The document discusses approaches to evaluating hypotheses as part of the scientific method process for a PhD research project. It describes how hypotheses can be formulated and derived from a clearly defined research problem. Predictions can then be made based on the hypotheses and evaluated both theoretically through proofs and experimentally through quantitative and qualitative methods. A mix of quantitative and qualitative evaluation approaches may be used to assess different aspects of the proposed research. The document provides examples of dimensions and criteria that can be investigated to rigorously evaluate hypotheses as part of the scientific knowledge creation process of a PhD.
In a term Capstone project refers multi assignment tasks that accomplish the academic and intellectual knowledge for students, mostly during the student's final year of high school, middle or at the last time of the academic session. Students would like to search new or more informative and productive ideas on the internet. So you can visit here http://www.capstoneprojectideas.com
Reproducibility of computational research: methods to avoid madness (Session ...Mike Hucka
Introduction on the session "Reproducibility of computational research: methods to avoid madness" held Wednesday, September 17, during ICSB 2014 in Melbourne, Australia, 2014.
Case studies in industry - fundamentals and lessons learntDaniel Mendez
This document discusses case study research and provides guidance on conducting case studies. It defines a case study as an empirical inquiry that investigates real-world phenomena in their natural context. The document outlines why case studies are used to learn from realistic environments and scale findings to practice. Challenges of approaching, conducting, and analyzing case studies are presented, such as properly characterizing context, defining instruments, and drawing conclusions. Transversal challenges include addressing subjectivity and generalizability. Key takeaways emphasize careful planning, transparency, collaboration, and being unbiased, accurate, patient and flexible.
Introduction to organisational research and case studiesHazel Hall
This document provides an overview of a training session on organisational research and case studies for a Doctoral Training Centre in Information Science. The session introduces organisational research and discusses case studies as an approach. It notes some key differences and challenges of organisational research compared to other fields. Examples of past case studies are presented covering topics like intranet implementation, blogs in the classroom, and the impact of information science research. Guidelines for case study design, data analysis, and addressing criticisms of case study research rigour are also covered.
This document provides an overview of the key differences between pure science and applied science (technology). Pure science involves research that adds to scientific knowledge but has no practical use, while applied science is the practical application of scientific knowledge. Examples are provided to illustrate the difference between pure sciences like human genetics and applied technologies like DNA fingerprinting. The relationship between science and technology is also explored, with science defined as the pursuit of knowledge and understanding through processes like discovery and experimentation, while technology is focused on meeting human needs through design, invention, and production.
Sound 1a research and practice audio 1 march 21 2011shwho
This document discusses research in education, including its nature, benefits, characteristics, types, and stages. Research aims to systematically study various aspects of education through collecting and analyzing data in order to develop valid and generalizable descriptions, interventions, and explanations. It seeks to uncover what happens inside the "black box" of the classroom by examining relationships between inputs like students and teachers, and outputs like knowledge and test scores. High-quality research is shared, precise, and can be replicated or refuted. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are used. The stages of research include developing a proposal, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings.
The document discusses the evolution of research from its origins in seeking knowledge to its modern definitions and processes. It traces the etymology of the word "research" from French terms meaning "to go about seeking." Research is now defined as systematic, creative work to increase knowledge. Key developments include agricultural practices, industrialization, disease remedies, and technology. Research has also evolved from original investigations to include scientific, empirical, and qualitative methods. Current research design employs quantitative and qualitative approaches like surveys and interviews.
In a term Capstone project refers multi assignment tasks that accomplish the academic and intellectual knowledge for students, mostly during the student's final year of high school, middle or at the last time of the academic session. Students would like to search new or more informative and productive ideas on the internet. So you can visit here http://www.capstoneprojectideas.com
Reproducibility of computational research: methods to avoid madness (Session ...Mike Hucka
Introduction on the session "Reproducibility of computational research: methods to avoid madness" held Wednesday, September 17, during ICSB 2014 in Melbourne, Australia, 2014.
Case studies in industry - fundamentals and lessons learntDaniel Mendez
This document discusses case study research and provides guidance on conducting case studies. It defines a case study as an empirical inquiry that investigates real-world phenomena in their natural context. The document outlines why case studies are used to learn from realistic environments and scale findings to practice. Challenges of approaching, conducting, and analyzing case studies are presented, such as properly characterizing context, defining instruments, and drawing conclusions. Transversal challenges include addressing subjectivity and generalizability. Key takeaways emphasize careful planning, transparency, collaboration, and being unbiased, accurate, patient and flexible.
Introduction to organisational research and case studiesHazel Hall
This document provides an overview of a training session on organisational research and case studies for a Doctoral Training Centre in Information Science. The session introduces organisational research and discusses case studies as an approach. It notes some key differences and challenges of organisational research compared to other fields. Examples of past case studies are presented covering topics like intranet implementation, blogs in the classroom, and the impact of information science research. Guidelines for case study design, data analysis, and addressing criticisms of case study research rigour are also covered.
This document provides an overview of the key differences between pure science and applied science (technology). Pure science involves research that adds to scientific knowledge but has no practical use, while applied science is the practical application of scientific knowledge. Examples are provided to illustrate the difference between pure sciences like human genetics and applied technologies like DNA fingerprinting. The relationship between science and technology is also explored, with science defined as the pursuit of knowledge and understanding through processes like discovery and experimentation, while technology is focused on meeting human needs through design, invention, and production.
Sound 1a research and practice audio 1 march 21 2011shwho
This document discusses research in education, including its nature, benefits, characteristics, types, and stages. Research aims to systematically study various aspects of education through collecting and analyzing data in order to develop valid and generalizable descriptions, interventions, and explanations. It seeks to uncover what happens inside the "black box" of the classroom by examining relationships between inputs like students and teachers, and outputs like knowledge and test scores. High-quality research is shared, precise, and can be replicated or refuted. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are used. The stages of research include developing a proposal, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings.
The document discusses the evolution of research from its origins in seeking knowledge to its modern definitions and processes. It traces the etymology of the word "research" from French terms meaning "to go about seeking." Research is now defined as systematic, creative work to increase knowledge. Key developments include agricultural practices, industrialization, disease remedies, and technology. Research has also evolved from original investigations to include scientific, empirical, and qualitative methods. Current research design employs quantitative and qualitative approaches like surveys and interviews.
Let's Talk Research 2015 -Juliet Goldbart - Introduction To Qualitative Metho...NHSNWRD
Introduction To Qualitative Methods: Different Approaches For Different Contexts
Jois Stansfield, Maxine Holt, Nigel Cox, Suzanne Gough, Juliet Goldbart, MMU
Analyzing observational data during qualitative researchWafa Iqbal
This document discusses qualitative data analysis methods. It explains that qualitative data analysis explores and interprets complex data from sources like interviews and observations to generate new understandings without quantification. The generic process of analysis involves organizing, reading, and coding the data by assigning labels to chunks of information to develop themes and descriptions. Coding is a primary element of analysis and allows the researcher to summarize and synthesize the data. Developing themes is also part of the analysis process and involves discovering core and peripheral elements of themes from the data.
This document discusses strategies for ensuring validity, reliability, and ethics in qualitative research. It defines internal validity, reliability, external validity, and ethics in qualitative research. Some key strategies discussed for enhancing validity and reliability include triangulation, member checks, peer examination, audit trails, and thick description to allow transferability. The document emphasizes that the credibility of qualitative research also depends on the ethical practices and integrity of the researcher.
This document provides guidance on analyzing qualitative research data through coding. It discusses the importance of conceptualizing chunks of text with labels called concepts. Concepts that are similar can be grouped into categories to develop explanatory terms. The researcher engages in an iterative process of constantly comparing concepts to categories to develop theories grounded in the data. Memos tracking the researcher's analysis, interpretations and questions are also important. The goal is to allow patterns and insights to emerge from careful examination of qualitative data like interview transcripts and observations.
For those who are doing a qualitative research, this is a summary and important points from Yin (2009) and South East European Research Centre. I tried to simplified and highlight the crucial points. Good luck!
A workshop for academic librarians on using qualitative methods for user assessment and research in the library. Part 3 focuses on coding qualitative text in light of your research questions or goals, as well as highlights one option for qualitative research software.
Scientific software engineering methods and their validityDaniel Mendez
This document summarizes a talk on scientific methods and their validity given at Technische Universität München. The talk discusses key concepts in the philosophy of science like epistemology and different views of science. It provides an overview of common scientific methods like empirical methods, case studies, and hypothesis testing. The talk delves into challenges of obtaining truth and impacts of human factors. It also discusses how scientific methods can be applied in a PhD dissertation and the importance of increasing validity. The overall document aims to discuss implications of scientific methods for everyday scientific work.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology for midwifery students. It defines research and describes the different types. The research process is outlined including topic selection, which involves prioritizing problems based on criteria like feasibility and applicability. Quantitative and qualitative research approaches are also defined. Later sections discuss analyzing problems, formulating problem statements and stating problems clearly. The importance of a well-defined problem statement for developing the research proposal is emphasized.
Foundations of Agricultural Research by Prof Jayne MugweJayne Mugwe
This PPT presentation gives overview of Agricultural Research. Explains meaning of scientifc research, Characteristics of research, research process at a glance, Importance of research and research development continnum
Prof Jayne Mugwe
Kenyatta University
This document outlines the main steps to develop research: (1) identifying a research problem and question, (2) conducting a literature review, (3) specifying the research purpose and objectives, (4) determining hypotheses, (5) collecting data, (6) analyzing and interpreting the data, (7) reporting findings, and (8) communicating conclusions. Effective research is an iterative process that uses multiple methods to build confidence in the results.
Making Sense of It All: Analyzing Qualitative DataGeorge Hayhoe
Qualitative methodologies are becoming increasingly important in our discipline. Because they are based on techniques that technical communicators commonly use, everyone in the profession finds these methods familiar and understandable.
This workshop will draw on that familiarity and comprehension to show practitioners how to analyze and interpret the data collected from interviews, focus groups, open-ended questionnaires, and communication artifacts. The workshop is based on simple, proven methods that produce meaningful results that can be used to inform decisions about product design and delivery.
First, the moderators will review examples of qualitative methods and data. Then, the moderators will explain how to organize data for analysis. Finally, the moderators will describe Content Analysis, a technique for analyzing and interpreting the data.
With this background, participants will work in teams to analyze and interpret data using Content Analysis. Then, the teams will report the results of their analysis and interpretation.
The document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as research that values people's perspectives and understanding of the world. Characteristics include a focus on human interpretation, context-specific insights, and analysis of words and meanings rather than numbers. Common qualitative approaches include case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, content analysis, and grounded theory. The purpose is to understand individuals' experiences rather than measure causal relationships or outcomes.
Research methods for engineering students (v.2020)Minh Pham
Beginning students who start doing research may face to many difficulties from choosing a good research topic to start, how to develop new ideas to how to implement models to test their ideas and write papers. Research skill is a craft skill. You only learn it by doing. However, it is good to learn know-how in doing research. In this lecture, I share information of how-to-do research for engineering students with the hope that it will help students to save time at the beginning state of doing research.
Research method presentation ppt 2021 by gemechu fufa arfasaGemechu Fufa
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in science and research. It defines science as a systematic body of knowledge acquired using the scientific method. There are two major groups of science: natural sciences and social sciences. Research is defined as a systematic investigation to further knowledge and understanding. The different types of research discussed include basic/fundamental research, applied research, experimental research, observational research, quantitative research, and qualitative research. Characteristics of good research include originality, accuracy, objectivity, and application.
The document outlines the scientific research method and provides guidance on developing mathematical models and completing a thesis. It describes the four main steps of the scientific method as observation, hypothesis, experimental testing, and predictions. Observation involves recognizing facts or occurrences, which are then used to form a hypothesis. The hypothesis is then tested experimentally, and if proven true, predictions can be made. Mathematical models, such as using equations to fit experimental data, can help test hypotheses and predictions. Following the scientific method and reporting iterations that include publishable results are keys to completing a successful thesis.
M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
This document provides guidance for medical students on conducting health research. It outlines the key steps in the research process, including developing learning objectives and a research proposal. The proposal involves selecting a topic, reviewing existing literature, developing objectives and hypotheses, and detailing the methodology, work plan, and dissemination of results. The document also reviews best practices for writing a final research report, which consists of components like an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusions. The overall document serves to introduce medical students to the basics of the health research process.
Students will solve a mystery about an unknown molecule by researching common materials and their corresponding organic functional groups. They will form groups, each focusing on a different functional group. The groups will construct 3D models and research examples of products containing their functional group. Finally, they will collaborate to determine which product matches the mystery molecule and present their findings.
The tao of knowledge: the journey vs the goalValentina Tamma
This document is a presentation about completing a PhD and doing high quality research. It discusses the scientific method and different methodologies used in research, including qualitative and quantitative methods. It provides advice to students such as reading widely, discussing your research, and documenting your experiments. The presentation aims to inspire students and teach good lessons about the PhD process and research.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses definitions of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It covers research design principles like defining variables and controlling for extraneous factors. It also outlines different research designs for exploratory, descriptive and experimental studies. Sample design concepts involving probability and non-probability sampling are presented. Methods of primary data collection like observation, interviews and questionnaires are explained. Finally, it provides guidance on constructing questionnaires and successful interviewing techniques.
Let's Talk Research 2015 -Juliet Goldbart - Introduction To Qualitative Metho...NHSNWRD
Introduction To Qualitative Methods: Different Approaches For Different Contexts
Jois Stansfield, Maxine Holt, Nigel Cox, Suzanne Gough, Juliet Goldbart, MMU
Analyzing observational data during qualitative researchWafa Iqbal
This document discusses qualitative data analysis methods. It explains that qualitative data analysis explores and interprets complex data from sources like interviews and observations to generate new understandings without quantification. The generic process of analysis involves organizing, reading, and coding the data by assigning labels to chunks of information to develop themes and descriptions. Coding is a primary element of analysis and allows the researcher to summarize and synthesize the data. Developing themes is also part of the analysis process and involves discovering core and peripheral elements of themes from the data.
This document discusses strategies for ensuring validity, reliability, and ethics in qualitative research. It defines internal validity, reliability, external validity, and ethics in qualitative research. Some key strategies discussed for enhancing validity and reliability include triangulation, member checks, peer examination, audit trails, and thick description to allow transferability. The document emphasizes that the credibility of qualitative research also depends on the ethical practices and integrity of the researcher.
This document provides guidance on analyzing qualitative research data through coding. It discusses the importance of conceptualizing chunks of text with labels called concepts. Concepts that are similar can be grouped into categories to develop explanatory terms. The researcher engages in an iterative process of constantly comparing concepts to categories to develop theories grounded in the data. Memos tracking the researcher's analysis, interpretations and questions are also important. The goal is to allow patterns and insights to emerge from careful examination of qualitative data like interview transcripts and observations.
For those who are doing a qualitative research, this is a summary and important points from Yin (2009) and South East European Research Centre. I tried to simplified and highlight the crucial points. Good luck!
A workshop for academic librarians on using qualitative methods for user assessment and research in the library. Part 3 focuses on coding qualitative text in light of your research questions or goals, as well as highlights one option for qualitative research software.
Scientific software engineering methods and their validityDaniel Mendez
This document summarizes a talk on scientific methods and their validity given at Technische Universität München. The talk discusses key concepts in the philosophy of science like epistemology and different views of science. It provides an overview of common scientific methods like empirical methods, case studies, and hypothesis testing. The talk delves into challenges of obtaining truth and impacts of human factors. It also discusses how scientific methods can be applied in a PhD dissertation and the importance of increasing validity. The overall document aims to discuss implications of scientific methods for everyday scientific work.
This document provides an introduction to research methodology for midwifery students. It defines research and describes the different types. The research process is outlined including topic selection, which involves prioritizing problems based on criteria like feasibility and applicability. Quantitative and qualitative research approaches are also defined. Later sections discuss analyzing problems, formulating problem statements and stating problems clearly. The importance of a well-defined problem statement for developing the research proposal is emphasized.
Foundations of Agricultural Research by Prof Jayne MugweJayne Mugwe
This PPT presentation gives overview of Agricultural Research. Explains meaning of scientifc research, Characteristics of research, research process at a glance, Importance of research and research development continnum
Prof Jayne Mugwe
Kenyatta University
This document outlines the main steps to develop research: (1) identifying a research problem and question, (2) conducting a literature review, (3) specifying the research purpose and objectives, (4) determining hypotheses, (5) collecting data, (6) analyzing and interpreting the data, (7) reporting findings, and (8) communicating conclusions. Effective research is an iterative process that uses multiple methods to build confidence in the results.
Making Sense of It All: Analyzing Qualitative DataGeorge Hayhoe
Qualitative methodologies are becoming increasingly important in our discipline. Because they are based on techniques that technical communicators commonly use, everyone in the profession finds these methods familiar and understandable.
This workshop will draw on that familiarity and comprehension to show practitioners how to analyze and interpret the data collected from interviews, focus groups, open-ended questionnaires, and communication artifacts. The workshop is based on simple, proven methods that produce meaningful results that can be used to inform decisions about product design and delivery.
First, the moderators will review examples of qualitative methods and data. Then, the moderators will explain how to organize data for analysis. Finally, the moderators will describe Content Analysis, a technique for analyzing and interpreting the data.
With this background, participants will work in teams to analyze and interpret data using Content Analysis. Then, the teams will report the results of their analysis and interpretation.
The document discusses qualitative research methods. It defines qualitative research as research that values people's perspectives and understanding of the world. Characteristics include a focus on human interpretation, context-specific insights, and analysis of words and meanings rather than numbers. Common qualitative approaches include case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, content analysis, and grounded theory. The purpose is to understand individuals' experiences rather than measure causal relationships or outcomes.
Research methods for engineering students (v.2020)Minh Pham
Beginning students who start doing research may face to many difficulties from choosing a good research topic to start, how to develop new ideas to how to implement models to test their ideas and write papers. Research skill is a craft skill. You only learn it by doing. However, it is good to learn know-how in doing research. In this lecture, I share information of how-to-do research for engineering students with the hope that it will help students to save time at the beginning state of doing research.
Research method presentation ppt 2021 by gemechu fufa arfasaGemechu Fufa
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in science and research. It defines science as a systematic body of knowledge acquired using the scientific method. There are two major groups of science: natural sciences and social sciences. Research is defined as a systematic investigation to further knowledge and understanding. The different types of research discussed include basic/fundamental research, applied research, experimental research, observational research, quantitative research, and qualitative research. Characteristics of good research include originality, accuracy, objectivity, and application.
The document outlines the scientific research method and provides guidance on developing mathematical models and completing a thesis. It describes the four main steps of the scientific method as observation, hypothesis, experimental testing, and predictions. Observation involves recognizing facts or occurrences, which are then used to form a hypothesis. The hypothesis is then tested experimentally, and if proven true, predictions can be made. Mathematical models, such as using equations to fit experimental data, can help test hypotheses and predictions. Following the scientific method and reporting iterations that include publishable results are keys to completing a successful thesis.
M.ARCH (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
2 MARKS QUESTIONS
This document provides guidance for medical students on conducting health research. It outlines the key steps in the research process, including developing learning objectives and a research proposal. The proposal involves selecting a topic, reviewing existing literature, developing objectives and hypotheses, and detailing the methodology, work plan, and dissemination of results. The document also reviews best practices for writing a final research report, which consists of components like an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusions. The overall document serves to introduce medical students to the basics of the health research process.
Students will solve a mystery about an unknown molecule by researching common materials and their corresponding organic functional groups. They will form groups, each focusing on a different functional group. The groups will construct 3D models and research examples of products containing their functional group. Finally, they will collaborate to determine which product matches the mystery molecule and present their findings.
The tao of knowledge: the journey vs the goalValentina Tamma
This document is a presentation about completing a PhD and doing high quality research. It discusses the scientific method and different methodologies used in research, including qualitative and quantitative methods. It provides advice to students such as reading widely, discussing your research, and documenting your experiments. The presentation aims to inspire students and teach good lessons about the PhD process and research.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses definitions of research, objectives of research such as gaining new insights or testing hypotheses. It covers research design principles like defining variables and controlling for extraneous factors. It also outlines different research designs for exploratory, descriptive and experimental studies. Sample design concepts involving probability and non-probability sampling are presented. Methods of primary data collection like observation, interviews and questionnaires are explained. Finally, it provides guidance on constructing questionnaires and successful interviewing techniques.
Research involves systematically gathering knowledge through objective methods. It aims to solve problems by defining issues, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting conclusions. The key types of research are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical. Research requires carefully determining the scope, objectives, methods, and design to efficiently obtain reliable results and further knowledge.
Research involves systematically gathering knowledge through objective methods. It aims to solve problems by defining issues, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. The key types are descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, and empirical. Research requires carefully determining the objectives, scope, design and methods to efficiently obtain reliable results. It is an important process for advancing knowledge across many fields.
The document provides an overview of research design and methods of data collection in research. It discusses key aspects of research design including defining variables, developing hypotheses, and different types of designs for exploratory, descriptive, and experimental studies. It also covers sampling design, important concepts in sample design, and different sampling techniques. Finally, it discusses primary and secondary data, and different methods for collecting primary data, including observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. It provides guidelines for developing good questionnaires and conducting successful interviews.
Research is defined as a systematic investigation to establish facts and reach new conclusions. It involves posing a question, collecting data to answer the question, and presenting an answer. The main types of research are fundamental, quantitative, applied, longitudinal, qualitative, and action research. Research aims to extend knowledge, establish generalizations, verify facts, analyze relationships, and support rational decision making. The key steps in research are formulating the problem, developing hypotheses, designing the study, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, interpreting results, and reporting conclusions.
This document outlines the key aspects of research including: defining research as a systematic process of investigating a problem through collecting data to answer a question; describing the main types of research such as fundamental, quantitative, applied, and qualitative; and explaining the common steps of research such as formulating the problem, developing hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. The overall goal of research is to increase knowledge and understanding of a topic.
1. The document provides an overview of research methodology, outlining key concepts like the meaning of research, objectives of research, types of research designs, and steps in the research process.
2. It discusses descriptive and analytical research, applied vs fundamental research, and quantitative vs qualitative research. Experimental designs covered include informal designs like before-after and after-only designs, as well as formal designs like completely randomized, randomized block, and Latin square designs.
3. The research process involves formulating the problem, reviewing literature, developing hypotheses, designing the study, determining sampling, collecting and analyzing data, testing hypotheses, and reporting conclusions. Both experimental and non-experimental approaches are examined.
The document discusses research methods and processes. It defines research as a systematic, controlled, empirical investigation to discover facts and test hypotheses. The key steps in research include:
1) Identifying a research problem or question.
2) Conducting a literature review to understand previous work.
3) Formulating hypotheses to guide the research.
4) Developing a research design that specifies procedures like sampling, data collection and analysis.
5) Collecting both primary and secondary data according to the research design.
6) Analyzing the data and drawing conclusions about the hypotheses.
The document covers different research types and methods used in conducting systematic studies.
This document provides an overview of business research methods. It discusses why business research is important for engineers and defines what research is, including that it is a systematic search for truth and new knowledge. It outlines the scientific method process and types of research such as descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. COVID-19 statistics are also presented along with the current vaccine status.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It begins by defining research and describing its objectives, which include gaining familiarity with a phenomenon, accurately portraying characteristics of a situation, and testing hypotheses. The document outlines different types of research such as descriptive vs. analytical and quantitative vs. qualitative. It also discusses research approaches like experimental, survey, and case study research. Additionally, it covers the research process from formulating problems to analyzing and reporting data. The document concludes by discussing ethics in research.
The document provides an overview of different types of architectural research, including historical research, qualitative research, correlational research, and experimental research. It discusses the key characteristics, tactics, strengths, and weaknesses of each type of research. Historical research involves the systematic collection of data to explain events from the past. Qualitative research focuses on words and pictures to understand participants' perspectives. Correlational research examines relationships between variables, while experimental research uses treatment variables and control groups to test causality. The document also provides examples of how each type of research has been applied to architectural design problems.
This document is a project report on the perceptions of inhabitants regarding health and sanitation in Cooch Behar Municipality, India. It includes an acknowledgement, research methodology section explaining different research approaches and processes. It then discusses the author's research problem focusing on degraded health and sanitation in Cooch Behar district. The objectives are to examine hygiene conditions, health issues, civic amenities, public reactions, water supply, and prevalent diseases. The literature review covers definitions of urban areas and facilities provided by municipalities. It also gives background details on Cooch Behar Municipality.
The document discusses key aspects of research design and types of research. It provides definitions and explanations of important concepts in research design including variables, experimental and control groups, and treatments. It also summarizes several major types of rural research such as survey research, case studies, ex-post facto research, and qualitative vs. quantitative research. Finally, it outlines the typical format for a research proposal.
This document discusses research design and methods for collecting data. It begins by defining a research design as the conceptual structure for conducting research that aims to balance relevance and economy. The key components of a research design are then outlined, including the research problem, data collection procedures, population, and data analysis methods. The document also discusses types of research designs such as exploratory, descriptive, and experimental designs. It provides details on methods for collecting primary data, such as experiments, surveys, observation, and interviews. Secondary data collection from published sources is also mentioned.
Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that aims to generate or discover a theory through the systematic analysis of data, such as interviews. There are two main approaches: the systematic procedures of Strauss and Corbin, which involve open, axial, and selective coding to develop categories and interconnections; and the constructivist approach of Charmaz, which emphasizes flexible guidelines and the researcher's role in theory development. The goal is to move beyond description to generate a theory through iterative data collection and analysis until categories are saturated.
This document provides an overview of the research process. It defines research and discusses key principles such as facts, theories, and applications that can result from research. It also covers identifying research topics and problems, assessing feasibility, different types of research, and the scientific method of inquiry. This includes developing a methodology, collecting and analyzing data through descriptive and inferential statistics, and evaluating conclusions. The overall summary discusses defining research, identifying problems and topics, assessing feasibility, developing a methodology, and analyzing data.
The document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a phenomenon. Research involves formulating a hypothesis, conducting experiments or studies, and interpreting results to draw conclusions. There are different types of research including basic, applied, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. Scientific research follows the scientific method and involves making observations, developing hypotheses, conducting experiments or studies, and analyzing results. Engineering research focuses on developing new technologies to design products.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
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5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
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Power Grid Model
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What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
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The tao of knowledge, revisited
1. Valentina Tamma
University of Liverpool
The tao of knowledge, revisited:
the journey vs the goal
Picture by J. A. Alba, on Pixabay.com
2. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Pearls of wisdom: PhD Comics
2
Piled Higher and Deeper by Jorge Cham www.phdcomics.com
title: "Frozen" - originally published 5/7/2014
5. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
An apprenticeship in knowledge creation
• A PhD is an (individual) research
project involving advanced
scholarship, that makes an original
contribution to knowledge
• PhD:
• Philosophiae: from the Greek, meaning “love of knowledge”,
“pursuit of wisdom”, “systematic investigation”
• Doctor: from the classical Latin “Teacher” (to show, teach,
cause to know)
5
Picture by fancycrave, on Pixabay.com
6. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Scientific method
“Research is systematic investigation to establish the facts.”
6
Creswell, J. W.: Educational Research, 2008
• A research methodology defines what the activity of
research is, how to proceed, how to measure progress,
and what constitutes success.
• but the methodology depends on the scientific field of enquiry;
• Formal sciences: mathematics, logic, statistics, …
• Natural sciences: chemistry, biology, physics, …
• Social Sciences: psychology, linguistics, anthropology, …
7. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
• Some argue that CS, and its
disciplines are not a science
• “CS it is the science of information processes
and their interactions with the world.” (P. Denning
2005).
7
CS
AI
SW
Where is the science in CS?
8. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
• Some argue that CS, and its
disciplines are not a science
• “But the claim that artificial objects […] do not
lend themselves to natural-science methods of
research is fallacious. An artificial object is as fully
bound by the laws of nature as any natural
object. […] Scientific laws limit the set of possible
objects, natural or artificial.” (H. Simon 1993)
8
CS
AI
Is this science?
CS
AI
SW
8
10. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium 10
Adapted from G Dogdig-Crnkovic
State research
problem
Review existing
theories and
observations
Formulate
hypothesis
Deduce
consequence
and make
predictions
Evaluate the
hypothesis
Hypothesis must be redefined
Theory
confirmed or
proposed
Consistency
achieved
Selection
amongst
competing
theories
Hypothesis must be adjusted
Adapted by G. Dogdig-Crnkovic
Scientific
method - the
process
11. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
The research problem
• The objective of the investigation.
• It identifies a problem / difficulty that needs solving;
• There must be some value attached to it and the
beneficiaries could be clearly identified;
• There might be alternative means to reach the
objectives;
• It should be feasible, not too generic or narrow
focussed;
• It should have some level of novelty;
• Can often be subdivided in and bounded by a
number of sub-questions.
11
Picture by G. Altmann, on Pixabay.com
12. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
In defence of good hypotheses
• Stating your hypotheses clearly is half
of the job done:
• Often there are many hypotheses
• that might be decomposed in a set of subsidiary hypotheses;
• Ambiguous hypotheses cause major
misunderstandings in the reader (reviewer!)
• Vague hypotheses lead to poor methodological
consequences:
• Inconclusive evidence;
• Research direction lacks focus.
12
Picture by qimono, on Pixabay.com
13. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
The hypothesis
• A conjectural answer to a
research question
• it is framed and scoped within the
context of existing knowledge;
• it is clearly formulated, with a
measurable / verifiable objective;
• should be refutable
• Popper's test for what constitutes science
13
Which one?
1. Our alignment approach is better than
the ones presented in the state of the
art.
2. Our alignment approach improves
precision wrt current systems on X
ontologies in the benchmark / on
ontologies with expressivity of type Y.
3. Our alignment approach significantly
increases both precision and recall
wrt all of the systems included in the
evaluation challenge, for the track Z.
14. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
The hypothesis
• A conjectural answer to a
research question
• it is driven by a scientific problem;
• it states the why, how and possibly
the who;
• it is framed by a task;
• which is particularly important when some
artefact is produced as part of the research;
14
Which one?
1. We designed an ontology that
effectively models domain X.
2. We designed an ontology that
models task Y in domain X, and
aims to answer the following
competency questions.
3. We developed a new ontology editor
and users who attended the tutorial
like it;
4. Our ontology editor facilitates the
editing of large ontologies by
domain experts;
15. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Dimensions of investigation
• Properties can be investigated across different levels:
• properties of a technique vs those of its parameters,
• inherent properties of a task vs a complete system;
• relationship between tasks, parameters, systems;
• Different dimensions for the comparison:
• scientific;
• engineering;
• cognitive science;
• Different means of investigation:
• Theoretical;
• Experimental;
15
Picture by G. Altmann, on Pixabay.com
16. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium 16
Scientific Engineering Cognitive
Behaviour: The effect or result of the
method. The absolute or comparative
assessment wrt an external "gold standard"
Dependability: The reliability, security and
safeness of the system implementing the
method
External: The model exhibits the
appropriate external behaviours (similar to
scientific behaviour, but the baseline is
different)
Coverage: The range of application of the
method. It identifies a set of situations to
which its application is relevant
Usability: The ease of use of the system
from the perspective of the end user
Internal: The model works in the same
way as the phenomenon / observation that
it models
Efficiency: The resources consumed by
the method. The resources measured are
usually time or space.
Maintainability: The ability of the system
to evolve in order to meet changes in the
user's requirements.
Adaptability: The model accounts for a
wide range of occurring behaviours
Scalability: The potential for the system to
continue to work within realistic resource
limits on the most complex examples
Evolvability: The model truthfully
represents the evolution or learning of the
ability it models
Cost: Resources (developer time,
money…) needed to build and/or maintain
the system
Fitness: The extent to which the system
adheres to the user’s requirements
Adapted from A. Bundy: The need for hypotheses in informatics
Dimensions of
investigation
17. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Predictions
• From hypotheses we can derive
predictions:
• Hypothesis: theory explaining why a
phenomenon occurs
• testable hypotheses
• Prediction: using the hypothesis, scientists
calculate the measurable data points they
believe will result in a given experiment
• often involves different properties of the model being
developed
17
Picture by G. Altmann, on Pixabay.com
18. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Evaluation
• Demonstrate / show that the
hypothesis holds:
• Theoretical proof
• checks properties such as correctness, completeness,
termination and complexity
• Experimental evaluation:
• Quantitative research method
• Qualitative research method
• Can sometimes be used together to evaluate
different aspects of a proposed method
18
Picture by G. Altmann, on Pixabay.com
19. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Inclusive models of scientific research
• Scientific research is concerned with
stating knowledge claims
• These claims need to be evaluated and
validated in some way
• Depending on the specific area of interest
(and on the aspect we are evaluating) given
evaluation methods are employed, e.g.:
• Case study, Experiment, Survey, Proof
19
Semantic Web
20. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Qualitative and quantitative methods
• Quantitative:
• Methods associated with
measurements (on numeric
scales)
• Prevalent in natural sciences
• Used to test hypotheses or create
a set of observations for inductive
reasoning
• Accuracy and repeatability are
imperative
• Qualitative
• Methods involving case studies
and surveys
• Prevalent in social sciences
• Used to generate comprehensive
description of processes,
mechanisms, or settings
• Characterise participant
perspectives and experiences
20
21. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Qualitative studies
• Tell the reader about the design being used
• the use of qualitative research and the intent behind it
• But also involves discussing:
• the sample for the study,
• the data collection process,
• the recording procedure;
• Allows inductive and deductive data analysis;
21
22. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Mixing the two
22
Approach: Inductive
Goal: Depth, local meaning,
generate hypotheses
Setting: Natural
Sampling: Purposeful
Data: Words, Images; Narrow but rich
Data analysis: Iterative interpretation
Values: Personal involvement and partiality
(subjectivity, reflexivity)
Approach: Deductive
Goal: Breadth, generalisation,
test hypotheses
Setting: Experimental
Sampling: Probabilistic
Data: Numbers; Shallow but broad
Data analysis: Statistical tests, models
Values: Detachment and impartiality
(objectivity)
MIXED
Adapted from B. Young and D. Hren: Introduction to qualitative research methods
Qualitatitve Quantitatitve
23. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
ISWC 2017, Resources track
23
Criteria How to
Is the ontology logically correct? Proofs (reasoners integrated in ontology editors), quantitative,
Is the chosen design suitable for the intended
purpose? Qualitative
Is the chosen design of high quality? (e.g., no
hacks and workarounds, no redundancy)
Quantitative
Have other resources been reused? E.g., upper
level ontologies, design patterns
Qualitative (reflective)
Is the documentation of good quality? Are the
core ideas of the ontology described?
Quantitative & Qualitative
24. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Word of caution
• Designing qualitative experiments requires
care:
• resource intensive
• significant sample of domain experts / users
• to support stratification
• control groups
• ordering of questions (how) and groups answering
questions (who) is important
• types and wording of questions, and question format
• support for different types of research (basic, applied
and summative)
• C. Pesquita, V. Ivanova, S. Lohmann and P. Lambrix : A Framework to
Conduct and Report on Empirical User Studies in Semantic Web. in
EKAW 2018
24
Picture by Clker-Free-Vector-Images, on Pixabay.com
25. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium 25
Adapted from G Dogdig-Crnkovic
State research
problem
Review existing
theories and
observations
Formulate
hypothesis
Deduce
consequence
and make
predictions
Evaluate the
hypothesis
Hypothesis must be redefined
Theory
confirmed or
proposed
Consistency
achieved
Selection
amongst
competing
theories
Hypothesis must be adjusted
Adapted by G. Dogdig-Crnkovic
Scientific
method - the
process
26. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
When art blends with science
• A rigorous approach to research does not
guarantee that we are making science;
• “Science in the making”: The processes by which
scientific facts are proposed, argued, & accepted
(Latour 1987):
• A new model appears as art whilst it is in the making;
• It becomes a “fact” only after it gains consensus.
• It is a messy, political, human process, fraught with emotion and occasional
polemics. (Denning 1995)`
• After sufficient time and validation, a model
becomes part of the scientific body of knowledge.
26
Picture by E. Riva, on Pixabay.com
27. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Making science, communicating science
• Making science has a persuasive element:
• transition from “art” to “fact”
• Often we focus on executing the process, but we neglect the persuasion
• Good science starts with communication
• Training for a PhD should also raise the awareness on communicating science
• With a focus on the construction of the persuasive arguments
• “the formal structures around scientists today require them [the scientists] that they have impact journeys for
their research, from the point of inception” (A. Miah, THE, 2019)
• Using a multitude of media, from social media to rewriting Wikipedia pages or even creating novel platforms
for dissemination
• Taking a stance as public intellectual, increasingly more important in this age of fake and post truth
• e.g. T. Farrell, M. Fernandez, J. Novotny and H. Alani: “Exploring Misogyny Across the Manosphere in Reddit”. Web Sci 2019
27
28. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Some advice
• Read, read, read… and read
• Read anything that captures your imagination
• Read with questions in mind:
• “How can I use this?”
• “Does this really do what the authors claim?”
• “Do I understand the results in the paper?”
• Talk about your research
• To your supervisor(s), to your colleagues, to
students in other departments
• It will help you hone and shape the arguments
28
Picture by Free-Photos, on Pixabay.com
29. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Some advice
• Divide your time between activities
• Proving your hypotheses, writing about your
research, etc
• Document your experiments:
• Make an experimental plan, describe in detail
materials, methods and participants
• There is always light at the end of the
tunnel!
29
Picture by Free-Photos, on Pixabay.com
30. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Conclusion: part 1
• SW ⊑ CS, and so is a science:
• And borrows methodological aspects from other disciplines;
• And all these are needed:
• The synergy gives further strengths and novel insights
• because they complement each other’s limitations.
• We should exploit these synergies in our
research by using the appropriate research
methodologies
• we should become familiar with other research methods and
be prepared to use and adapt evaluation methods from other
disciplines
30
Semantic Web
31. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Conclusion: part 2
• There is value in well designed
qualitative methodologies
• They might be necessary to evaluate some
unique aspects of our research
• And there is an opportunity for
creating new methods by creatively
combining quantitative and qualitative
• whilst striving for the rigour and precision of
these methods
31
Picture by mohamed Hassan , on Pixabay.com
32. V.TammaEKAW 2018 PhD Symposium
See you at the next…
• Conference…
• ISWC, K-Cap, EKAW, ESWC, WWW, ECAI
IJCAI, AAAI
• … or Journal
• Journal of Web Semantics, Semantic Web
Journal, Transactions on Knowledge and Data
Engineering, Data Semantics, Applied Ontology,
Knowledge Engineering Review, Artificial
Intelligence Journal, Journal of AI Research
32
Disney
33. V.TammaISWC 2019 Doctoral Consortium
Some useful resources
• H. Akkermans and J. Gordijn1
: Ontology Engineering, Scientific
Method, and the Research Agenda. In Proceedings of EKAW 2006
• A. Bernstein and N. Noy: Is This Really Science? The Semantic
Webber’s Guide to Evaluating Research Contributions. Technical
report:
https://www.merlin.uzh.ch/publication/show/9417
• A. Bundy: The need for hypotheses in informatics. Technical report:
http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/teaching/courses/irm/notes/
hypotheses.html
• D. Chapman (Ed): How to do Research At the MIT AI Lab. Technical
report:
https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/41487
• P.R. Cohen: Empirical methods for Artificial Intelligence. 1995
• J.W. Creswell. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and
Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 2008
• P. Denning: Is Computer Science Science. Comms of the ACM, Vol.
48, No. 4, 2005
• G. Dodig-Crnkovic: Scientific Methods in Computer Science. In
Proceedings of the Conference for the Promotion of Research in IT
at New Universities and at University Colleges in Sweden, 2002
• T. Farrell, M. Fernandez, J. Novotny and H. Alani: “Exploring
Misogyny Across the Manosphere in Reddit”. Web Sci 2019
• C. M. Judd, E.R. Smith, L.H. Kidder: Research methods in social
relations, 1986
• B. Latour. Science in action. 1987
• A. Miah: Good Science Begins with Communication. Times Higher
Education, July 2019
• C. Pesquita, V. Ivanova, S. Lohmann and P. Lambrix : A Framework
to Conduct and Report on Empirical User Studies in Semantic Web.
in EKAW 2018
• K. Popper: The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 1934
• H. Simon: Artificial Intelligence: An empirical Science. In Artificial
Intelligence Journal, vol 77, issue 1
• V. Tamma and F. Lecue: ISWC 2017 Resources Track: Instructions
for Authors and Reviewers. Technical report: https://goo.gl/426CEv233