An introductory lecture in ideological analysis of media, covering works of Marx, Gramsci, Adorno & Horkheimer, Hall, given to BA-1 students at the Erasmus University Rotterdam
My slides for a panel on Hashtag Activism and Social Media, for the United Nations International Media Seminar on Peace in the Middle East (Ankara, 11-12 September 2019).
Presented to ma'am Noshina Saleem (the acting Director of ICS, PU, Lahore).
This presentation will give an picture of ideology and its link to media and then how can it get power when ideology and media mix together. This is purely for academic purposes.
An introductory lecture in ideological analysis of media, covering works of Marx, Gramsci, Adorno & Horkheimer, Hall, given to BA-1 students at the Erasmus University Rotterdam
My slides for a panel on Hashtag Activism and Social Media, for the United Nations International Media Seminar on Peace in the Middle East (Ankara, 11-12 September 2019).
Presented to ma'am Noshina Saleem (the acting Director of ICS, PU, Lahore).
This presentation will give an picture of ideology and its link to media and then how can it get power when ideology and media mix together. This is purely for academic purposes.
Mini-research: Pierre BOURDIEU’S THEORIES in relation to organizational behav...Fernanda Vasconcelos Dias
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Organizational Behavior in Educational Settings
Professor: Dr. Kate Way
Student: Fernanda Vasconcelos Dias
March 07,2016
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
This review essay on Sigmund Freud's 'Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego' describes how an understanding of psychoanalysis can further the reader's ability to situate and intervene in the context of group dynamics.
It lists the differences between individual and group psychology before describing the dangers of crowds and the contagion effect before setting out the structure and forms of identification between members in groups.
The main argument in the essay is that groups should guard against regression to more primitive forms of organizational life that Freud characterized as crowds and herds that are subject to the contagion effect.
In instances of such regression, groups will be able to repair themselves more effectively if they are psychoanalytically informed.
That is why this review essay on Freudian psychoanalysis is aimed at not only analysts but to an audience of bankers, economists, and social scientists.
Knowledge Gap Hypothesis:
Introduction:
This theory is concerned mainly with “information” and “knowledge” and emphasizes that knowledge is not distributed equally throughout society.
There are haves and have-nots with regard to information just as material wealth Information is very important in our society because any developed country depends on well-informed citizens.
It appears certain that information will be even more important in the future as we move into an increasingly technological age.
Many contemporary issues will require information and an informed public for the solutions for such issues.
Role of mass communication:
* One of the great promises of mass communication is that it provides people with information they need.
* It has the potential of reaching people who have not been reached by other means (poor and undeveloped people).
One example of an effort to use mass communication to provide information to the disadvantaged is the “educational TV program” Sesame Street (which combined information with entertainment for preschool Children.).
Other mass communication efforts that have the advantage of getting information to people usually not reached
is the televised presidential debates that might take the presidential election campaigns to people who would not normally be exposed to the campaign.
The attempts to increase people’s quantities of information from mass media might have some unexpected or undesirable effects.
This undesirable possibility is that mass communication might actually have the effect of increasing the gap in knowledge between members of different social classes. This possibility is called: “ Knowledge gap Hypothesis”.
The authors of Knowledge Gap Hypothesis:
• § The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis was first proposed in 1970 by Tichenor, Donohue and OLien. Mostly, it is known as Tichenor et al or Tichenor and his colleagues’ hypothesis.
Tichenor et al . Stated the KG Hypothesis as follow:
“As the infusion of mass media information into a social system increases, segments of the population with higher socio-economic status tend to acquire this information at a faster rate than the lower status segments, so that the gap in knowledge between these two segments tend to increase rather than decrease”.
The hypothesis predicts that:
• § People of both high and low socioeconomic status will gain in knowledge because of the additional information, but that persons of higher socioeconomic status will gain more.
• § This would mean that the relative gap in knowledge between the well-to-do and less well-off would increase.
Tichenor and his colleagues suggest that:
The K. G. is particularly likely to occur in such areas of general interest as public affairs and science news. It is less likely to occur in more specific areas that are related to people’s particular interests-areas like sports or garden care.
This is an invited talk I presented at the University of Zurich, speakers' series 2.10.2017. The presentation is based on the following paper: Brandtzaeg, P. B., & Følstad, A. (2017). Trust and distrust in online fact-checking services. Communications of the ACM. 60(9): 65-71
Mini-research: Pierre BOURDIEU’S THEORIES in relation to organizational behav...Fernanda Vasconcelos Dias
University of Massachusetts Dartmouth
Organizational Behavior in Educational Settings
Professor: Dr. Kate Way
Student: Fernanda Vasconcelos Dias
March 07,2016
Shiva Kumar Srinivasan has a Ph.D. in English Literature and Psychoanalysis from the University of Wales at Cardiff.
This review essay on Sigmund Freud's 'Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego' describes how an understanding of psychoanalysis can further the reader's ability to situate and intervene in the context of group dynamics.
It lists the differences between individual and group psychology before describing the dangers of crowds and the contagion effect before setting out the structure and forms of identification between members in groups.
The main argument in the essay is that groups should guard against regression to more primitive forms of organizational life that Freud characterized as crowds and herds that are subject to the contagion effect.
In instances of such regression, groups will be able to repair themselves more effectively if they are psychoanalytically informed.
That is why this review essay on Freudian psychoanalysis is aimed at not only analysts but to an audience of bankers, economists, and social scientists.
Knowledge Gap Hypothesis:
Introduction:
This theory is concerned mainly with “information” and “knowledge” and emphasizes that knowledge is not distributed equally throughout society.
There are haves and have-nots with regard to information just as material wealth Information is very important in our society because any developed country depends on well-informed citizens.
It appears certain that information will be even more important in the future as we move into an increasingly technological age.
Many contemporary issues will require information and an informed public for the solutions for such issues.
Role of mass communication:
* One of the great promises of mass communication is that it provides people with information they need.
* It has the potential of reaching people who have not been reached by other means (poor and undeveloped people).
One example of an effort to use mass communication to provide information to the disadvantaged is the “educational TV program” Sesame Street (which combined information with entertainment for preschool Children.).
Other mass communication efforts that have the advantage of getting information to people usually not reached
is the televised presidential debates that might take the presidential election campaigns to people who would not normally be exposed to the campaign.
The attempts to increase people’s quantities of information from mass media might have some unexpected or undesirable effects.
This undesirable possibility is that mass communication might actually have the effect of increasing the gap in knowledge between members of different social classes. This possibility is called: “ Knowledge gap Hypothesis”.
The authors of Knowledge Gap Hypothesis:
• § The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis was first proposed in 1970 by Tichenor, Donohue and OLien. Mostly, it is known as Tichenor et al or Tichenor and his colleagues’ hypothesis.
Tichenor et al . Stated the KG Hypothesis as follow:
“As the infusion of mass media information into a social system increases, segments of the population with higher socio-economic status tend to acquire this information at a faster rate than the lower status segments, so that the gap in knowledge between these two segments tend to increase rather than decrease”.
The hypothesis predicts that:
• § People of both high and low socioeconomic status will gain in knowledge because of the additional information, but that persons of higher socioeconomic status will gain more.
• § This would mean that the relative gap in knowledge between the well-to-do and less well-off would increase.
Tichenor and his colleagues suggest that:
The K. G. is particularly likely to occur in such areas of general interest as public affairs and science news. It is less likely to occur in more specific areas that are related to people’s particular interests-areas like sports or garden care.
This is an invited talk I presented at the University of Zurich, speakers' series 2.10.2017. The presentation is based on the following paper: Brandtzaeg, P. B., & Følstad, A. (2017). Trust and distrust in online fact-checking services. Communications of the ACM. 60(9): 65-71
State of the Media Report 2014:
Navigating Traditional Media Through Social Media
and Other Digital Practices
Compiled & Written by Katrina M. Mendolera
These are my slides for a presentation to the CFUW Ontario Council for a workshop aimed at exploring political discourse in an age of misinformation/how to navigate information with a critical eye leading up to the Ontario election. More on the event available here http://cfuwontcouncil.org/standing-committees/
Across 18-19 April 2017, the UK Parliament’s Culture, Media and Sport Committee published the 79 written submissions to its Fake News Inquiry. These submissions show us that we need to devote much more attention to addressing emotive, targeted deception by professional persuaders and the Public Relations (PR) industry, and that this issue may merit its own parliamentary inquiry into Deception in Political Campaigning. I discuss this in relation to two deceptive, emotive political campaigns from 2016 - the US presidential election and the UK's referendum on Brexit.
Amplification and Personalization: The impact of metrics, analytics, and algo...Nicole Blanchett
This presentation was done for the Stratford chapter of CFUW and focuses on the impact of metrics and analytics on information sharing, how what you consume on the web leaves a trail of behaviour patterns that allow for personalization of content, and how everyone can help stop the amplification of misinformation.
A. I need to remind the people who help me with this paper that my.docxrhetttrevannion
A. I need to remind the people who help me with this paper that my experience is not with a disabled child, but I experience with an adult disabled person.
B. My paper’s topic is “The physical health of adults with disabilities.”
C. Please follow the information that the teacher give us.
D. Please find 12 references those about “the physical health of adults with disabilities.”
As you complete the assigned reading for class on April 23, please submit short answers to the Three Things to Know.
2 sentences for each of the below questions
· How does media impact what we learn, as well as the way we learn?
· How has the nature of digital media made it central to our thinking and behavior?
· How has the nature of digital media shown the potential for limits of human control of media?The Crisis in Journalism
Internet-based companies have used technology to disrupt existing industries, undermining the financial foundation for traditional journalism (Franklin 2011; Jones 2009; McChesney and Pickard 2011; Meyer 2009). Subscriptions that had once funded newspaper journalism plummeted as users flocked to “free” online content. Print advertising, which had made up the bulk of revenue for news organizations, also fled to the internet; Craigslist and eBay replaced the newspaper classified ads, whereas Google, Facebook, and online ad brokers replaced display ads. As users and advertisers moved online, publishers decided they had to follow.
Stand-alone news websites offered free online content, reinforcing the expectation that news should be available without cost. Some introduced pay walls to try to recapture some lost revenue. In the hope of finding greater readership, “distributed content” became common, where publications allowed their content to appear on Facebook and other platforms. Unfortunately, of the people who find a news story from social media, about two-thirds remember the social media site where they found it, but fewer than half remember which news outlet originally published it (Kalogeropoulos and Newman 2017). Still, publishers competed to create content that met the format and content preferences of those platforms. When Facebook research showed users engaged with video presentations more than text, the call for news outlets to “pivot to video” followed. In one example, The Washington Post, best known for its sober political coverage, began creating scripted funny videos as a way to attract more users via distributed content (Bilton 2017).
That is a change from how news organizations have operated in the past. At legacy news sites—whether the printed newspaper or online website—news organizations offer the user a package of content. Users might skim the headlines, check out the sports, and delve deep into a feature article—all from a single news outlet. That means the editorial staff at the outlets produces a well-rounded package of information and news, along with lighter lifestyle and entertainment stories. With distributed content,.
Running Head ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE MEDIA1ACCOUNTABILITY IN .docxSUBHI7
Running Head: ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE MEDIA 1
ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE MEDIA 7
Accountability in The Media
Name
Institution
Course
Tutor
Date
This paper analyses the how the media is supposed to carry itself when releasing information to the people and how it should be accountable for the information it publishes as well. The media, being a free press should be able to define the features of a free society. Is the media out of control? Has the press become a limitation to democracy instead of being a foundation for it? Finding the answers to these questions would help to understand how and why the media should be accountable for the information it gives to the society ((Fengler, Eberwein, Mazzoleni, Porlezza & Russ-Mohl,2014).
Well, the content of this paper is from a consumer standpoint. It represents the people that are on the receiving end. Most of the media consumers wake up to a radio; they read the newspapers and watch TV programs. The media shapes, packages and forms the consumer to the extent that whatever the agenda of the media may be is to some extent supposed to be that of the consumer as well even if the consumer tries to take a contrary view. A consumer is dimly aware that a large part of what he/she is dictated daily by other people and it concerns him/her. This is the consumer's approach (Fengler, Eberwein, Mazzoleni, Porlezza & Russ-Mohl,2014).
Today the media can be considered as just tabloids, radio, and television. The world is abuzz that has conversations and exchanges to a particular level that makes it difficult to point out to a single phenomenon. Can some of the magazines such as the motorcycle and the sex magazine be considered as part of the media? Well, the list of the means of communication is growing. There are mobile phones, text messages, movies, overhead projectors and many more. This means that there are many means of communication and taming the type of information it releases to the people is very difficult. For this reason, it is essential to be clear about our cherry-picking and the reason for doing it (Fengler, Eberwein, Mazzoleni, Porlezza & Russ-Mohl,2014).
However, everybody has a different understanding of the media. But accountability, on the other hand, is not an easy idea. It is somewhat an obstruction and challenging to understand for many people. No matter how obscure accountability may be, there is no denying its importance. The human race happens to live in a culture of accountability to other people, and those that claim that they are not accountable are condemned by their mouths. The reason why accountability may be obscure is that in words it merely means being required to explain the decision, but in practice, it means more (Diakopoulos, 2017).
This is one of the reasons that accountability in the media may be difficult releasing information to the public is one thing but how the public interprets the data is different. Information published by the press may be straightfor ...
Future Of Fintech In India | Evolution Of Fintech In IndiaTheUnitedIndian
Navigating the Future of Fintech in India: Insights into how AI, blockchain, and digital payments are driving unprecedented growth in India's fintech industry, redefining financial services and accessibility.
27052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
01062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
31052024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
ys jagan mohan reddy political career, Biography.pdfVoterMood
Yeduguri Sandinti Jagan Mohan Reddy, often referred to as Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, is an Indian politician who currently serves as the Chief Minister of the state of Andhra Pradesh. He was born on December 21, 1972, in Pulivendula, Andhra Pradesh, to Yeduguri Sandinti Rajasekhara Reddy (popularly known as YSR), a former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, and Y.S. Vijayamma.
Welcome to the new Mizzima Weekly !
Mizzima Media Group is pleased to announce the relaunch of Mizzima Weekly. Mizzima is dedicated to helping our readers and viewers keep up to date on the latest developments in Myanmar and related to Myanmar by offering analysis and insight into the subjects that matter. Our websites and our social media channels provide readers and viewers with up-to-the-minute and up-to-date news, which we don’t necessarily need to replicate in our Mizzima Weekly magazine. But where we see a gap is in providing more analysis, insight and in-depth coverage of Myanmar, that is of particular interest to a range of readers.
हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
03062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
CLICK:- https://firstindia.co.in/
#First_India_NewsPaper
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
The truth behind filter bubbles: bursting some myths
1. THE TRUTH BEHIND FILTER
BUBBLES
RICHARD FLETCHER
GREEN TEMPLETON COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD (22/01/2019)
2. BACKGROUND
People use services like Facebook, Twitter, Google, Apple News, etc. to get
news, and some of the news people see has been selected automatically by
algorithms.
Selection decisions are made by algorithms using data about our interests
and preference—and this could reinforce existing consumption patterns.
• Echo chambers: Where we are over-exposed to news we like or agree
with—distorting our perception of reality.
• Filter bubbles: Where news we dislike or disagree with is automatically
filtered out—narrowing what we know.
4. DIGITAL NEWS REPORT
World’s largest annual survey of news
audiences
38 markets, 5 continents (mostly Europe)
75,000 respondents
Polling mainly by YouGov, questionnaire by
us
www.digitalnewsreport.com
5. DIGITAL NEWS REPORT
What is people’s main source of news? (Newman et al., 2019)
46%
41%
7% 6%
0%
25%
50%
Online (inc. social media) TV Print Radio
Q4. You say you’ve used these sources of news in the last week , which would you say is your MAIN source of news? Base: All who used a source of news in the
last week. All markets = 73,527.
6. DIGITAL NEWS REPORT
What is people’s main source of news (by age)? (Newman et al., 2019)
67%
5% 5%
23%
61%
5%
6%
28%
53%
5%
7%
36%
43%
6% 7%
44%
30%
9%
7%
54%
0%
25%
50%
75%
Online Print Radio TV
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55+
Q4. You say you’ve used these sources of news in the last week , which would you say is your MAIN source of news? Base: All who used a source of news in the
last week in all markets. 18-24 = 7,929, 25-34 = 12,836, 35-44 = 13,619, 45-54 = 13,038, 55+ = 26,105.
7. DIGITAL NEWS REPORT
What proportion use social media for news (since 2013)? (Newman et al., 2019)
0%
25%
50%
75%
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
German
y
Austria
Spain
UK
USA
Q3. Which, if any, of the following have you used in the last week as a source of news? Base: Total sample in each country in each year ~= 2,000.
10. PERSONALIZATION
Two types of personalization (Zuiderveen Borgesius et al., 2016):
• Self-selected personalization
• The personalization people do themselves
• Selective exposure (Stroud, 2011; Iyengar & Hahn, 2009)
• Pre-selected personalization
• The personalization done for people (usually by algorithms)
• Filter bubbles (Pariser, 2011), echo chambers (Sunstein, 2017)
Very important not to compare the effect of pre-selected personalization
with a hypothetical world where people do not personalize their news
consumption through self-selected personalization.
12. INCIDENTAL EXPOSURE
What is the effect of social media use
on people’s news diets?
• Social media combines self-
selected personalization with
pre-selected personalization.
• Algorithms might hide news
from people who are not
interested in it
13. INCIDENTAL EXPOSURE
Compared news diets of people who
do not use social media at all with
those who use it but not for news
(Fletcher & Nielsen, 2018a)
UK, USA, Italy, Australia
Studied the effect on different
demographic groups and different
social networks
14. INCIDENTAL EXPOSURE
Social media boosts people’s news increasing diversity of
sources.
• People who use social media for other reasons are
incidentally exposed to news.
• The boost is stronger for young people are those
uninterested in news
• Effect stronger for YouTube and Twitter than for
Facebook
15. INCIDENTAL EXPOSURE
• Most people are not that interested in the news
• The web is a high-choice media environment, and its easy
to opt out of news (Prior, 2005)
• But social media “incidentally exposes” people to news–
shows people news even when they are not looking for it.
16. AUTOMATED SERENDIPITY
What about using search engines for
news?
• Different from social media because
people are using search engines to
intentionally find news.
• Will search engines only show right-
wing sources to right-wing users, and
vice-versa?
17. AUTOMATED SERENDIPITY
Compared news diets of people
who search for news with people
who do not (Fletcher & Nielsen,
2018b)
UK, USA, Germany, Spain
Studied news diets in terms of
diversity and balance
18. AUTOMATED SERENDIPITY
Automated serendipity diversifies people’s news use
• People who use search engines use more sources
• … are more likely to use both left- and right-
leaning sources
• … and have news diets that are more balanced
between left and right
19. AUTOMATED SERENDIPITY
“Users with different political leanings
from different states were recommended
very similar news, challenging the
assumption that algorithms necessarily
encourage echo chambers.” (Nechushtai &
Lewis 2019)
20. WORK IN PROGRESS
Can be backed up with UK web tracking data
(unpublished work in progress).
21. OTHER STUDIES
No/weak evidence of filter bubbles/echo chambers:
Dubois & Blank, 2018; Messing & Westwood, 2014;
Barbera et al., 2015; Fletcher & Nielsen, 2017, 2018
Mixed evidence:
Bakshy et al., 2015; Flaxman et al., 2016
Strong evidence: …
22. POLARIZATION
But there might be different
problems with social media
news use…
Some evidence that exposure to
diverse views on Twitter is
leading to the polarization of
political attitudes (Bail et al.,
2018)
25. FUNDING JOURNALISM
There might be more pressing problems…
“news itself has never been financially viable as
a market-based good [and] has always been
primarily financed by arrangements based on
income derived from sources other than selling
news to consumers” (Picard, 2014, p. 51)
28. NEWS ATTRIBUTION
Do people remember where they get their news? (Kalogeropoulos, Fletcher &
Neilsen 2019)
29. PAYING FOR ONLINE NEWS
Growth in the number of
paywalls (Simon & Graves 2019).
Only a minority pay for online
news (Newman et al., 2019).
Slight increases in online news
payment since 2014.
Nordic countries are doing quite
well.
UK and Germany not doing so
well.
30. PAYING FOR OTHER MEDIA
Millions of global paid subscribers (2018)
31. TRUST IN THE NEWS
In most countries fewer than half trust most news most of the time
(Newman et al., 2019)
32. TRUST IN THE NEWS
… and the proportion that trust most
news most of the time is falling in
many countries (Newman et al., 2019).
33. CONCLUSION
At the moment the evidence suggests that online news
use on search and social media is more diverse, but
this diversity might be polarizing.
In some ways this is the opposite of what the filter
bubble hypothesis predicted.
We should continue to critically examine the effects of
algorithmic selection on news use.
But we should not let this prevent us from properly
confronting the deeper causes of divisions in politics
and society (Bruns, 2019).
34. REFERENCES
• Bail, Christopher A., Lisa P. Argyle, Taylor W. Brown, John P. Bumpus, Haohen Chen, M. B. Fallin Hunzaker, Jaemin
Lee, Marcus Mann, Friedolin Merhout, and Alexander Volfovsky. 2018. ‘Exposure to Opposing Views on Social Media
Can Increase Political Polarization’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences in the United States of America 0
(0): 1–6.
• Bakshy, Eytan, Solomon Messing, and Lada A. Adamic. 2015. ‘Exposure to Ideologically Diverse News and Opinion on
Facebook’. Science 348: 1130–32.
• Barberá, Pablo, John T. Jost, Jonathan Nagler, Joshua A. Tucker, and Richard Bonneau. 2015. ‘Tweeting from Left to
Right: Is Online Political Communication More Than An Echo Chamber’. Psychological Science 26: 1531–42.
• Bruns, Axel. 2019. Are Filter Bubbles Real? Cambridge: Polity.
• Dubois, Elizabeth, and Grant Blank. 2018. ‘The Echo Chamber Is Overstated: The Moderating Effect of Political Interest
and Diverse Media’. Information, Communication & Society 21 (5): 729–45.
• Flaxman, Seth, Sharad Goel, and Justin M. Rao. 2016. ‘Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online News Consumption’.
Public Opinion Quarterly 80: 298–320.
• Fletcher, Richard, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2017. ‘Are News Audiences Increasingly Fragmented? A Cross‐National
Comparative Analysis of Cross‐Platform News Audience Fragmentation and Duplication’. Journal of Communication 67
(4): 476–98.
• ———. 2018a. ‘Are People Incidentally Exposed to News on Social Media? A Comparative Analysis’. New Media &
Society 20 (7): 2450–68.
• ———. 2018b. ‘Automated Serendipity: The Effect of Using Search Engines on the Diversity and Balance of News
Repertoires’. Digital Journalism 8 (6): 976–89.
35. REFERENCES
• Iyengar, Shanto, and Kyu S. Hahn. 2009. ‘Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity
in Media Use’. Journal of Communication 59 (1): 19–39.
• Kalogeropoulos, Antonis, Richard Fletcher, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2019. ‘News Brand Attribution
in Distributed Environments: Do People Know Where They Get Their News?’ New Media & Society 21
(3): 583–601.
• Messing, Solomon, and Sean J. Westwood. 2014. ‘Selective Exposure in the Age of Social Media:
Endorsements Trump Partisan Source Affiliation When Selecting News Online’. Communication
Research 41: 1042–63.
• Nechushtai, Efrat, and Seth C. Lewis. 2018. ‘What Kind of Gatekeepers Do We Want Machines to Be?
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37. THE TRUTH BEHIND FILTER
BUBBLES
RICHARD FLETCHER
GREEN TEMPLETON COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD (22/01/2019)
Editor's Notes
Thank you for the introduction and for inviting me to give this lecture.
I’m very glad to be here Salzburg to speak to you all.
I’m going to try to describe how news use is changing in many countries across the world. What I really mean by this is how digital, online access is changing how we get news.
But I also want to leave you with my overall assessment of the situation.