GSA By Ms.Ayesha & Ghazanfar.pdf

Physical Science
MS Ayesha Sethi GSA
Presentation By
Ghazanfar Ali
Ghazanfar Ali

Law of Gravitation
Due to law of gravitation after billions of year that fallow stars, planets, solar
system galaxy and other gravitational contact were created universe comes into
present for as we see it today
Future of universe
Close model
Contraction of billions of years universe
universe will contact back upon it self.
Open Model
Expansion will continue for ever
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Fatal Model:
Stability, expansion will stop or slow down then stop after reasonable size
Expansion = 0
Cyclic Model:
Law of construction matter and energy alternative cycle of expansion and
contraction will repeat in big bang and crunch
Big Bang Big Bang Big Bang Big Bang Big Bang
Crunch Crunch Crunch Crunch Crunch
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Dark Metter And Dark Energy
Universe:
Universe is made up of known and unknown universe,
it have have two main types of distribution as fallows
Known Universe Unknown universe
• Combination of matter and energy
• Visible and invisible
• Properties are known
• Can be used
• Just 5% known universe
We can not classified any thing
for unknown universe, when
sources found then will classified
Dark Energy is
68%
Dark Metter is
27%
Known
Universe is 5%
5%
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Dark Matter Dark energy
Physical state of Matter
1. Energy is responsible for Big
bang or expansion.
2. Present among galaxy
3. Properties are not known
4. It can not be contract
5. It is 68% of Universe
1. Non Linear Matter
2. Present with galaxy
3. Properties are unknown
4. Can not be used
5. It is 27% of universe
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Galaxy
A galaxy is a huge collection of gas, dust, and billions of
stars and their solar systems. A galaxy is held together by
gravity
Center of Galaxy
Types of Galaxy
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Sun
Mass: 1.98892 x 1030 kg
Diameter: 1,391,000 kilometers
Radius: 695,500 km
Surface gravity of the Sun: 27.94 g
Volume of the Sun: 1.412 x 1018 km3
Density of the Sun: 1.622 x 105 kg/m3
• The Sun is actually a medium-sized, and even smallish star.
• The Sun is massive, but it’s not the most massive star out there
• The Sun’s mass is actually slowly decreasing over time.
• The Sun has an enormous amount of mass, and so it has a lot of gravity.
at the surface is 28 times the gravity of the Earth.
Ref: www.space-facts.com & www.nasa.gov
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Mercury
• Its is nearest to Son Fastest revolving, shortest Year
88 days/year and hottest.
• Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System
by surface area, volume, and equatorial diameter
• it is also one of the most dense. It gained its
‘smallest’ title after Pluto was demoted.
• The surface of Mercury is heavily cratered, much
like the Moon
• The diameter of Mercury is 4,879.4 km, it is only
38% the Earth’s diameter
• he circumference of Mercury is 15,329 km.
• Mercury’s density and the high percentage of core
material. Ref: www.space-facts.com & www.nasa.gov
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•VENUS
• A day on Venus is longer than a year....(1 year 225 days)
• Venus is hotter than Mercury despite being further
away from the Sun. ...
• Unlike the other planets in our solar system,
• Venus spins clockwise on its axis. ...
• Venus is the second brightest natural object in the night
sky after the Moon. ...
• Venus has 90 times the atmospheric pressure of Earth.
• Venus is named after the Roman goddess of love and beauty
• Venus was the first planet to have its motions plotted across the sky,
as early as the second millennium BC
• We tend to say ‘Venusian’ not ‘Venerian’
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Earth
• Earth, our home planet, is a world unlike any other. The
third planet from the sun
• Earth is the only place in the known universe
confirmed to host life.
• Earth a radius of 3,959 miles, Earth is the fifth
largest planet in our solar system.
• it's the only one known for sure to have liquid water on
its surface
• Earth is positioned within the "habitable zone
• Earth is the densest major body in the solar system at
5.52 grams per cubic inch.
• Distance from sun 149.6 million km. Ref: www.space-facts.com & www.nasa.gov
Ghazanfar Ali

MARS
• Mars and Earth have approximately the same landmass.
• Mars is home to the tallest mountain in the solar
system.
• Only 18 missions to Mars have been successful.
• Mars has the largest dust storms in the solar system.
• On Mars the Sun appears about half the size as it does
on Earth.
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Jupiter
• Jupiter Is Massive: ...
• Jupiter Cannot Become A Star.
• Jupiter Is The Fastest Spinning Planet In The Solar System.
• The Clouds On Jupiter Are Only 50 km Thick.
• The Great Red Spot Has Been Around For A Long Time.
• Jupiter Has Rings, Magnetic Field Is 14 Times Stronger Than
Earth's:
• Jupiter Has 79 Moons, its have shorter day
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Saturn
• Saturn is huge. You cannot stand on Saturn.
• Its beautiful rings are not solid. ...
• Some of these bits are as small as grains
• of sand.
• The rings are huge but thin.
• Other planets have rings.
• Saturn could float in water because it is mostly
made of gas.
• Saturn spins on its axis very fast. A day on Saturn
is 10 hours and 14 minutes, it’s a Second largest
planet, it have 82 moons, 62 confirm, 53 Moon
have names
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URNUS
• Uranus was officially discovered by Sir William Herschel
in 1781.
• Uranus turns on its axis once every 17 hours, 14
minutes.
• Uranus makes one trip around the Sun every 84 Earth
years.
• Uranus is often referred to as an “ice giant” planet.
• Uranus hits the coldest temperatures of any planet.
• Uranus has two sets of very thin dark coloured rings
• Uranus’ moons are named after characters created by
William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope.
• Only one spacecraft has flown by Uranus.
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•Neptune
• Neptune is the most distant planet from the Sun.
• Neptune is the smallest gas giant.
• A year on Neptune lasts 165 Earth years.
• Neptune is named after the Roman god of the sea.
• Neptune has 6 faint rings
• Neptune spins on its axis very rapidly.
• Neptune is the smallest of the ice giants.
• The atmosphere of Neptune is made of hydrogen and helium, with some methane,
Neptune has a very active climate, Neptune has a very thin collection of rings,
Neptune has 14 moons.
• Only one spacecraft has flown by Neptune. (In 1989, the Voyager 2)
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• Atomic Structure
• Smallest Particle of any material
• 1 Pencil dot is equal to 2 Million Atoms
• Atoms is not fundamental particle
• It include Electron, proton and Neutron
• Two Particles are in Nucleus, Proton and neutron
• and electrons are revolving in shells
Charge:
• It is intrinsic property of particles due to which replace or attract the other
particle
• Charge of Proton is Positive (+Ve), charge of Electron is Negative (-Ve) and
charge of Neutron is Nurture
• Number of electron must be equal to number of proton
• Maximum Number of electron can be find from formula 2n^2 , n= no of
shells
• Shell 1 have 2 electron, =2(1) ^2 = 2
• shell # 2, have 8 electron = 2(2) ^2 = 2*4 =8 and so on…
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Atoms are always continues states of motion
Like Evaporation of Water, Diffusion of Gases, vibration of Solid
• Atomic No = Z
No of Proton Inside Nucleus
• Mass No= A
No of Proton and no of Electron
A = Z + N
Isotopes : It have same atomic no but different mass No
Atom: combination of Particles
Molecule: combination of Two Atoms
Element: combination of Molecules
Compound: combination of elements
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Electron Proton Nutron
Charge Negative positive Neutral
Mass 9.1093 × 10-31 Kg 1.67262 × 10−27 kg 1.6750 × 10−27 kg
Discovery 1896, by the British
physicist J. J. Thomson,
Evidence= 1886, Eugene
Goldstein.
Discover by Rutherford 1909
May 1932 James
Chadwick
Magnitude of Charge -1.602 x 10-19 C I q I = 1.602 x 10-19 C 1.6022 x 10-19 c
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• Chemical Bond
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables
the formation of chemical compounds.
Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bond
It is the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms. Or a bond which is
formed with complete transfer of electron from one atom to another atom
Explanation. you can see that electrons of Na are represented by crosses, and electrons
of Cl by dots. The electron that Cl gains from Na is also represented by a cross, to show
that a transfer took place. The bond is then formed due to the attraction between
opposite charges.
Example
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Covalent
A bond which is formed by mutual sharing of electron between atoms
A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, a chemical bond that involves the
sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
Explanation: Two hydrogen atoms share their single electrons with the oxygen atom, which shares its
own two electrons in return. Oxygen have total 8 electron, 2 –e are in first orbit and 6 are in second orbit,
Oxygen need two electron to fill orbit two. With two hydrogen we have 2 electron that can be mutually
shared with Oxygen
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Metallic
A bond which is formed between free electron and positive charge metallic
ions
Metallic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that rises from the
electrostatic attractive force between conduction electrons and positively
charged metal ions. Like silver and iron
Explanation: metallic bonding which is different from covalent or ionic
bonding. In metallic bonding the outer shells of adjacent atoms overlap, and
the outer shell electrons are free to move through the lattice. The metal
consists of metal cations and a balancing number of these ‘free’ electrons.
Free Electron
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Hydrogen
It is the interaction involving a hydrogen atom located between a
pair of other atoms having a high affinity for electrons; such
a bond is weaker than an ionic bond or covalent bond but stronger
than van der Waals forces
Symbol: IIIIIIII
Explanation: The partial negative charge on the O of one molecule can
form a hydrogen bond with the partial positive charge on the hydrogens of
other molecules
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Coordinative covalent bond
It is the type of covalent bond. A bond which is formed by donation of loan
pair of electron, loan pair of electron from one to another
Donor and Accepter relationship
A coordinate covalent bond, also known as a dative bond, dipolar bond, or
coordinate bond is a kind of two-center, two-electron covalent bond in
which the two electrons derive from the same atom.
Example:
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Electromagnetic radiation (EMR)
• It also refers to the waves of the electromagnetic field, propagating through space
• These are waves which required no medium for propagation like Light waves from Sun
to Earth
• A stream of photon travel with the speed of light (3x108 m/s) in vacume or Air
• Energy of Electro Magnetic radiation is Spectrum
• Example: radio waves, microwaves, infrared
EMR Wave
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Temperature 15 mill: Centi:/15 Kelvin
Temperature 6000 – 5000
Increased due to the pressure of exited H
First visible part Emit white light
Not a physical part of sun
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Internal Structure of Earth
Crust: The average thickness of the crust is 35 km below
continents, 6 km below oceans (plus 5 km of sea water). The
maximum thickness of the crust is about 90 km, below the
Himalayas. The average crustal thickness is around 15 km
Mental: The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth's interior. The
mantle lies between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin
outer layer, the crust. The mantle is about 2,900
Core: Earth's core is the very hot, very dense center of our planet.
The ball-shaped core lies beneath the cool, brittle crust and the
mostly-solid mantle. A radius of about 3,485 km
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Atmosphere of Earth
Earth’s atmosphere is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen, 21 percent
oxygen, 0.9 percent argon, and 0.1 percent other gases. Trace amounts of
carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and neon are some of the other
gases that make up the remaining 0.1 percent.
12-50 km
Height Increase. Temp:
Increase
50-80km
Increase
80-320 km
Increase
0-12 km
Increase
10000 Km Thin Layer
D+E+F
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Earth Rotation.
• Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun, but once
every 23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4 seconds with respect to other
Effects
• Formation of day and night
• Gravity Spin Motion or rotation
• Clock wise direction
• Coriolis force
• Defection of air due to Earth rotation
South Pol
North Pol
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Maximum Minimum
North
North
North
North
South
South
South
South
21 Dec
21 Jun
21 March
23 Sep
Winter
Winter
Summer
Summer
Spring
Spring
Earth Revolution
Earth revolves in orbit around the sun in 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes with
reference to the stars, at a speed ranging from 29.29 to 30.29 km/s. The 6
hours, 9 minutes adds up to about an extra day every fourth year, which is
designated a leap year, with the extra day added as February 29th
Sun
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• The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types of
EM radiation. Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out as it goes
Planks
E (energy) is directly proportional to F (frequency) E ∞ f
Apply Planks Constant is h (6.62607004 × 10-34) E= h f  Eq 1
V=F λ
For speed of light C=F λ
f=C/ λ  Eq 2
Now put Eq 1 in to eq 2 we get E=h C/ λ
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Spectrum or Types of EMR
Energy Frequency Wavelength
Gama Ray
X- Ray
Ultraviolet Ray
Visible Ray
Violet, Indigo, Blues, Green, Yellow, Orange and Red
Infrared Ray
Micro Ray
Radio Ray
Energy Increase from bottom to top
Frequency Increase from bottom to top
Wavelength Increase from Top to Bottom
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Radio:
Your radio captures radio waves emitted by radio stations, bringing your favorite
tunes. Radio waves are also emitted by stars and gases in space.
Microwave:
Microwave radiation will cook your popcorn in just a few minutes, but is also
used by astronomers to learn about the structure of nearby galaxies.
Infrared:
Night vision goggles pick up the infrared light emitted by our skin and objects
with heat. In space, infrared light helps us map the dust between stars.
Visible:
Our eyes detect visible light. Fireflies, light bulbs, and stars all emit visible light.
Ultraviolet:
Ultraviolet radiation is emitted by the Sun and are the reason skin tans and
burns. "Hot" objects in space emit UV radiation as well.
X-ray:
A dentist uses X-rays to image your teeth, and airport security uses them to see
through your bag. Hot gases in the Universe also emit X-rays.
Gamma ray:
Doctors use gamma-ray imaging to see inside your body. The biggest gamma-ray
generator of all is the Universe.
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• Solstice
summer solstice the year's longest
Winter solstice is the shortest day of the year
Length of the day become Equal to Autumn
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• Wind is moving air and is caused by differences in air pressure within
our atmosphere. Air under high pressure moves toward areas of low
pressure. The greater the difference in pressure, the faster the air
flows.
Islamabad
Rawalpindi
• Islamabad Temperature Is low and
pressure is High and cold
• Rawalpindi Temperature Is High and pressure
is low and warm
Wind
Coriolis force/effect. Circulating air is deflected toward
the right in the Northern and toward the left in the
Southern. Different of Air due to rotation of earth is
Coriolis force
Direction : The direction of wind is determined by the pressure
and Coriolis force
Ghazanfar Ali

Condensation is the change of water from its gaseous
form (water vapor) into liquid water.
Forms of Condensation:
Dew: When the moisture is deposited in the form of water droplets on cooler surfaces of solid
objects. Like at grass
Frost: Frost forms on cold surfaces when condensation takes place below freezing point (0° C)
Fog: temperature of an air mass containing a large quantity of water vapour falls all of a
sudden, condensation takes place within itself on fine dust particles.
Cloud is a mass of minute water droplets or tiny crystals of ice formed by the condensation of
the water vapour in free air at considerable elevations.
Four types
(i) cirrus (ii) cumulus (iii) stratus (iv) nimbus.
Condensation can take place when the dew point is
1.lower than the freezing point,
2.higher than the freezing point.
Condensation
these are layered
clouds covering large
portions of the sky
these are layered clouds
covering large portions of
the sky
Cumulus clouds
look like cotton
wool
They are thin
and detached
clouds having a
feathery
appearance.
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Precipitation
• Precipitation occurs when a portion of the atmosphere becomes
saturated with water vapor
• . Two processes, possibly acting together, can lead to air becoming
saturated: cooling the air or adding water vapor to the air.
• Precipitation forms as smaller droplets coalesce via collision with
other rain drops or ice crystals within a cloud
precipitation is any product of the condensation of
atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity from
clouds.
The main forms of precipitation
include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, ice
pellets, Graepel and hail.
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Cyclone
• Cyclone is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong
center of low atmospheric pressure.
• Cyclones are characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate
about a zone of low pressure
Types of cyclones:
• Mid-latitude cyclones are the main cause of winter storms in the
middle latitudes. sometimes called extratropical cyclones, form
at the polar front when the temperature difference between two
air masses is large.
Tropical cyclones are also known as hurricanes. It have many
names. They are called hurricanes in the North, Atlantic and
eastern Pacific oceans, typhoons in the western Pacific Ocean
Tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact
with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud
or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.
An anticyclone is the opposite of a cyclone. An anticyclone’s
winds rotate
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Environmental Science
MS Ayesha Sethi GSA
Presentation By
Ghazanfar Ali
Ghazanfar Ali

Biological Science
MS Ayesha Sethi GSA
Presentation By
Ghazanfar Ali
Ghazanfar Ali

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