The Portuguese Empire began in 1415 and focused on fishing and overseas commerce. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas divided colonial territories between Portugal and Spain. Portugal's colony of Brazil was established in 1500 when Pedro Alvares Cabral landed there. During 300 years of Brazilian colonial rule, the economy relied on extracting brazilwood, sugarcane, gold, and diamonds, using African slaves. Damiana de Cuhna was a Caiapo chief's granddaughter who served as a liaison between her people and the Portuguese, bringing them back to the aldeias. Antonio de Gouveia was a priest who faced the Inquisition for practicing medicine and mining in Brazil. Catarina de Monte
W7L3European Age of ExplorationA World Map from Alberto Cantin.docxmelbruce90096
W7L3
European Age of Exploration
A World Map from Alberto Cantino, 1502
When we last left Europe, the Islamic trading influences had sparked a revolution of ideas in Italy that began to spread across the cultural centers of European kingdoms. The Italian Renaissance slowly spread across Europe, bringing new innovations in technology, art, music, scientific understanding, mathematics, and medicine. In turn these ideas had sparked the Reformation. However, by the sixteenth century, as the Reformation picked up steam and began spreading radical religious ideas throughout Christendom, already some European kingdoms had begun applying Renaissance inventions to new economic opportunities: Exploration.
The presence of patronage throughout royal courts had encouraged a stability of economies. This stability was called mercantilism – the economic doctrine that assumes government control of foreign trade is the most important element of ensuring prosperity for a given state. The idea is that trading partners need each other to prosper, so trading states are less likely to war with each other over minor details, lest that diminishes trade. The downside to mercantilism is that it can foster an atmosphere of such extreme competition between two or more states that other states end up falling prey to that intense rivalry. This is exactly what happened with cultures in Africa, North America, the Caribbean, and Mesoamerica. But the immediacy of stability caused by mercantilism contributed to the standing atmosphere of intellectual curiosity and increasing centralized governments to lead expeditions outside of European domains.
Portugal
The Portuguese had regained control over the Kingdom of Portugal in 1415, when conquering Christian forces had expelled the occupying Moors. Spain still had some years of fighting left to regain control over the remaining Iberian Peninsula, but Portugal began to set its affairs in order and set its sights on increased trade. Playing a key role in this development was Prince Henry the Navigator.
Prince Henry the Navigator extended Portuguese trade ports throughout the coasts of Africa and into India
Prince Henry was very religious and thought that exploring the African coastline might benefit Portugal in economic glory while benefitting African through conversion from mostly Islamic beliefs to Christian ideas. He established a navigation school to increase the knowledge of sailors. New techniques in ship-building allowed for longer journeys with more gods on board. He also spread the idea that courtly chivalrous honor could be achieved through behaviors off the battle-field. In addition to military glory, he thought, knightly behavior could be earned through intellectual exploration, religious piety and missionary work, and the adventure of journeying to places unknown. In the early 1400s, Portuguese sailors began sailing into ports along the African coast. They were there not as conquerors, but as traders.
And so, Portugues.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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The French Revolution Class 9 Study Material pdf free download
Theme 3: The Portuguese Empire
1. History 140, Spring 2011 Shannon Lopez Theme 3American Colonial Empires:The Portuguese Empire
2. The Portuguese Empire The Portuguese Empire marked it beginning on July 1415 and since its inception fishing and overseas commerce have been its main economic activities. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was a major European power in terms of economic, political, and cultural influence along with England, France, and Spain. Although Portugal rejected Christopher Columbus’s idea of reaching India from the west in 1484 because it seemed unreasonable, this started the long dispute which resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas with Spain in 1494. The treaty divided the world between the Spanish and the Portuguese, with all the lands to the east of the divide at the north-south meridian line 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands to Portugal and to the west Spain. In the spring of 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral set sail from Cape Verde and on April 22 caught sight of land that would later become the Portuguese colony of Brazil.
3. The Portuguese Empire, Cont.Colonial Brazil During over 300 years of Brazilian colonial history, the economic exploration of the territory was based on brazilwood extraction, sugar production, and on gold and diamond mining; most of the workforce was provided by slaves brought from Africa. In the early stage of colonization, the Portuguese relied on the help of European adventurers who live with the aborigines and knew their languages and cultures. Between 1534 and 1536 King John III divided the land into 15 Captaincies of Brazil which were then given to Portuguese noblemen who had the means to administer and explore them. Of the original 15 captaincies, only two, Pernambuco and Sao Vicente, prospered. Pernambuco was the most successful. It belonged to Duarte Coelho and its success was the result of the prosperous sugarcane mills. Sao Vicente which belonged to Martim Alfonso de Sousa also produced sugar but its main economic activity was the traffic of indigenous slaves.
4. Tobacco, cotton, cachaca, and other agricultural goods were produced but sugar became the most important Brazilian colonial product until the early 18th century. The period of sugar-based economy is known as the “Sugarcane Cycle” in Brazilian history. Initially, the Portuguese relied on aborigine slaves to work the sugarcane harvest and process, but they began importing African slaves. Africa played an essential role as the supplier of slaves and Brazilian slave traders in Africa frequently exchanged cachaca, a distilled spirit derived from sugarcane, and shells for slaves. This made what is now known as the Triangular trade between Europe, Africa, and the Americas during the colonial period. Even though the Brazilian sugar was reputed as being of high quality, the industry faced a crisis during the 17th and 18th centuries when the Dutch and the French started producing sugar in the Antilles, located much closer to Europe, causing sugar prices to fall. The Portuguese Empire, Cont.Colonial Brazil
5. She was the granddaughter of the Caiapo chief Angrai-oxa and when she was baptized she was given a Christian name Damiana de Cuhna in honor of her godfather Luis daCuhnaMenezes. Being the granddaughter of the Caiapo chief Angrai-oxa she must have had high status among her people which distinguished herself as a communal leader. She was a loyal supporter of the Church and an interpretuer of its teachings to her neighbors, she had learned the Portuguese language and even married 2 outsiders. She served as the liaison between the aldeias and her people because on many occasions when her people would leave she would embark on expeditions to bring the people back. Over her lifetime she took 5 of these journeys to bring her people back to the aldeias because she knew that the aldeia could provide shelter and a reliable supply of food rather than the unpredictable forest. She died sometime in February or March of 1831 and was buried in the local church as a Brazilian heroine. Damianada Cunha: Catechist and Sertanista
6. He was born in 1528 and at the age of 20 he went to Lisbon and within 2 years he was made a subdeacon and a deacon and then ordained to the holy priesthood in the chapel of Saint Anne. On his return voyage from Italy to Portugal, he was shipwrecked and lost everything so he turned to medicine as a way to earn money for his passage home even though it was a forbidden profession by the law of the Church. His first encounter with the Inquisition was in Valladolid during his journey across Spain which he was accused of superstition, of making a pact with the Devil, and of practicing the prescribed art of medicine. After a decade of being in and out of Inquisition jails he was free once more where while waiting for his ship to the Azores he took off to Alentejo and got involved in a mining project. When the inquisitors got word of what he was doing, he was apprehended and in October 1567 he was found guilty of disobedience and deported to Brazil for 2 years. To his amazement when he arrived he was welcomed with open arms by the bishop Dom Pedro Leitao and requested that his faculties be restored by letters dimissorial and while waiting for word from Lisbon for them, he authorized him to preach, celebrate Mass, and administer sacraments. He became popularly known in Bahia and Pernambuco as the Gold Priest because of his supposed knowledge of mining and on his arrivals at any backland village he overcame the people by his magical powers. When the vicar-general of Pernambuco was informed of Gouveia’s behavior, he ordered him arrested and returned to Portugal in April 1571. On May 4, he was formally handed over to the master of the ship Sao Joao that would take him to Lisbon. Antonio de Gouveia: Adventurer and Priest
7. Being the daughter of Joao de CourosCarneiro, scribe of the municipal council and her father pledging a dowry of 600,000 reis, she was admitted to the Desterro Convent to become a nun. She considered herself a devout person and always tried to follow the Lord’s teachings and was lucky enough to have Madre Victoria de Encarnacao as model of saintly behavior. She saw herself as the blessed one who was chosen to suffer for not only her sins but also on behalf of the entire community and Catarina knew that her and her family were those that she suffered for. Throughout her life she did not acquire many lavish possessions that would be considered sins of vanity; her sins were that she did not keep to her oath of living a life of humility and poverty. In a span of half a century she had built a working capital of 4,402,000 reis. Her various enterprises included lending, income from rental properties, and the sale of pastries. Through the purpose of her bakery she owned 12 slaves. From these profits she spend large sums on one of her favorite chapels, the Senhor dos Passos of which one of her slaves would be donated when she passed for the sole purpose of keeping the chapel clean and its ornaments polished. She was also concerned about her sisters when she passed and wanted to make sure that they also lived out their lived in comfort. She hoped to give each of her sisters a slave and each the income form one of her homes. All of these things needed to be allowed by the archbishop since these things had been done without his permission. Unfortunately she passed in August 1758 without ever knowing the outcome of her request. Catarina de Monte Sinay: Nun and Entrepreneur
