This document summarizes the lives and experiences of several Portuguese, Spanish, and indigenous Americans who lived between the 15th-18th centuries. It discusses Damiana de Cunha who balanced Portuguese and indigenous Caiapo culture in Brazil. It also outlines Antonio de Gouveia known as the "Gold Priest" who was expelled from the church but continued religious practices in Brazil. The document also summarizes Catarina de Monte Sinay who became a wealthy nun through entrepreneurship in Brazil despite taking a vow of poverty. For indigenous Americans, it discusses Diego Vasicuio who preserved the Sorimana cult in Peru and Francisco Baquero's attempts to organize shoemaker guilds in Buenos Aires. Finally,

1. Struggle & Survival Portuguese & Spanish American’sHistory 140By: Cara Treneer

2. Portuguese American’s

3. Damiana de Cunha“uncivilized vs. Civilized”Lived in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

4. She lived in Brazil and was from the Caiapo culture of the aldeias., but lived with the people of Vila Boa.

5. She was committed and believed in Christianized style of Caiapo culture.

6. Her loyalty wasn’t with the capital nor with her Caiapo culture.

7. Daughter of Angrai-oxa a head person of the Caiapo culture.

8. Baptized in conformation of friendly relations between the Caiapo and Vila Boa. Given her Christian name by her godfather Luis de Cunha Menezes Governor of Vila Boa in honor of him.Damiana de Cunha“uncivilized vs. Civilized”Loyal supporter of the church, interpreted its teaching to her neighbors.

9. Never went against the “outsiders” of her tribe or encouraged others to do so.

10. Lived with Governor Luis de Cunha Menezes as a hostage. Raised in European fashion while serving as good intentions of Caiapo people.

11. She impressed foreign travelers with her intelligence, her correct speaking knowledge of Portuguese and mostly her piety.

12. In later years she becomes the principal Indian leader of the community, presiding over the last 2 decades of its transition from missionary outpost to peasant village.

13. When she died the community died too like the other aldeias of Goias years prior. Antonio de Gouveia“The Gold Priest” Born in 1528 to a family of old Christians in Terceira and went to Lisbon at about age 20.

14. Around 22 years old he was ordained to the holy priesthood.

15. He knew astrology, alchemy, read fortunes, foretold happenings, practiced medicine amateurly, & believed he had the key to invisibility.

16. He turned to medicine as a means to earring his passage home after shipwrecking of the coast of Barcelona. Although practicing medicine was forbidden to priests under the law of the church.

17. Encountered the Inquisition 3 major times, and held arrest for his broken laws of the church.

18. In October of 1567 the inquisitors found him guilty of disobedience and ordered him deported to Brazil for two years.Antonio de Gouveia“The Gold Priest” Arrived in Salvador, the city of the Savior on the Bay of All Saints, and without shackles he was free to lead a normal life.

19. Priests faculties being restored he moved to Pernambuco where a confrontation with the Jesuits he would be charged with being a “bad Christian,” and sent home to Lisbon.

20. Popular in Bahia and Pernambuco as the “Gold Priest,” because of he supposed knowledge of mining.

21. Would capture Indians for the profitable slave markets of brazilCatarina de Monte Sinay“Survival Through Individual Accommodation”.Lived in the late 17th century to the early 18th century.Was a Nun and an Entrepreneur.Lived in Bahia , BrazilDue to her father Joao de CourosCarneiro’s status she was accepted into the only convent in Brazil.Became a nun in 1696, promised to live in poverty, chastity and obedience for life.

22. Catarina de Monte Sinay“Survival Through Individual Accommodation”At her death she was extremely concerned with her life as an entrepreneur, she felt she lived in sin and she sought forgiveness.She was not just any nun, she was a attributed entrepreneur, even though it was against her oath as a nun.Sold sweets & pastriesOwned slavesOwned propertyRented housedMade loansShe made herself VERY wealthy throughout her life.Gave gifts to her faith, convent, and friends.

23. Spanish American’s

24. Diego VasicuioNativePriestIndian of PeruQuiet and cautious he did his best to avoid direct contact with the Spanish imperial systemDiego was the chief priest and custodian of the god Sorimana, and secret promoter of his cult.Knew the trick of diverting the clergy’s anger by indentifying “bigger and better sinners.”Member of an Indian community that worked together to secretly hand down gods and gospels from one generation of believers to another. He was entrusted by his grandparents with the stone image of god Sorimana, as wells as the proper prayers and ceremonies of his cult.He hid the idol on occasion from the blanket authority inspectors. May 1671 a parish priest confronted Diego wanting to eradicate the cult of Sorimana once and for all.He was over 90 years old when he appeared before Father de Prado to answer charges of heresy

25. Diego VasicuioNativePriestHe managed living a long life without having to leave his home communityHe had left his home temporarily many times to serve his turn in the mitaor find cash paying jobs.He counted on help from local leader such as Curaca and Don Pablo Uranguaiqua.Sorimana rites= “idolatrous” and “heretical” but not to be confused with witchcraft according to Father de PradoDiego preserved the purity of Sorimana by not adding spells. After the priest demanding the surrender of the guacasorimana, Diego brought him a stone wrapped in cloth claiming it to be the idol. With Sorimana safe the “cautious Diego” and his friends laid low for a while and went back to their secret ceremonies.

26. Francisco Baquero“Shoemaker and Organizer” Lived in the mid to late 1700’sBorn in Buenos Aires and he lived there until his death or migration in 1810Known as Mestizo he was non-white with dark skin and claimed to be IndianHe was a shoemaker at age 12 and 4 years later her became a journeymanHe attempter organizing a shoemaker guild but FAILED!He couldn’t make up his mind on what social group or race he wanted to be associated with

27. Francisco Baquero“Shoemaker and Organizer” He couldn’t care less if a race or social group was excluded as long as it wasn’t his own.He wanted the “social standings” that a guild could bring himFailed at his final attempt to make a casta guild for “non-whites” Baquero’s Conflict

28. Enrico Martinez“Printer and Engineer” Lived during the 16th and 17th centuryHe was from Seville, Spain and traveled to Veracruz, Mexico in his 30’s.He had a collection of negotiable talents causing him to struggle against the educated people in colonial society.He moved to Mexico to pursue his fortune and to see the new world.

29. Enrico Martinez“Printer and Engineer” As an engineer he was innovative and accurate in his analysis but less skillful in the execution.Politically he defended what he thought was right, but wasn’t very flexible and wasn’t able to handle attaining it.He attempted being a writer and a printer, but had no confidence