it will you out for management theories

1. Theories of school
management

2. Presented to:
Dr. Abdul Qayyum
Presented by:
Areeba Ali
SS/2015-2641

5. 1. Classical theory
 Emphasizes structure,has such features as a clear division of labor and
unity of command and direction.
 Developed during industrial revolution.
 Management is viewed as systematic process of interrelated functions.

6. Advantages
 Hierarchical structure
 Division of labour
 Monetary incentive
 Autocratic leadership

7. Weaknesses
 Untested assumptions
 Failure to consider the informal organization
 Human machinery
 Static conditions

8. 2. Scientific theory
 Tyllor began the theory’s development in United States during 1880s and
90s.
 Emphasizes efficiency and productivity, and is strict regarding time and
space usage.

9. Advantages
 Lesser time
 Latest technology
 Effective supervision
 Healthy cooperation
 Increased wages

10. Disadvantages
 High costs
 Small firms cannot afford to adopt it.
 If the workers fail to respond good, the system shall fail to bring the desired
results.
 Do not consider the health and well-being of workers
 Creates unemployment and hits the workers hard as a consequence of the
adoption of labor saving devices both in machinery and in arrangement of
work.

11. 3. Bureaucratic theory:
 Max Weber in 1905 used the term bureaucracy and described it.
 He believed bureaucracy was the most efficient way to set up an
organization, administration and organizations.
 Max Weber believed that Bureaucracy was a better than traditional
structures. In a bureaucratic organization, everyone is treated equal and
the division of labor is clearly described for each employee.
 Bureaucracy is the basis for the systematic formation of any organization
and is designed to ensure efficiency and economic effectiveness.

12. Advantages of Bureaucratic Theory:
 The great benefit of a bureaucracy is that large organizations with many
hierarchical layers can become structured and work effectively.
 It is precisely the established rules and procedures that allows for high
efficiency and consistent execution of work by all employees.

13. Disadvantages of Bureaucratic Theory:
 Bureaucracy is characterized by a large amount of red tape, paperwork,
many desks, certain office culture and slow bureaucratic communication
due to its many hierarchical layers. This is the system’s biggest
disadvantage of a bureaucratic organization.
 It is also unfortunate that employees remain fairly distanced from each
other and the organization, making them less loyal.

14. 4. Human relation management theory
 This system focuses on human factors such as motivation- both in
individuals and in groups.

15. 5. Contingency theory:
 The contingency school of management can be summarized as an “it all
depends” approach.
 The appropriate management actions and approaches depend on the
situation. Managers with a contingency view use a flexible approach, draw
on a variety of theories and experiences, and evaluate many options as
they solve problems.
 Contingency theory is a recognition of the extreme importance of individual
manager performance in any given situation.
 The contingency approach is highly dependent on the experience and
judgment of the manager in a given organizational environment.

16. Limitations:
 Ignores universally applicable principles.
 Fails to enlist all contingency variables.
 Focusses only on situation and not on tools and resources.
 It ignores human behavioral aspects.

17. 6. System theory:
 It was proposed by the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1940. System
theory provides approach to understanding, analyzing and thinking about
organizations.
 System theory views an organization as an organism made up of
numerous parts (sub-systems) that must work together in harmony for the
larger system .
 It focuses on the complexity and interdependency of systems by combining
all components and analyzing their overall impact to the productivity.

18. Limitations:
 It is not a perspective management theory as it does not specify tools and
techniques for practicing managers.
 Too abstract-difficult to apply in practical problems.