Theories And Theories Of Human Development

Theories And Theories Of Human Development
Ashley Grant
EDPY 503
10/11/17
Principles of Human Development Paper #1
The concepts and theories of human development are important for a school counselor to have
knowledge on. Knowledge on these topics can aid the counselor in better understanding the
circumstances of their students. There are three main developmental sections which will be
discussed in this paper. Those three include physical development, cognitive development, and
social development. Each section contains multiple theories and concepts that would be beneficial to
school counselors but this paper will only discuss six of those. Those six include gross and fine
motor skills, Jean Piaget's stages of development, information processing theory, Erik Erickson's
stages of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gross and fine motor skills do not fully rely on maturation of the child but also on the child's
environment, parent's expectations and teachings of the skills. School counselors should know about
this topic because gross and fine motor skills will be needed throughout life and it is an important
part to the developmental process. Another concept of physical development is the current issue of
child obesity. Childhood obesity is caused by an imbalance of energy in and energy out or in other
words calories put in to the body and calories burned out. Too much of the wrong types of food and
lack of physical activity can cause this (Zuk 2008). Currently 15% or about nine million children are
obese in the United States. Child obesity is almost to the point of being an epidemic and many
physicians believe that this generation will be the first where children have shorter lifespans than
their parent's due to diseases caused by obesity as adults (Steinberg 2011). The issue of child obesity
is good for school counselors to be aware of because of the medical risks that go on into adolescence
and adulthood such as asthma, and type II diabetes. Counselors can be prepared with answers if
asked by students.
Cognitive development is defined as changes in intellectual ability. Examples of this would include
reasoning, language, and memory (Steinberg
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Annotated Bibliography Vygotsky
Theorist Information Piaget 1936 Vygotsky 1960s Chomsky 1957, 1965, 1991 Theory Overview
Piaget's cognitive development theory states that a child's knowledge comes from his or her
experiences as they explore their world (Berk, 2007). Vygotsky's theory focuses on how culture is
transmitted to the next generation. Through social interaction, children begin to acquire skills that
are valued by their culture (Berk, 2007). Chomsky's theory seeks to explain how children acquire
language so quickly. Chomsky asserts that children are born with innate linguistic abilities that are
triggered by experience (Universal Grammar 2006). Aspect of Lifespan Development (Module
Focus) Cognitive Development Cognitive Development Language Development Theory ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Application to Learning/Education Piaget's theory can be applied to learning to help educators
develop age appropriate learning environments. This theory is also useful in the development of
curriculum and assessment. Vygotsky's theory is pertinent to successful teaching. Children come to
school with a wide range of abilities. It is the teachers responsibility to identify the zone of proximal
distance and utilize scaffolding to bring each student to where they need to be developmentally and
academically. Understanding that each child has a different frame of reference due to cultural
differences is essential to ensuring that teachers are successful in supporting their students' growth
(Grace, 2017). This theory helps us understand learning because it explains how children
development their language at such a high rate. It is also helpful because it lets educators know that
challenging students above their level of knowledge is the best way to support students' growth.
Theory: Mechanisms of Change To progress from one stage to the next, an individual must
successfully experience each stage. As children explore their environments they are actively
developing higher levels of thinking. In order for this theory to be successful, adults must have
extensive knowledge on what is expected of children at each stage of development. A teacher must
know what level of knowledge

Cognitive Developmental Theory: The Five Stages Of Human...
As a Social Work major I have begun to ponder Ideas and theories that have been used within my
classes so far. One of the theories that stood out to me the most was the Cognitive Developmental
Theory. I have always found it rather fascinating to study the different stages of human development
and I am learning a lot about it. Neuroscience is beginning to put a new twist on the older models of
Jean Paiget and L.S. Vygotsky. As we develop as humans we will understand more deeply how we
can create better situations for a holistic development. I found it particularly interesting that there is
a new stage of cognitive development. This new stage of human development is called the
"emerging adult" stage. This article discusses the stages five different stages of emerging adult. 1.
Identity 2. Instability 3. The in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Self–focus 5. Possibilities and risks. I personally tend to agree with all of these stages because I
lived through each of the stages. Stage number four I believe is most profound in the development
of an adult. This is when we start to develop a sense of self–control and self–development in our
own terms. The Newman and Newman texts asserts that Vygotsky argued that that speech plays a
central role in self–regulation, self–directed goal attainment, and practical problem solving
(Newman and Newman pg. 38). Although Vygotsky was referring to a younger stage in human
development I would like to propose that I think inner speech is more important as an emerging
adult encountering a new world of self–development and identification than what we may really
understand at this point in time. Furthermore, Neuroscience has begun to show how our
development in life is also connected to our brain development. According to Jesse Viner, M.D.
(2014),

The Stages Of Developmental Psychology
Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human beings change over the
course of their life .it is primary concerned with infants and children; the field has expanded now to
include more stages of development including the entire lifespan.
"If we cease to learn, we die" –Albert Einstein–
Many psychologists have proposed stage theories of development, which argue that people pass
through stages in specific order with challenges related to each age and different capacities at each
different stage. development is the series of age related changes that happen over the course of a life
span(Paul B BALTES 1987). From this defintion alone of the development of humans it would be
ignorant and very simplistic not to take the stance that indeed despite developmental psychology
was originally concerned with early life the field has now gained more research that development is
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The progression classifies the stages precisely from the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete
operational and formal operational. Piaget stressed the significance of schemas in cognitive
development, and explained how they were developed or learnt. A schema can be named as a set of
connected mental accounts of the word, which we use to understand and to react to circumstances.
The assumption is that we ware house these mental representations and apply them as needed.One
of the chief arguments in developmental psychology centres around whether development is
continuous or discontinuous. Those psychologists who support the continuous view of development
suggest that development involves gradual and ongoing changes throughout the life span, with
performance in the initial stages of development stipulating the foundation of skills and capabilities
needed for the next

Developmental Influences And Considerations : A Case Study...
Developmental Influences and Considerations: A Case Study of Sharon
There are a variety of theories surrounding the development of human beings, and the correlation of
these stages of development related to substance abuse and dependence, is critical for individualized
and competent treatment strategies. Developmental theories, such as Erik Erikson's Stage Theory,
provide a general applicable progression by age, but also factors in biology, environment, and
unique personality characteristics within one's development (Van Wormer & Davis, 2018). This
paper will examine the specific case study of Sharon, her proposed stage of development, and its
perceived role in her substance use disorder. Two risk factors will be identified, as well as ... Show
Currently, Sharon is navigating Erickson's Stage of Intimacy vs Isolation, in an effort to experience
love: at this time, she is using alcohol and shallow human connection as a substitute for deep and
meaningful human relationships that promote unconditional love (Vogel–Scibilia et Al., 2009).
Risk Factors Related to Developmental Stage of Client The first identified risk factor for Sharon,
particularly during the stage intimacy vs isolation, is co–dependent relationships. Kovač, Vukadin,
Zoričić, Peco, and Vukić (2014) discussed the impact of socio–environmental factors for drinking
behaviors in women, describing the ways in which women mimic the drinking patterns of
significant people in their life, including significant others. Brewer (2006) described the progression
of alcoholism in women as placing them outside of normal society and in the company of
alcoholics, or even worse in Sharon's case, further isolation. Additionally, and due to Sharon's
internal drive for deep connection with others, she is at risk at entering a relationship with another
alcoholic. Women have greater chances of becoming intimately involved with a partner who is
dependent on substances (Van Wormer & Davis, 2018). The second identified risk factor for Sharon
as a female, is the use of alcohol as a primary coping strategy for life stressors and negative feelings.
As a response to her constant work transitions and relocations, as well as her feelings of isolation
and desire

Developmental Stages And Theories From Birth From Adolescence
Developmental Stages and Theories from Birth to Adolescence
Neurological Development
According to the Urban Child Institute, the first three years of development are a crucial time for
brain development. The human nervous system starts to develop at around day eighteen after
conception (Carlson, 2014, p. 55). The brain stem is vital to instinctive functions, such as reflexes,
breathing, and heart rate (Urban Child Institute , 2016). These are functions in the body that just
happen without thinking about doing anything. The cerebrum is a large portion of the brain, which
connects the cerebellum to the brain stem (Urban Child Institute , 2016). This part of the brain is
where complex processes like memory and learning take place. The exterior of the cerebrum is the
cerebral cortex, this part is not fully developed until adulthood and this is where sophisticated
activities, such as planning and decision making are taking place (Urban Child Institute , 2016).
The brain is also broken into four smaller pieces called lobes, they are the occipital lobe, parietal
lobe, temporal lobe, and frontal lobe. The occipital lobe is in the back of the brain and is in charge of
vision. The parietal lobe is related to bodily sensations such as your body temperature, pressure and
pain (Urban Child Institute , 2016). The temporal lobe is intricate to hearing, language skills, social
understanding, and observations of people's eyes and faces (Urban Child Institute , 2016). The
frontal lobe is

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory of Development Report
The psychosocial theory of development was formulised by the German psychoanalyst Erik
Erikson. His theory considers the impact of external factors, parents, and the society, on personality
development from childhood to adulthood (Candida, 2010, p. 51). According to Erikson's theory,
every person must pass through a series of eight interconnected stages (split into general age ranges)
over their entire life cycle.
In this assignment, I will discuss these eight stages of development and how Erikson's theory is
similar to my own life. Furthermore, I will address how defining moments in the first stages
influenced my adolescence and identity. The first of Erikson's eight stages of development is infancy
(0 to 12 months). During this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During this stage, teenagers feel they need to develop a sense of personal identity. Success in this
leads to an ability to stay true to who they are, while failure results in role confusion and weak sense
of their role in the world (AllPsych, 2009, ¶ 6).
During the first part of my adolescence, I was extremely shy with a very low self–esteem. Even
though I had moved schools since the last stage, I still felt as though I didn't fit in or have many true
friends. I found it really tough to find my identity and went through the first three years depressed. I
believe that it was the events that I experienced in the previous stage which influenced that person I
was during the first few years of adolescence.
It was only in the last couple years of high school when I became more confident in myself and who
I was. I achieved a sense of identity by developing close relationships with the young adults at my
church.
The next stage of Erikson's theory is young adulthood (18 to 35 years). Once we enter into this stage
we start to search for someone we can begin to share ourselves with more intimately. However, if
this does not happen, isolation and distance from others may occur (AllPsych, 2009, ¶ 7).
I am currently less than two months away from turning 18 and am therefore just entering into this
stage of life. Currently, I am in a relationship with a guy from my young adults group at church
named Daniel. We have dating for a

John Dewey on Education
John Dewey focuses on what he considers as the audacity of imagination being one of the most
vocal theorists on education and the related policies. He defines education as a process of
instruction, whereby it is unified by encouraging good. His theory of inquiry concentrates on the
evolution of the human race with respect to their surroundings. In addition, Dewy adopted the
theory of evolution initiated by Charles Darwin. Hence he is of the view that organisms in respect to
their surroundings evolve due to the need to survive since their natural environments determine the
causes of action as well as the behaviour. Dewey used what is considered as pragmatism, whereby
the students are expected to learn from "hands on approach" (Dewey, 1966). This is executed by
individual experiences in the classrooms as well as in non–classroom settings. He believed that
students are tasked with learning for the individual process, as life is the best learning process and
environment for accruing essential knowledge. In addition, he believed that education could be
attained through psychology, which was a good basis for learning and accrual of an excellent
education. Dewey distinguishes three phases of education and learning processes. He identifies that
the process of learning is instigated by what is considered as a "problematic situation" (Dewey,
1966). This situation is defined by an individual who has instinctive or habitual responses as a part
of the human cognitive functions, which

Developmental Theories of the Movie Precious Essays
Developmental Theories in The Notebook Brianna Gallegos University of New Mexico N224
Developmental Theories in The Notebook The Notebook demonstrates the growth and development
theories including biosocial, psychosocial, and cognitive. The Notebook is a movie about a young
couple who falls in love. The woman, Allie, is from a wealthy family who is discouraged when she
has fallen in love with a young man, Noah, who only makes .40 cents an hour (Cassavetes, 2004).
The story is told through a "notebook" that Noah is reading to Allie, whom has Alzheimer's disease.
Allie has no clue that Noah is her husband due to her disease. Noah has hope that Allie will
eventually recognize the story he is telling her and realize it is her husband ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to Erikson, this is when the elderly start to be proud of their accomplishments, but are
also faced with disparity of the goals they never reached (Berger, 2011). Noah is proud to be telling
Allie about their past and wants her to remember it because he is taking so much pride in it. Even
though Noah wants Allie to remember their past, he is dealing with the disparity that his wife may
not ever remember him. An example from the movie is when Allie remembers who Noah is for just
a few moments, and he is so glad and has thought she is back forever, but Allie immediately goes
back into not knowing who Noah is (Cassavetes, 2004). Noah is immediately sad and despised that
his wife will never be the same. The brain slowly starts to diminish in the elderly. According the
Maslow, this stage in life is a life review (Berger, 2011). Allie and Noah's life is in a review
throughout the entire movie. Allie is trying to remember what her life was like. Unfortunately, Allie
comprehends the story Noah is telling her, but doesn't realize it is herself. She states in the movie,
"this is a great story, the girl seems so amazing" (Cassavetes, 2004). Her lack of ability to remember
is due a threat to her development. Allie has Alzheimer's disease, which is a disease that one cannot
remember due to the proliferation of plaques and tangles in the cerebral cortex (Berger, 2011). This
disease is common in the elderly. Alzheimer's has taken over Allies life, as she

Bowlby 's Attachment Theory & Stages Of Developmental
Professional Practice 16/17
Bowlby's attachment theory & Winnicott's stages of developmental
The following essay will aim to explore two developmental theories. It will also look at how they
have become relevant in counselling and psychotherapy practice, how they should be helpful and
offer support when a presenting issue occurs from a client, and how the counsellor will work in
partnership with the client. The chosen theories are based on John Bowlby's attachment theory and
David Winnicott's developmental theory.
Bowlby
John Bowlby was born in 1907 in London. He and his siblings lived in a traditional upper–middle
class family. He was mostly raised by nannies which left little time or contact with his parents. This
was the 'norm' in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This crucial attachment was believed to have a stimulus on subsequent attachments, thus resulting in
a higher significance than any other (Bowlby, 1951, cited in Holmes & Fairfield, 2014). Bowlby
went on and devised the word 'monotropy' which was to label the tendency of the child and have
one main attachment character with the succeeding psychopathology occurring later in life should
the attachment become damaged or fruitless.
Bowlby stated attachment was not shaped solely from the child's acceptance, but the behaviour of
another significant other, usually the mother or caregiver who had a crucial role in the child's
growth. The growth and development of the child is reliant on four stages of process from birth,
Bowlby stated these stages were where the child would bind to the mother or vice versa, he
proposed one to two months old in which the infant shows attachment to the mother by crying,
sucking. The second stage up to six months old the child has the focus on a mother figures and
attaches to the one he or she has more contact with. The third stage up to aged two named the secure
base, where the child has its focus on the where the main caregiver is when their welfare is under
threat. The stage up over the age of two is concerned on the child learning a behaviour and how this
affects the relationship with their mothers or attachments, this will be the grounding for subsequent
relationships

The Stages Of Cognitive Developmental Theory
Piagets stage theory is also known as the cognitive developmental theory. Constructivist perspective.
No matter the name Piaget believed that children benefit most from "concrete" experiences or
hands–on activities that allow the student to manipulate his or her environment in order to build
knowledge based on interactions with the universe.(Mohammad,2012) Piaget believed knowledge is
acquired in a set of stages. There is 4 stages that knowledge is obtained. The first stage Sensorimotor
occurs approximately between the age of two. Children at this stage develop the idea of Object
Permanence. The idea that an object exists even though they can't see it. In this step children also
acquire the ability of reflexes. In stage two Preoperational stage begins. This usually happens
between the age of 2–7. Children of this age bracket are "egocentric and are dominated by
perception."(ch.2.4) They believe that the world exists from their view point. They understand
concrete present day stuff but no understanding of abstract. 7–11 yrs enter the Concrete Operational
stage. The logical stage. Children are able to se different viewpoints. There also good at
understanding basic math, and classify objects by more than one characteristic. (a yellow duck can
go in yellow category and the duck category.) The last stage is known as the Formal Operational
Stage. When a child is a 11 years or older they are finally understanding the concept of abstract
thinking. Children

Jean Piaget 's Theory Of Cognitive Development
Many people have contributed to the study of Psychology. One of these great contributors is Jean
Piaget, a Swiss psychologist. He is mostly known for his theory of cognitive development. Jean
Piaget used his own life as well of the lives of his own children to develop this theory. He believed
that the thought process between children and adults were different and thus that began the process
of Cognitive Development. Jean Piaget is a Swiss psychologist who was born on August 9, 1986. He
is one of the most influential figures in the history of psychology. At the age 11, he had already
started his career as a researcher by writing a paper on an albino sparrow (www.verywell.com/jean–
piaget–biography). He continued his studies and later received his PH.D in Natural Sciences
(www.biography.com/people/jean–piaget).
While he was in Paris, Piaget studied newborns through adolescences. He came up with many
interesting findings and facts about cognitive development (www.simplypsychology.org/piaget).
Jean Piaget developed a theory that states that children develop cognitively through four
developmental stages, sensorimotor, pre–operational, concrete operational and formal (Rathus,
2016, p97). Piaget thought that from birth to the age of two, the child is a sensory being, and
information is absorbed through sensory and motor activities (www.biography.com/people/kean–
piaget). Piaget called this stage Sensorimotor.
Piaget further broke this stage down into six sub–stages (Rathus,

The Theorist That I Chose To Write About Is Jean Piaget.
The theorist that I chose to write about is Jean Piaget. His theory deals with the nature of knowledge
itself and how humans gradually come to acquire it. His theory is basically known as the
developmental stage theory. In the developmental stage theory there are four different stages of the
developmental theory: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational
period.
Jean Piaget was born in Neuchâtel (Switzerland) on August 9, 1896. He was the oldest child of
Arthur Piaget and Rebecca Jackson. At age 11, when he was just a mere child at Neuchâtel Latin
high school, he wrote a short paper on an albino sparrow. This short notice is usually the start of an
intelligent scientific career made of over 60 books ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He died in Geneva on September, 1980.
Piaget's theory consisted of three different stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete
Operational, and Formal Operational. I'll start out by talking about the first one, sensorimotor.
During the sensorimotor stage, infants and toddlers acquire knowledge through sensory experiences
and manipulating objects. It was his observations of his daughter and nephew that heavily
influenced his conception of this stage. At this point in development, a child 's intelligence consists
of their basic motor and sensory explorations of the world. Piaget believed that developing object
constancy, the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, played an
important role at this point of development. By learning that objects are separate and distinct items
and that they have a presence of their own outside of what an individual perceives it to be, children
are then able to begin to attach names and words to objects. The next stage in the developmental
theory is the Preoperational stage. At this stage, kids learn through pretend play but still struggle
with logic and taking the point of view of other people. They also often struggle with understanding
the ideal of constancy. For example, a researcher might take a lump of clay, divide it into two equal
pieces, and then give a child the choice between two pieces of clay to play with. One piece of clay is
rolled into a compact ball

Piaget 's Theory On Stages Of Developmental Psychology
Rebecca Biddle
Mrs. Rufino
English 101
9 December, 2015
Piaget Today
"Child development does not mean developing your child into the person you think they should be,
but helping them develop into the best person they are meant to be."
― Toni Sorenson
Jean Piaget was a leader in the field of developmental psychology, the study of how people grow.
Instead of continuing the Freud 's work with psychoanalysis, as many psychologists and
philosophers did at the time, Piaget stayed "closer to his teacher Pierre Janet 's psychology" (Vidal)
Best known for his theory on stages of cognitive development, Piaget was a great innovator and set
up the foundation for today's psychology and education.
Working with children from the early 1920s to the late 1970s, Piaget discovered that there are four
stages of mental development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal
operations ("Jean Piaget"). Each stage is defined by what a child is or is not able to do, as well as
specific milestone accomplishments. Beginning at the sensorimotor stage, the focus of cognitive
development for children from birth to age 2 is to "distinguish themselves from the objects around
them." The main accomplishment of this stage is for the child to develop object constancy. When
first born, children are unable to recognize or understand that when an object is not in sight, it still
exists (TB.) This is what makes playing peek–a–boo with very young children so effective; once the
person's face

Developmental Theories : The Decline Stages Of Vocational...
Vocational Development: Vocational Development may be conceived of as beginning early in life
and as proceeding along a curve late in life. While four year old child who plays the policeman or
solder in his very early stage of vocational development, a old man of sixty who does not work for
money but still keeps himself busy with writing books in the field of his specialization is going
through the late stages of the vacational development. VOCATIONAL Life Stages : 1. Growth :
(birth to 14years) 2.Explanatory : (15–24years) It has sub stage of fantasy which may be tentative or
realistic with appropriate appropriate attitude towards work and occupation. 3. Establishment : (24 –
44 years) It begins with trial and progressing into stable position. 4. Maintenance Stage : (45 –
64years) It is characterized by stability in the field in which establishment has taken place earlier in
life 5.The Decline stage : (65 onwards) It is characterized by declaration during the early part and
progressing into one of retirement. Developmental Theories :
Ginzberg(1951)put forward a theory which identifies four factors in occupational choice. These
factors are reality testing Educational process ., the emotional factors and instill the individuals
values. The theory says that the individual compromises between his wishes and possibilities, the
theory refers to three periods. During the fantasy Period, a child has no knowledge of reality. The
tentative period is the pre–adolescent and adolescent period .Here the child tries to make vocational
considerations that are more realistic regarding to his skill In the realistic period the idea and choice
of the career are crystallized and specific decisions take place. The theory refers tocareer
development Socio–Economic Factors influencing Interest and Choice of an Vocation:
It may be observed that at the outset that although the process of occupational choice is basically
rational there are a number socio–cultural factors which influence it. The evidence available t, the
researches in this area s that indicates that there are two se factors which influence choice of a
vocation by a person: 1 – The hierarchy of

Erik Erison's Theory Of Developmental Stages
Erik Erikson's Theory of Developmental Stages
Erik Erikson was born to a Danish mother in Frankfurt, Germany in 1902. He was raised by his
biological mother and his stepfather. Erik Erikson grew up never knowing his biological father and
this perhaps this was the reason why he started to research psychological development (Thomas,
2015). In the early 1900's, Erik Erikson started to study theories on human behavior such as the
research of Id, Ego and Super Ego, which was Sigmund Freud's findings. Later on Erik Erison
would veer off of Freud's findings about biological instincts, and go on to research that "social
interactions are what drives us"(Thomas, 2015) into becoming mature adults with a sense of
accomplished identity.
Erikson found that each stage of development occurs and is a building block for the next stage of
development. Out of eight distinctly defined stages of development, five stages happen before the
age of 18. "Erikson assumes that a crisis occurs at each stage of development"
(Simplypsychology.org). If one stage of development is hindered, the next stage is likely to falter,
resulting in major difficulties later in life. Erikson emphasizes that much of the psychological
development in one's life occurs during adolescents, and that personality is greatly shaped through
the social experiences that occur during that time.
The first developmental stage of a person that Erikson identified was "Trust vs. Mistrust" (Myers &
DeWall, 2014). This stage occurs from

Erikson’S Theory Of Psychosocial Development Was The First
Erikson's theory of psychosocial development was the first theory that demonstrated the
development from "womb–to–tomb." His theory posited three tenets, the first that each era in life
had a developmental crisis, and that at each period there was the opportunity for growth and
development. Each developmental stage poses a developmental crisis that is central to that age, and
as stated in Erikson's second tenet, if there is an interruption in the development of one of the stages,
the stages following will be effected. Though each developmental stage has one fundamental stage
that is being worked on, Erikson's third tenet states that the challenges of all of the other stages are
still present; although there is one crisis that is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My resolution of this stage was below average, meaning that I am more reliant on others around me
than the majority of people my age. This is shown when I do things on my own and seek the
reassurance of others to make sure that I did it correctly. After the development of autonomy vs.
shame and doubt, the child moves on to the development of initiative vs. guilt. From ages three to
six, the child is building on their development of independence, and begin to develop the ability to
start things on their own. This is often the age in which kids begin to want to do things for
themselves. At this age, it is important that the kids are encouraged to initiate, plan, devise, and do
things for themselves. If a child does not have an adequate development of initiative, they will be
afraid to try new things, which, similar to all other developmental stages, will effect the individual
later in life. I ranked below average in this category for people my age, showing that I lean more
towards guilt than I do towards initiative. This is shown through my seeking out of others when it
comes to trying something new; rather than wanting to try something new on my own, I usually seek
the comfort of having others with me. Following this stage, the age of five up until about 12 years of
age, the child begins the development of industry vs. inferiority. Industry refers to the competence of
a child in things that a particular culture values; these competencies can

Piaget 's Theory On Stages Of Developmental Psychology
Piaget Today
Rebecca Biddle
English 101
Mrs. Rufino
17 December 2015
Rebecca Biddle
Mrs. Rufino
English 101
9 December, 2015
Piaget Today
"Child development does not mean developing your child into the person you think they should be,
but helping them develop into the best person they are meant to be."
― Toni Sorenson
Jean Piaget was a leader in the field of developmental psychology, the study of how people grow.
Instead of continuing the Freud 's work with psychoanalysis, as many psychologists and
philosophers did at the time, Piaget stayed "closer to his teacher Pierre Janet 's psychology" (Vidal)
Best known for his theory on stages of cognitive development, Piaget was a great innovator and set
up the foundation for today's psychology and education.
Working with children from the early 1920s to the late 1970s, Piaget discovered that there are four
stages of mental development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal
operations ("Jean Piaget"). Each stage is defined by what a child is or is not able to do, as well as
specific milestone accomplishments. Beginning at the sensorimotor stage, the focus of cognitive
development for children from birth to age 2 is to "distinguish themselves from the objects around
them." The main accomplishment of this stage is for the child to develop object constancy. When
first born, children are unable to recognize or understand that when an object is not in sight, it still
exists (TB.) This is what

Grand Theories Of Child Development Essay
Child development theories focus on describing how children change and also grow throughout
childhood. Such theories fixate different aspects of development consisting of social, emotional and
cognitive development. The study of human development is a rich as well as differed subject. All of
us have personal experience with development, however this is sometimes difficult to understand
how and why people grow, discover, and act as they do. Why do children act in specific ways? Is
their behavior pertaining to their age, relationship, or individual temperament? Developmental
psychologists aim to answer such questions in addition to understand, describe, and predict
behaviors which occur all throughout the life–span. So as to understand human ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Various other are called mini–theories; they rather focus just on a relatively limited aspect of
development like cognitive or social growth. The following are just a few of the many child
development theories which have been suggested by theorists and researchers. Much more current
theories describe the developmental stages of children and identify the typical ages at which these
growth milestones occur. Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Theory The psychoanalytic theory
comes from along with the work of Sigmund Freud. Through his clinical work with patients
struggling with mental disorder, Freud concerned believes that childhood experiences and
unconscious desires influenced behavior. Inning accordance with Freud, problems that occur during
each of these stages may have a lifetime influence on personality and behavior. Freud proposed one
of the best–known grand theories of child development. As explaining by Freud's psychosexual
theory, child development occurs in a series of stages concentrated on various pleasure areas of the
body. Throughout each stage, the child faces conflicts that play a considerable role throughout

Reflection On Child Development
Clinical Reflection: Developmental Maturity The developmental theories can not be more evident
than during the out of class assignment at the daycare facility. During this independent assignment, I
was able to observe and interact with pre–school children in an environment that is both
encouraging and facilitating to a child's developmental growth. So, just as Piaget in his
developmental theory believed that children takes an active role in the learning process, acting much
like little scientists as they perform experiments, make observations, and learn about the world; the
pre–school teachers allowed them to do just that. Indeed, the teachers at the day care provided room
for the child to learn and explore while at the same time adhering to a structure that set boundaries
and limitations. Thus, the pre–school children, begrudgingly, learns to follow a meticulous schedule
of activities and rest. There were twelve children in each pre–school class, and there were two
classes in the room I was assigned to. The children I interacted with ranges from four to five years
old and came from socially diverse backgrounds. Hence, the observation and interaction I had with
each child is different but did not entirely deviated from the expected level of maturity based on the
various developmental theories. During this assignment, I observed the children regularly
interacting with each other, honing their interpersonal skills through various activities. Although, the
children tend to be egocentric at times, fighting over every pieces of Lego, as they struggle to see
things from the perspective of other children. In particular, the children often bickers in vying for
play time with me and the other teachers. However, in most cases, the children themselves resolved
their squabble; a testament to Erikson's theory, as they develop a sense of initiative and security in
their ability to lead and make decisions. A true sign of the children's developmental maturity. This
independent day care assignment proved its importance into piecing together the various theories of
human development. It allowed me to learn and experience the book contents and develop a clear
understanding of its practical applications.

Phycologist Theories Compare And Contrast
In this essay will I have a look at two Phycologist´s theories and go through their developmental
stages to search for similarities and differences. I also want to reflect on how these theories could be
interpreting a person close to me in the development through stages of life.
Both my daughters have been breast feed almost up two years of age and even though we had some
problems with sleeping for the older one, she just did not want to sleep, we would consider her start
of her life a harmonized and fairly normal upbringing. She is now almost 17 years old and I thought
it would be a good way to compare real life of hers to what would have become of her development
if some of the important needs that the theories are urging for would not have ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Freud this is the final stage and it continues throughout a person's life. He calls it the
Genital Stage. During this stage he believes that a person seeks balance between their biological
instincts and sense of morality. In other words, Freud believes that a person learns to channel their
biological instincts into socially acceptable displays of love and career goals. Erikson called this
stage Identity Vs. Role Confusion. He believed it was a period where the focus of development
shifts to social bonding in order to establish meaning in one's life as an

Finding the Perfect Day Care
A child needs as much love, compassion and companionship as possible. The earliest years of life
are a period of incredible growth, Cognitively, Socially, and Physically and in order for a child to be
properly shaped and developed, a healthy foundation must be made (Better For Babies). A child who
is 8 weeks of age is at a very crucial and critical period of their life and many things have an affect
on them, some more than others. When choosing a daycare center, there are many different theories
to take into affect. John and Sue have a happy and healthy 8–week–old girl Tyree. Both parents must
go back to work and, therefore, need a daycare that will properly fit the needs of their child. John
and Sue have been on the hunt for a daycare, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Bukatko, 2008, p 22). Piaget had stages of Cognitive Development, Sensorimotor, Preoperational,
Concrete and Formal.
Tyree being 8 weeks old is in the sensorimotor stage. This is the first stage of cognitive
development. The infant begins to interact with the world around them and become egocentric. Not
because they are self–centered, but because they don't understand the concept of existing among
other things (website). Sensorimotor intelligence is considered to be a practical or lived knowledge
(Piagts Theory of Cognitive Development) and is developed from birth to 2 years of age.
Daycare A provides a clean environment, with colorful toys and pictures. Tunnels for them to crawl
in, and places for resting. This daycare will exercise all of Tyree's sensory motor skills. Tyree will
start looking around, reaching for things, sucking and grasping. With the appropriate toys that are
found in Daycare A Tyree will be stimulated.
The word Development means all of the physical and psychological changes a human being
undergoes in a lifetime, from the moment of conception until death. It is a study of change
(Bukatko, 2008, p 3). Developmental psychology is the study of human changes over time (p 4).
Cognitively at 8 weeks of age, Tyree will start to recognize certain voice and things will start to
become familiar to her. Tyree will learn that if she cue's or cries she will get attention, and that
certain things have consequences. She will

Analysis Of Angela And Adam 's ' The Home With Angela 's...
The case study of Angela and Adam describes a situation in which a Caucasian teenage mother,
Angela, does not appear to have a bond with her 11 month old son, Adam. According to Broderick
and Blewitt (2015) Angela and Adam live in the home with Angela's mother, Sarah. Angela's
relationship with her own mother is described as a bit dysfunctional as Sarah is reported to continue
to be angry with Angela for becoming pregnant in the first place. Sarah's anger has caused her to
deny Adam's father the ability to come to the home and play an active role in Adam's life, therefore
putting more of a strain on Angela, who has already had to drop out of high school in an attempt to
take care of Adam on her own. Angela has openly admitted to aggressive behavior towards Adam
such as grabbing his face and handling Adam in a rough manner. In return, Adam has reacted by
being avoidant of his mother and he is reported to not respond to his mother as an 11 month old
child should and he is not reported to have an appropriate bond with his mother.
In order to find the appropriate research–based intervention, it is important to review the lifespan
developmental theories which may apply in this case.
Lifespan Development Theories Bowlby's attachment theory, as well as Erikson's psychosocial
theory, indicates that a child's overall development is dependent on the care that they receive from
their caregiver, more specifically their mother. Meeting the needs of the child and providing a

Analyzing Erikson's Eight Stages Of Development
1. Tell me about the developmental crisis of each of the eight stages. Psychologist Erik Erikson
developed his eight stages of development to clarify the developmental challenges faced at various
times in people's lives. Stage–based theories of development were extremely popular during
Erikson's era. However, Erikson's theory differs from other popular theories in that a person does not
have to successfully complete one stage of development to move on to the next stage of
development. Erikson's stages of development are widely taught in psychology courses in the
United States. Each stage is presented as two opposing statements representing the challenges a
person faces at a particular age. If the person does not overcome the challenges of ... Show more
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Adolescence: Fidelity – Identity vs. Role Confusion – The famed term "identity crisis" comes from
this period of development. Erikson argued that adolescents undergo an identity crisis during which
they must establish an identity, goals, and a purpose. Adolescents who struggle to find a purpose to
their lives and a separate identity from their parents and other caregivers may be unable to establish
a coherent, consistent identity. Young Adulthood: Love – Intimacy vs. Isolation – This is the period
of development during which many people get married or enter into significant relationships and has
been defined as anywhere from 20–24 years to 20–40 years. After a young person has established
his or her identity, he/she becomes equipped to establish intimate relationships with others. Failure
to do so can result in long–term feelings of isolation. Middle Adulthood: Care – Generativity vs.
Stagnation – This is the period of development during which most people have children. People who
are able to provide guidance or a legacy to the next generation feel a sense of purpose, while people
who do not do so may feel stuck. Late Adulthood: Ego Integrity vs. Despair – During this phase,
older adults reflect back on the life they have lived. Those who feel fulfilled by their lives are able to
face death and aging proudly, while those who feel disappointment may fall

Piaget's Developmental Stages Essay
Piaget's developmental stages are ways of normal intellectual development. There are four different
stages. The stages start at infant age and work all the way up to adulthood. The stages include things
like judgment, thought, and knowledge of infants, children, teens, and adults. These four stages were
names after Jean Piaget a developmental biologist and psychologist. Piaget recorded intellectual
abilities and developments of infants, children, and teens. The four different stages of Piaget's
developmental stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
Sensorimotor is from birth up to twenty– four months of age. Preoperational which is toddlerhood
includes from eighteen months old all the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I handed my infant niece, Harper, a set of keys, thinking she would shake them and giggle at the
noise they made. I thought this because in Piaget's developmental stage, sensorimotor, it states that
infants learn from experimenting and their main focus is what is happening in that very moment. My
prediction was correct. As soon as I held the keys in front of her she began to reach for them. Then
once I handed the keys to her, she rattled them making a clanging noise.
The preoperational stage is when infants become older, young children and they are able to think in
a more symbolic way. In this stage children start to learn the difference between real and make
believe, past and future. They tend to have more of an imagination as they grow older. Children in
the preoperational stage still are not completely logical with their thinking. They go more off
intuition. Do more of what they want to do, not what is the best thing to do. They are still too young
to grasp the concept of cause and effect. They also do not understand time and comparison yet.
My niece, Arianna, plays house and has baby dolls. She pretends like she is a mother to her baby
dolls. Even though this is make believe she is playing the role of a mother to her baby doll. This
connects to Piaget's developmental stage of preoperational because her thinking is not completely
logical, but she knows that the baby is not actually real. I think that this is how most little

Essay about Developing and Learning
Introduction.
In this assignment the writer will compare and contrast the theories of Piaget and Vygotsky. To
begin, the writer will discuss Piaget's theory of cognitive development, followed by Vygotsky's
theory of cognitive development. The writer will then discuss any implications of Piaget's and
Vygotsky's models for teaching and learning in the school years. In order to do this she will compare
the two theories and look at any relevant evidence and research. After comparing both theories of
cognitive development, the writer will do a brief summary of the two theories. Concluding her
findings and how the two theories contrast each other.
Piaget's Theory.
Jean Piaget (1896 – 1980) looked at how children reason and think. He ... Show more content on
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Children begin to pretend play, which is when a child acts out routines, such as eating or cleaning.
Children begin to think, however thinking at this stage is still different to the way that adults think.
Their thinking is not very systematic or logical (Wood, 2008 P.48). Piaget stressed that during the
preoperational stage, children?s abilities are limited. One limitation is the inability to take the
perspective of another individual, this is known as ?egocentrism? (Smith, Cowie, Blades 2011
P.390). A child may well presume that everyone has the same knowledge as they do without taking
into consideration another person?s point of view.
Throughout the concrete operational stage, which occurs between seven and twelve years of age,
children begin to think logically. (Wood, 2008 P.47). Children at this stage are able to think logically
about the world and gain the ability to manipulate their mental representations to think and solve
problems. Children in this stage have an understanding of conservation. For example, if sand was
poured from a tall thin container into a short wide container, they would understand that the quantity
is the same as before.
The last stage is the formal operational stage, which occurs during early adolescence. This is when
cognitive development reaches its peak. According to Smith (2003), Piaget believed that individuals
at this stage gain the ability to ?reason hypothetically? (Smith, Cowie, Blades, 2011 P.408).
Each one of these

Kindergarten and Piaget
Kindergarten and Piaget Child Development Instructor: Jaclyn Scott December 17, 2013 As a
preschool teacher, I am responsible for ensuring that I provide my students with engaging
experiences through discovery learning as well as making sure that I am supporting the interests of
the children in the classroom. Using Piaget 's Stage theories, children cannot do certain tasks until
they are psychologically mature enough to do so and was believed that children go through four
stages which narrowed down certain points in a child 's cognitive growth where their capabilities
and understanding were critical. The four stages that he outlined are the Sensori–motor stage (0–2),
Pre–operational stage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Using the Brown Bear, which can be used for any story, children can make their own books, use
their knowledge of colors and animals. Through the repetition of this week long activity, children
will have learned the whole story, remember which animal was what color. Having repeated the
story all week, the children should be able to recognize the words that are related to the animal, as
well as knowing the sequence that the story has gone through. By introducing the animal noises
during the story, the children should be aware of what noises animals make and are able to put in
order which animal see 's which animal. Throughout the year this same idea can be the format with
different subjects, including pictures of the students themselves and what they see. (Day 1) Will
consist of asking students what the brown bear saw. During the book reading, I will ask the students
if they have ever seen the color of animal in the book. Children will be making their own books and
coloring the animals according to the story. (Day 2) Will be focusing on the rhythm of the story and
learning which animals begin with the same letter: bear/bird...dog/duck...fish/frog....horse/sheep.
The books they made will be used to help guide them, and as we read the story add in the animal
noises that they

The Difference Between Scientific Theory And Common Sense
1. What is a scientific theory? Please cite a definition that you like.
Wikipedia defines Scientific theory, as often seeks to synthesize a body of evidence or observations
of phenomena. It's generally –– though by no means always –– a grander, testable statement about
how nature operates. I see scientific theory as having a great deal of support backing it to support
and accepted it as true.
1. What is the difference between a scientific theory and common–sense ideas about the same topic
(for example, why a child seeks a bottle at birth)?
A scientific theory is more like a fact than a guess because it is supported. Common sense is a usual
understanding of practical matters, and common sense is vital for day to day life. The word common
sense is used in the sense of instinct. Common sense is vital to my ever day life, but science is not
vital to day to day life. I know I use common sense on a regular basis especially when I'm driving,
and the light is turning yellow my common sense lets me know to stop because oncoming traffic is
coming and it's not safe to drive through the light. Also, I use common sense when crossing the
street common sense tells me to press the cross signal and wait for me to be told when to cross so
that I don't get ran over
Common sense understandings fit social expectation. There is a sense of the element in the common
sense understanding of social psychology. It is accepted widely and something that is shared
amongst the people of a common

Comparison Of Erikson And Kohlberg's Theory
Erik Erikson and Lawrence Kohlberg are famous theorist who have contributed a lot to the nursing
profession. Erikson's theory is about psychosocial development whereas Kohlberg's theory is about
moral development. Erikson has eight stages, that he believed were accomplished at different
periods of life, in his theory of psychosocial development starting with; trust versus mistrust during
infancy; autonomy versus shame or doubt experienced at a toddler age; initiative versus inferiority
during preschool and school–aged period; identity versus identity confusion during adolescence;
intimacy versus isolation experienced as a young adult; generativity versus stagnation experienced
as a middle–aged adult; and lastly integrity versus despair ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Another stage of Erikson's theory that is similar to stages of Kohlberg's theory is identity versus
identity confusion where the adolescent learns the essence of what makes them who they are from
bringing together everything they have learnt and what kind of person they will be. Kohlberg's
stages that are similar is the conventional stage of good boy/ nice girl morality where the school–
aged child follows rules to be accepted by those around them, and the postconventional stage of
social contract orientation where the adolescent will follow society customs for the benefit of others.
These three stages are closely associated as someone's identity is usually shaped by the customs of
society. People will do what is expected of them to be accepted which in turn contributes to their
identity. The last similarity between the two theories is Erikson's stage of generativity versus
stagnation where the middle–aged adult broadens their concern from themselves to the community
and world, and Kohlberg's postconventional stage of universal ethical principles where the adult's
actions are determined by their own ethical principles and standards of behaviour. These two stages
complement each other as a person cannot have concerns for the community and world if they do
not have a sense of their own beliefs and values as a foundation. A person needs to know what they
value to then go on and have concerns that

Developmental Theories and How They Relate to Real Life...
Developmental Theories
There are many theories on how a human develops. Most babies follow a certain pattern of
development but the controversy is which person 's developmental pattern of development is
correct? Erik Erickson, Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget 's developmental theories are similar. Each
of the theories goes through a human 's development chronologically, giving a guideline of when
certain developments happen. For example when a child is supposed to walk or when a child is
going to speak. It is only a guideline and these theories are not supposed to be held too strictly.
Sigmund Freud 's developmental theory was his psychosexual stages of development. His stages
were: the oral, the anal, the phallic, the latent and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This stage last from ages 2–3 years old. This stage corresponds to Freud 's anal stage. Initiative vs.
Guilt is the stage where a developing child must be active in their environment. The ages of this
stage are 3–5 years old. The child needs to have a sense of purpose. Industry vs. Inferiority is the
stage where a child develops competence. The ages for this stage are 6–11 years old. These are the
school years of a child 's life. Ego Identity Vs. Role Confusion is the stage where a child is in their
adolescent years. The ages of this stage are 12–18 years old. The teenager is going through puberty
and is noticing members of the opposite sex. Intimacy Vs. Isolation is the stage where the person is
trying to find a mate for themselves. The ages for this stage are 18–24 years old. They want love.
Generativity Vs. Stagnation is the stage where the now adult is working and they want to be a
mentor for other children. the ages in this stage are 25–64 years old. The last stage of Erickson 's
theory is Ego Integrity Vs. Despair. In this last stage a person needs to become comfortable with the
life that they are living and have lived. The ages of this last stage are from 65–death.
During the summer I work at a summer camp. I am Head Lifeguard, Head Counselor and Director
of Sports. It is a fairly large camp with, on average, 140 campers a year. Ages in the camp range
from 5–12 years old. Sometimes we have problems with the kids but most of

The Developments Of Jean Piaget's Cognitive And Social...
Cognitive and social development, as maturation progresses, is momentously crucial in the first few
years of a child's life. It is a broad spectrum of aspects and ideas on how children mature
cognitively. This process occurs in stages and each subsequent stage plays a vital part on the later
stages. In fact, the theorists believed that this development is an active process which can be
moulded in accordance with the quality of care and nurturing that the child experienced in these
critical years of their life. Furthermore, a child's cognitive development is greatly influenced by
biological and environmental factors such as maturation, learning opportunities, play, as well as
family and society.
The significance of human development from birth to adulthood manifests greatly on the concept of
knowing the factors that affect their cognitive and social development. These sets of data determine
the foundation of one's behaviour and personality which sets them out to become a productive
member of the society. If too controlled or criticised, it can affect the child's creativity, self–esteem
and ability to make appropriate decisions that can be life–altering. Thus, striking a healthy balance
between encouragement and discipline from the carer is essential.
Jean Piaget, one of the well–established name in psychology, conceived that children actively gain
knowledge through manipulation and interaction with objects around them. Piaget founded four
developmental stages in children's

The Readings For Week One Were Crain
The readings for week one were Crain (2005) chapter one and Hutchison (2015) chapter one. The
Crain (2005) chapter discussed Locke and Rousseau and their contributions to developmental
theories. Locke deviated from the previously held beliefs about children as having innate values and
innate beliefs by theorizing that the environment can influence the their personality and abilities.
Locke believed that instead of treating kids like they have the minds of adults, they actually have
minds that are still in the process of forming and are being constantly influenced by external forces
(Crain, 2005, p. 7–8). Rousseau proposed stages of development ranging from infancy to
adolescence in which children view and experience things as inherently different from adults (Crain,
2005, p. 15–17). Rousseau also believed that children progressed according to an innate and natural
course that could not be forced or altered through social conditioning (Crain, 2005, p. 20). Chapter
one of Hutchison (2015) discusses the way in which the individuals life can be understood through
the unfolding of events and life experiences over time. This is called the "Life Course Perspective"
(Hutchison, 2015, p. 7) Those who subscribe to this perspective and apply it to their practice and
theories integrate several concepts such as cohorts (the group that an individual belongs to according
to the time and place in which they were born), transitions (the changes that occur in an individuals
life),

Analysis Of Donald Super 's Life Span
Assignment 1: Theory Selection Paper Misty Mitchell CNDV 5323 Career Development Lamar
University Introduction of theory Author(s) The theory I connect with the most is Donald Super's
"life–span, life–space" theory. Donald Super devised a developmental stage theory involving one 's
personal growth, acquisition of skills, and general development towards working. Super created a
useful framework for conceptualizing the constantly evolving nature of career development. The
theory presents the career process as one in which a person is confronted with various stages that he
or she must undergo and complete before moving on to the next stage. Details According to Niles &
Harris (2013), Donald Super developed his theory segmentally. There is no 'Super's theory'; there is
just the assemblage of theories that Super sought to synthesize. The result is really a "segmental
theory" describing three key aspects of career development: (a) life span, (b) life space, and (c) self–
concept. The theory culminates in an intervention model labeled as the Career Development
Assessment and Counseling (C–DAC) model. The Life–span, life–space theory has a focus on self
concept. It is believed that career development is a continuous, life long process. Vocational self
concept develops through physical and mental growth, observations of work, identification with
working adults, general environment, and general

Essay Kermit and the Keyboard from a Cognitivist Perspective
Kermit and the Keyboard from a Cognitivist Perspective Laurie B. Conaway American
InterContinental University Abstract Three different cognitivist approaches to the story Kermit and
the Keyboard are presented in Driscoll's Psychology of Learning for Instruction (2005). Cognitive
Information Processing, Piagetian Theory, and Interactional Theories of Cognitive Development are
the three perspectives given on how Kermit learns to play the keyboard. These theories have
similarities as well as divergent views on development. Kermit and the Keyboard from a Cognitivist
Perspective Cognitive Information Processing, Piagetian Theory, and Interactional Theories of
Cognitive Development explored the principles associated with ... Show more content on
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CIP explains the continuing development process, the actual stages of the learning process.(Driscoll,
2005) Piagetian Theory Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development proposes that a child's capacity to
understand certain concepts is based on the child's developmental stage. He outlined 4 stages of
development that spanned a child's age from birth through 11 years old. The list below presents a
summary of the characteristics typical at each stage: * Sensorimotor (birth to approximately age 2) –
begins to mentally represent objects and events * Preoperational (2 to 7 years) – engages in
symbolic play * Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years) – performs mental operations * Formal
Operational (11 years onward) – Solves abstract problems in systematic and logical fashion
(Driscoll, 2005, p.195) Piaget's perspective on Kermit assumes he has reached his formal
operational stage of development and therefore does not provide much of an explanation of how
Kermit learned to play the keyboard. However if applied to a child learning to play the keyboard,
like the CIP theory Piaget's theory does address the learning of a symbol system which he termed
social knowledge. This can be used to explain Kermit's recognition of the musical notes and

Sociocultural Theory Of Piaget
As a nursing student, I am looking to start a career in pediatric nursing or work in the neonatal
intensive care unit (NICU), where I am working with premature babies. Working with children can
be challenging, not only do I need to care for their treatment as well as psychical well being, I also
need to care for their mental development. That is where developmental psychology comes into
place, two most influenced developmental theory Piagetian theory Sociocultural theory, will help me
understand more about how children develop so that I can care for them accordingly.
Piaget's fundamental assumption is on how children can actively shape their own development, they
are mentally active since their birth. Piaget hypothesized four stages of development, they are
sensorimotor stage; preoperational stage; concrete stage and formal operational stage. An
understanding of this developmental theory can be beneficial to nurses in assessing which stage of
development the child has reached, to plan the correct level of stimulation. Since in the hospital
setting, the child's resources are limited. We need more stimulation for the child's development. In a
hospital, children are all placed in the same floor with similar surroundings disregard they are in
different developmental stages. For example, children in the preoperational stage need more verbal
stimulation since they are learning to express their experience through language mental imagery and
symbiotic thoughts; however, children

Developmental Stages And Theories Of Development
Developmental Stages and Theories
There are many areas in which an individual must develop to reach a mature level of adulthood.
Several theories and ideas have been created in an attempt to describe the process that in which the
individual passes to reach the desired levels of maturity. A few of those theories will be addressed in
better understanding the development of Precious on a psychological and social plane. It can be
assumed from observing Precious that she has been biologically developing normal as she is
experiencing growth and hormonal changes and dealing with acne and obesity.
Psychological
Erik Erikson, in seeking to understand and describe human development, developed a theory in the
early 1900s. His theory progressed to assume that humans must deal with or cope with the conflicts
of a certain stage of life before they can move on to a higher level of development (Ashford et al,
2013). He organized eight different stages of psychosocial development from infancy to old age.
Each of the eight stages represents an internal conflict that will greatly define who and individual
becomes and the choices they will make later in life based on their experiences within each stage.
During the adolescent years, the conflict of interest in Erikson's psychosocial theory deals with
identity and identity confusion (Ashford et al, 2013). These years are crucial in developing a youth's
self–esteem. Young people are highly self–conscious. Their perceptions of self

Social Exchange Theory And Social Exchange Theory
Mrs. Rose, an 85–year–old Dominican woman, grew up in an urban town in South Carolina. She is
the youngest of two sisters and one brother. Rose stated her life growing up was stressful after her
parents separated. Also, she said her mother had to work two jobs so that she could provide for their
family. Due to the fact of limited income with many mouths to feed, Rose's older siblings moved to
their grandparent's house. She further stated once her siblings moved, there was not a relationship
between the siblings, and her mother became abusive. Consequently, the stress of having to work
two jobs coupled with Rose's mother experiencing abuse as a child kept the cycle of violence to
continue. Rose stated her mother homeschooled her brother for the reason that the bruises left would
have quickly alerted the department of family and children services. Moreover, Rose indicated her
mother dropped out of middle school, and the education that her mother taught was not beneficial.
As Rose developed, she noted discrimination started happening. Although she tried to disregard the
racism, she stated the environment affected her ability to love.
Social Exchange Theory
According to Thibauilt and Kelley (1959), people weigh their costs and benefits of their relationship
to determine satisfaction and commitment. Essentially meaning people form relationships in which
the incentive is more significant than the action. George Homans summarizes his proposition into
three sections: (1) rewards

Colberg's Theory Of Psychosexual Development
Introduction
The term development refers to change or growth that occurs in children. It starts with infancy and
continues to adulthood. A development theory concern with three things and it deal with change
over time. First, it should describe changes over time within an area or several areas of
development. Second, it should describe changes among areas of development. Third, it should
explain these changes. In developmental theory it focuses on abnormal behavior and later
researchers became increasingly interested in other topics including typical child development as
well as the influences on development. It is very important to understand the child development,
because it allows us to fully appreciate the cognitive, emotional, physical, social, and educational
growth that children go through from birth and into early adulthood. This essay will briefly ... Show
By using Colberg's theory will helps to balance the right or wrong among the living. In my teaching
I can use colberg's idears like:
By teaching them the values, norms and practice in our real life.
When planing lessonplanes I can include as many activities .and I should teach them what is right
and what is wrong.
Students should know that,if they misbehave, then they will get punishment.
Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development
Freud's theory of psychosexual development is one of the wonderful theories and it is the first
theory found about human being. . Freud believed that personality develops like a series and it starts
from childhood. Early experiences play a large role in personality development and continue to
influence behavior later in life. Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development are same like other
stage theories and completed in a result either healthy or unhealthy personality. Freud argued that
the human personality can be divided into three different

Piaget 's Theory Of Child Development
Theories of Child Development
Child development is the study of how a child's behavior and thought processes affect their ability to
develop at the proper rate. There are many factors to be considered when referring to the
development of a child as children are so easily moldable. A child starts out with a blank slate and
from then on their experiences, their social groups, parents, environment and so much more will
take part in how they will develop.
Two very influential people in psychology, Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget, had an interesting take
on what a child goes through as they develop through each stage. Freud and Piaget both came up
with their own theories as to how a child grows cognitively throughout their life. These two
psychologists set the standard for modern day practices with Freud's realization of infants needs,
Piaget's theory of cognitive development, and how Piaget shaped child development in modern
schooling.
Sigmund Freud was one of the very first psychologists to delve into the topic of child development;
he had a very unique outlook. Initially, people agreed with his theory called the Psychosexual
Theory, which contains four stages. The first being the oral stage, this happens when a child is an
infant. The child will experience and discover new things with their mouths. "...The infant may
swallow that which is experienced as pleasant and spit out anything experienced as unpleasant."
(Garcia, 1995, p. 499) The next stage is referred to as the anal

Theories And Theories Of Human Development

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