Validity Scales
 Industrial and Organizational Assessment

TYPE THEORY OF PERSONALITY
This theory is given by, Rosenman &
Friedman.
It distinguish personality in 2 types,
1.Type A Personality
2.Type B Personality

TYPE A PERSONALITY
Individuals with type A personality have certain characteristics
which are as following,
They are very competitive.
They have time urgency which is also known as hurry sickness.
These individuals have insecurity of status.
Hyper aggressiveness ( They are being very aggressive and react
on spot).
Free floating hostility ( Individuals don’t have specific reason but
they carry bad feelings).
Type A individuals are very much prone to heart diseases.

TYPE B PERSONALITY
Individuals with type B personality have
certain characteristics which are as
following,
They are not competitive.
They are very easy going.
They have relaxed life style.

PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF
PERSONALITY

PERSONALITY
This theory is given by Sigmund Freud.
It divides personality in 3 underline psychological
factors such as,
1. ID
2. Ego
3. Super-Ego

PERSONALITY
ID: It is pleasure principle, it is immediate
gratification.
EGO: It is reality principle and it is delayed
gratification.
SUPER-EGO: It is morality principle and it
involves moral or ethical values and
religious norms.

TRAIT THEORY OF PERSONALITY
This theory is given by Goldberg & Eysneck in 1981.
This theory include 5 factors of personality such as,
1. Neuroticism
2. Extraversion
3. Openness to experience
4. Conscientiousness
5. Agreeableness

NEUROTICISM:
 It shows neurotic responses of individual.
 It reflects the stress and anxiety level in individual.
EXTRAVERSION:
 Individual with this trait is outgoing and socially interact with people.
OPENESS TO EXPERIENCE:
 It enable individuals to gain new experiences in life.
 If you try new things and meet new people then it is openness to
experience.

CONSCIENTIOUSNESS:
 If moral value is high then individual is being high on conscientiousness.
 They do not compromise there rules, moral and ethical values and
honesty.
AGGREEABLENESS:
 It is related to openness to experience.
 How much you are ready to accept new experiences in life.
 How much they are ready to adapt or adjust the new situation.
 If individual is comfortable in the situation then it is agreeableness.

RORSCHACH INK-BLOT TEST
 This test is developed by Herman Rorschach.
 It consist of 10 ink-blots.
 5 ink-blots are of black and grey shade and 5 ink-blots are colored.
 To make ink-blots split ink on white page and then fold the page bilateral
and symmetrical images are formed.
ADMINISTRATION OF RORSCHACH:
Rorschach administered in 2 phases,
1. Administration Phase
2. Inquiry Phase

ADMINISTRATION PHASE:
 When administer Rorschach therapist do not sit Infront (face to face) of
client therapist should sit side by side with the client.
 Therapist sit beside because through expressions of therapist the true
thoughts of client should deviate or client should change the answer. To
avoid this therapist should sit beside.
 If client ask for clarification (e.g. should I use a whole blot or part of it)
then therapist always respond in a non-directive manner (e.g. its up to
you).

INQUIRY PHASE:
In this phase inquire from the client that is he see the
whole picture while answer or perceive answer by a
small part.
From which color or part you give this answer.
The rationale behind inquiry phase is it help us in
scoring.

F+ PERCENT
F+ PERCENT:
• F+ percent is the score through which we asses the personality.
• According to Rorschach if F+ percent score is below 40 then
there is,
Severe psychopathology
Brain impairment
Intellectual disability.
• F+ percent reflect ego strength if the score is above 70 then
individual is capable of dealing with stress effectively.

RISB (ROTTERS INCOMPLETE
SENTENCE BLANK TEST)

RISB
Rotters make this test.
It consist of 3 similar for, (High school, Collage,
Adults).
Each form containing 40 sentence stem.
Stems mostly written in first person order.
This test can interpreted through qualitative or
quantitative analysis.

RISB
There are 4 basic categories of responses,
1. Omission Response
2. Conflict Response
3. Positive Response
4. Neutral response
Omission Response
No response or response is too short to be meaningful.

RISB
Conflict Response:
Indication of hostility or unhappiness.
Positive Response:
Indication of positive or hopeful attitude.
Neutral Response:
Declarative statements neither positive nor negative affect.

RISB
Scoring:
o Every category has different scores.
o We score every category from good adjustment to poos adjustment 0
(Good), 6 (Poor).
o The adjustment score vary from 0-240 with higher score indicating
greater maladjustment.
o Through RISB we check the adjustment of the individual.

TAT (THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST)

THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)
 TAT was developed by Morgan & Murray.
 It consist of 30 cards.
 Cards consist of black and white drawings.
 16th card is blank.
 Ambiguous situations are given in the card.
 Most of the cards depicts one or more person engaged in ambiguous activities.
 The cards used for adult males are denoted by M and for boys by B.
 Cards for adult females are denoted by F and for girls by G.
 Sometimes combination is used and denoted as BM or GF.
 20 cards are presented to every examinee to assess that individual.

INSTRUCTIONS: Before presenting the 1st card these instructions are given
to the individual:
o You need to make up a story as dramatic as you can, what led up to the
current scene, what is happening at the moment, how characters are
feeling and thinking and what will be there outcome.
o If client is not educated then therapist write story client should speak
and therapist should write it down.
o Therapist did not give any clue regarding the ambiguity to the client.
o Administration of TAT is not difficult but scoring is a lengthy procedure.

o Stories are assess on needs and press.
o TAT takes lot of time and effort.
NEEDS PRESS
Internal requirement of
the individual.
External pressure or
influence on individual.

CAT (CHILDREN APPERCEPTION TEST)

CHILDREN APPERCEPTION TEST (CAT)
It consist of 10 cards.
It is suitable for the age 3-10 years.
In these cards pictures are of animal figures, colored
and are presented in human environment.
For above 10 years human figure version (CAT-H) is
available.
Assess stories on 10 variables.

HTP ( HOUSE, TREE, PERSON TEST)

HTP
 HTP was developed by Buck in 1948.
 Free hand drawings were used in it .
 Examinee has full freedom while sketching 3 objects (House, Tree & Person)
on a blank piece of paper.
 4 page form is used for administration of HTP,
1st page is used or identification of patient (Bio-Data)
2nd page is used for drawing of house.
3rd page is used for drawing of tree.
4th page is used for drawing of person.

HTP
 Two form are used first draw with lead pencil and secondly draw with
crayons (colors).
 HTP has 4 page interrogation form that include questions regarding
each drawings.
 Total 60 questions are regarding drawings.
Basic General Assumptions Regarding HTP Scoring:
 House reflects the examinee home life and intrafamiliar relationships.
 Tree reflects the manner in which examinee experiences the
environment.
 Person reflects the person interpersonal social relationships.

THEORY GUIDED INVENTORY
 Theory guided inventory is based on Murrays needs and press theory of personality.
 It include EPPS (Edward Personal Preference Schedule).
 This test was proposed by Edward.
 In this test addresses 15 needs and make questions on them.
 Questions are in pair of statement which are 210 in number.
 It is based on Forced Choice Methodology.
Example,
A: I like to talk Infront of group.
B: I like to work toward self chosen goals.

16 PF (PERSONALITY FACTOR)
 It assess 16 personality factors.
 16 PF is a forced choice/ multiple choice test of personality which is
currently available in 5 separate forms.
 Each form contain declarative stems which require individual/examinee
to respond to a specific situation by choosing from two forced choice
options or MCQS.
 These forms contains 105-187 items which are mainly differ in reading
leavel.
 Forms where start from 3 grade to 7 grade.
 The test is untimed usually complete in 30-60 minutes.

MMPI (MINNESOTA MULTIPHASIC
PERSONALITY INVENTORY)

o First it was published in 1946 with a total of 566 items and it was
designed originally as an aid in psychiatric diagnosis.
o MMPI 2 was published in 1989 and consist of 567 items.
o The questions of MMPI are arranged in T/F.
o Most of the items are self referential.
o MMPI divided in 4 validity scales, 10 clinical scales and dozens of
supplementary scales.

oMMPI required 6th grade reading level and it is
completed by most persons in 1 or 2 and half
hours.
oThe most used scales are 4 validity scales and
10 clinical scales and supplementary depends
on clinician that they use it or not.
oSupplementary scales aid the direction.

VALIDITY SCALES
Validity scales are used to know how much subject genuinely or
seriously attempt the test or how much he/she fakes.
Validity scales are as following,
1. Cannot Say Scale.
2. L Scale.
3. F Scale.
4. K Scale

VALIDITY SCALES
Cannot Say Scale:
 Asses the responses in which individual is not clear.
 Cannot say score is the total number of items omitted or double marked in the
completion of answer sheet.
 If there are 10 omissions on answer sheet then there is no high effect on results.
 If the omissions are higher then 10 like 25, 35, 45 then it effect results and show
problem due to which omission rate is high.
• Reading Problem
• Problem Due to Opposite Authority.
• Defensiveness.
• Indecisiveness.

VALIDITY SCALES
L SCALE:
 L stands foe lie.
 This test taping lie.
 L scale composed of 15 items all scored in False direction.
 By answering True on L scale item the examinee shows that he/she
possessed by the degree of personal virtue that is rarely observed.
 High scores on L-scale indicate defensive test taking attitude.

VALIDITY SCALES
F SCALE:
 F stands for Fake bad.
 It consist of 60 items and these items reflect serious maladjustment
including peculiar thoughts, apathy and social alienation.
 High scores on F scale reflect that individual is psychiatry disturbed.
 Exceptional high scores of F scale indicate problems such as insufficient
reading ability and random or uncooperative responding, a motivated
attempt to fake bad as an exaggerated cry for a help in a distressed
client.

VALIDITY SCALES
K SCALE:
 K scale asses the defensiveness of the client.
 K scale consist of 30 items and 22 of them differentiate between
psychiatric and normal profiles. Additional 8 improves discrimination
between depressive and schizophrenic symptoms of an examinee.
 High scores of K scale depicts defensive test taking attitude.
 Normal scores show good ego strength of examinee.

10 CLINICAL SCALES
1. Hypochondriasis [Hs].
2. Depression [D].
3. Hysteria [Hy].
4. Psychopathic Deviate [Pd].
5. Masculinity-Femininity [Mf].
6. Paranoia [Pa].
7. Psychasthenia [Pt].
8. Schizophrenia [Sc].
9. Hypo Mania [Ma].
10. Social Introversion [Si].

INDUSTRIAL AND
ORGANIZATIONAL ASSESSMENT

INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL
ASSESSMENT
Autobiographical Data:
 Application form in which individual ask about academic life and
significant achievements of life.
 It also contain work history details.
 It also ask questions about demographic data.
 The rationale for bio-data approach is that future work related behaviors
can be predicted from past choices and accomplishments.
 Autobiographical data is also sometimes referred as biographical
information blank, interview guide, individual background survey.

ASSESSMENT
Work Sample & Situational Exercises:
Work Sample Situational Exercise
 An assessment procedure that uses
miniature replica of job for which
examinee has applied.
 An assessment procedure in which
prospective employee is ask to
perform under a circumstances that
are highly similar to the anticipated
work environment.
 Work sample is for clerical jobs.  It is for white collar jobs for
managerial and professional
positions.
 Task is only for one major
dimension.
 Almost all dimensions should cover
regarding jobs.

ASSESSMENT
Employment Interview Test:
 So many organizations consider it as a whole assessment in the selection
of job.
 Against one vacancy asses 5-20 individuals depending upon the nature
of the job or vacancy.
 To cater reliability questions the panel of interview assess individual in
which there is industrial organizational psychologist.
 Structured interviews are more beneficial and more helpful in the
selection of employee as compared to unstructured interviews.

ASSESSMENT
Cognitive Ability Test:
These tests asses cognitive abilities.
Generally cognitive ability test that industry uses is
intelligence test and specifically assess verbal skills,
numerical abilities, spatial perception, perceptual
skills.
Cognitive ability test used in personal employ
selection, evaluation and screening.

ASSESSMENT
Personality, Temperament and Motivational Test:
California personality inventory is specifically used to
measure managerial potential.
MMPI is used in selection law enforcement.
Hogan personality inventory is used in prediction of
job performance in military, hospitals and corporate
sector.

ASSESSMENT
Sensory Physical and Dexterity Test:
 Assess for the post in which there is high hand use like typist, cashier
and salesman.
Paper and Pencil Integrity Test:
 Paper and pencil integrity test assess moral and ethical values of
individual regarding job or as a person.
 These test screen theft prone behaviors and other undesirable job
candidates such as person who is undependable and frequently absent
from work.

ASSESSMENT
These tests are of 2 types,
1. Overt Integrity Test
2. Personality Based Measures
Overt Integrity Test
 These test assess attitudes of individual and other form of dishonesty
such as believe about extent of theft, degree of condemnation theft and
other like believes such as illegal activities, gambling and drug abuse.

ASSESSMENT
Personality Based Measures
Used recycled version of personality test.
Mostly used California personality inventory.
Specifically assess conscientiousness.

SEMI STRUCTURED VS STRUCTURED
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT

SEMI STRUCTURED VS STRUCTURED
PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT
Semi Structured Personality
Assessment
Structured Personality Assessment
 Ambiguous or vague stimulus  Clearly defined.
 Association Technique  Criterion Keyed Inventory
 Expression Technique  Theory Guided Inventory
 Construction Technique  Factor Analytic Derived Inventory
 Completion Technique
 Tap unconscious  Conscious Assessment

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