Rensis Likert studied management styles for decades and identified four systems: exploitative authoritative, benevolent authoritative, consultative, and participative. The participative system, with widespread responsibility and trust, was found to be the most productive based on questionnaires administered to employees in various organizations. Likert developed a profile to measure and compare organizations on variables like leadership, motivation, communication, decision-making, and control processes. His research confirmed the least productive systems were the authoritative styles and the most productive were the consultative and participative styles.