1. Nanometer calcium carbonate(nano-CaCO3) filled polyphenylene sulfide
(PPS/GF) ternary composites reinforced with glass fiber were fabricated in this
paper, and the Tensile Strength, Tensile Strain , Tensile Strain at break and
Young’s modulus, and also Hardness were measured at room temperature, to
identify the influence of the content of the nano-CaCO3 particles on the tensile
mechanical properties and hardness of these ternary composites. It was found that
the Tensile Strength, Tensile Strain , Young’s modulus, and also Hardness of the
composites increased slightly with an addition of the weight fraction (φf) of the
nano-CaCO3 particles, and the maximum increase of tensile strength 8.32% at φf
=7% .Tensile Strain was increased 1.62% at φf =5%. Youngs modulus was
increased 10.11% from 0 to 3% and it reaches maximum at φ f =7%. And the
hardness was increased 3.12% from 0 to 5%. Surface morphology of tensile
facture of this polymer nano composite was analyzed by using SEM ( scanning
electron microscope) .
INTRODUCTION
Polyphenylenesulfide (PPS) features excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability,
chemical resistance and precise moldability. However PPS has a week point of being a very
brittle material. For use as electrical and electronic parts, automobile and mechanical parts,
toughened PPS is desired. For these application, improving the toughness of PPS is desired[1] .
PPS is a generally known to be insoluble in any solvent below 200oc . It has a high degree of
crystallinity and good retention of physical properties at elevated temperatures, PPS has a glass
transition temperature of 80-900 c and its melting point ranges between 285-2950c .Quintelier
and Samyn were conducted an experimental work on the friction and wear performance of
polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyphenylene sulphide (PPS) of thermoplastic polymer in
water.[2] Yamamoto et al.[3] were reported the friction and wear characteristics of fiber-
reinforced PEEK and PPS in water were studied using a face-contact sliding tester. The fibers
used were glass and carbon fibers. Under boundary lubricating conditions, PEEK reinforced with
glass fiber was little improved in friction and wear characteristics. zeng hanmin et al.[4] , were
made an examination of the friction and wear properties of carbon-fiber-reinforced
poly(phenylene sulphide) sliding against steel without lubrication. Chen ,Li et al.[5] were studied
the structure, mechanical and tribological properties of polyamide 66 (PA66) and polyphenylene
sulfide (PPS) blends. In this study it was found that the PA66/PPS blends had a two-phase
structure. Unal , Sen [6] were investigated, the influence of test speed and applied pressure
values on the friction and wear behaviour ofpolyamide 66 (PA 66), polyoxymethylene (POM),
ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), 30% glass fibre reinforced
polyphenylene-sulfide (PPS + 30%GFR) and aliphatic polyketone (APK) polymers. Tamer

2. Sınmazc,[7] were studied the, natural weathering effects on the mechanical and surface properties
of polyphenylene sulphide (PPS) composites. Injection moulded short glass fibre and short glass
fibre/calcium carbonate particle filled (hybrid) PPS composites were investigated. Zhenyu Jiang ,
Lada Antonova Gyurova[8] were prepared Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites filled with
short carbon fibers (SCFs) (up to 15 vol.%) and sub-micro-scale TiO2 particles (up to 7 vol.%)
by extrusion and subsequently injection-molding. Tamer Sınmazc， kıran[9] were characterised
the solid particle erosion behaviour of randomly oriented short glass fibre and mineral particle
reinforced polyphenylenesulphide (PPS) composites. Lai and Liu[10] were prepared the blends
of poly(ether-sulfone) (PES) and poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) with various compositions and
investigated thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of PES/PPS blends by means of DSC
(differential scanning calorimetry) and DMA(Dynamic mechanical analysi). Chen,Liu, [11] were
studied the mechanical and tribological properties of 70 vol % PA66/30 vol % PPS blend filled
with different content of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) . It was found that the addition of PTFE
impairs the mechanical properties of PA66/PPS blend, but greatly increases the wear resistance
and decreases the friction coefficient. Gopakumar, Ponrathnama[12] were reported
Compatibilisation of immiscible poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS)/wholly aromatic thermo tropic
liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) blends Compatibilised PPS/TLCP blends were prepared in a
twin-screw extruder by reactive blending of PPS and TLCP in presence of dicarboxyl-terminated
poly(phenylene sulphide) (DCTPPS). Tensile mechanical properties are one of important
utilization performances of materials. However, there have been few studies on tensile
mechanical properties of PPS and its blends or composites.
The objectives in this paper are to fabricate nanometer calcium carbonate (Nano-
CaCO3) filled polyphenylene sulfide (PPS/GF) ternary composites reinforced with glass fiber,
and measure their Young’s modulus, tensile strength and tensile elongation at break at room
temperature, to investigate the effects of the content and surface treatment of the nano-CaCO3
particles on the tensile mechanical properties of these ternary composites.
EXPERIMENTAL
RAW MATERIALS
Polypheylene sulfide with 40% GF was supplied by RK polymers
,mumbai,India,melting temperature and density of this material is 280 0-2900c and
1600kg/m3 Nano Calcium carbonate(80nm) was used. Mean diameter of nano
caco3 particle diameter is 80nm and and density of CaCo3 is 2500kg/m3.
FABRICATION OF COMPOSITES AND SPECIMENS
Polypheylene sulfide with 40% GF pre dried for 3hours at 110-1200C and
nano-CaCo3 predried for 2 hours at 80 0C in vacuum oven.The Nano CaCo3
particles were mixed with the PPS resin and the glass fiber according to designed
blending ratios In this work, the weight fraction of the glass fiber was fixed as

3. 40%, and the weight fractions of the nano-CaCO3 were 0%, 3%, 5% ,and 7%. And
then the PPS/GF/nano-CaCO3 blends were extruded in microcompuder(15 ml
DSM Xplore) .The extruder barrel temperature range was 290-2950C. After
extrusion process over then go for molding by mini-injection jet machine to form
the specimens for tensile and hardness tests.The specimens for tensile and hardness
tests were fabricated.according to ASTM D256 standard and ASTM D790
respectively.
INSTRUMENT AND METHODOLOGY
The tensile properties of the PPS/GF/nano-CaCO3 ternary composites were
measured at room temperature by means of a universal materials testing machine
(model CMT6104) supplied LARPM laboratory , bubaneswa, India.The tests were
conducted according to ASTM D638-91 standard, and the cross-head speed was
2mm/min. Each group specimens contained 5 pieces, and the average values of the
tensile properties were used from the measured data. An extensometer was
installed to measure exactly the tensile elastic modulus (i.e., Young’s
modulus).The tensile fracture surfaces of the specimens from theexperiments were
examined by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the
interfacial debonding, interlayer structure morphology,and the filler dispersion or
distribution in the PPS matrix.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Figures 1 and 2, show respectively the stress-strain curves (i.e., tensile curves)
during tension of PPS/GF binary composite and PPS/GF/nano-CaCO3 ternary
composites composite systems. It can be seen from Figures 1 and 2 that the tensile
stresses (ζ) of these composites increase with an addition of tensile strain (ε), and
the fracture phenomenon of the specimens occurs before the composites are up to
yield state. This indicates that both the PPS/GF binary composite and
PPS/GF/nano-CaCO3 ternary composites are strong-hard materials, and their
tensile fail is belonging to a brittle fracture. Comparatively, the tensile fracture
strength (ζ b) and tensile fracture stain (ε b) of the PPS/GF/nano-CaCO3 ternary
composites are somewhat greater than those of the PPS/GF binary composite. This
illustrates that it is beneficial to improve the tensile strength and tensile fracture
toughness of the PPS/GF system when the PPS/GF system has been filled with
nano-CaCO3 particles.

4. YOUNG’S MODULUS
Young’s modulus is a major parameter for characterizing stiffness of
materials in tensile process. Figure 3 shows the relationship between the Young’s
modulus (Ec) and the nano-CaCO3 weight fraction (φf) of the PPS/GF/nano-
CaCo3 ternary composite systems. When φf < 5%, the Ec increases slightly with an
addition of φf for ternary composite system. This might be that the nano-CaCO3
particles are
easy to disperse uniform in the resin matrix in a case of low concentration, and
these inclusions will block the movement of the molecular chains of the resin
matrix, leading to increase the tensile stiffness of the filled PPS/GF composite
materials.

5. TENSILE STRENGTH
Figure 4 indicates that the dependence of the tensile strength (ζt) on the nano-
CaCO3 particle weight fraction of the ternary composite systems. Similarly, the
values of ζt for system undulate relatively with ϕf
and the ζt is up to the maximum at ϕf 3%, the maximal value of the ζt increase
reaches about 3%. This
shows that it is also beneficial to improve the tensile strength of the filled PPS/GF
binary composite materials when it is filled with the suitable amount nano-CaCO3
particles.For inorganic rigid particle-filled polymer composites, the mechanical
properties depend, in a great extent, upon the uniformity of the dispersion and
distribution of the fillers in the matrix and the interfacial morphology, such as the
interfacial structure and the interfacial adhesion between the filler and the matrix,
as well as stress distribution, and
so on[8–10].The results in Figure 4 show that the ζt values for the ternary
composite systems are roughly greater than those for PPS/GF composite, it means
that the interfacial adhesion between the nanometer particles and the matrix might
be improved effectively, resulting an increase of the tensile strength of the
PPS/GF/ nano-CaCO3 ternary composites.
TENSILE STRAIN
Figure 5 illustrates the relationship between the tensile strain (εt) and the nano-
CaCO3 particle weight fraction of the ternary composites. It can be seen that the εt
of the composite systems increases nonlinearly with an addition of φf, and the
maximal value of the εt increase reaches about 4.03% at φf 3%. This indicates that
the uniformity of the dispersion and distribution of the particles in the matrix and
the interfacial morphology between them are improved better. The tensile strain of
the PPS/GF/nano-CaCO3 ternary composites is enhanced correspondingly.

6. TENSILE EXTENSION AT BREAK
Tensile extension at break (δt) is one of major parameters for characterizing the
tensile fracture toughness of materials. Figure 6 shows the effect of the nano-
CaCO3 particle weight fraction on the δt of the ternary composite systems. When
φf is less than 3%, the δt increases distinctly with an addition of φf, and then the
increase become gently.The maximal value of the δt increase reaches about 4.03%
at φf 4%. As the discussed above, by the addition of nano CaCO3 particles the
compatibility between the particles and the matrix is increased, and the uniformity
of the dispersion and distribution of the particles in the matrix and the interfacial
morphology between them are improved. Consequently, the tensile fracture
toughness of the PPS/GF/nano-CaCO3 ternary composites is enhanced
correspondingly. Similarly, the values of tensile strength, tensile fracture strength
and tensile elongation at break for the PPS/GF/nano-CaCO3 composites are greater
than those of the PPS/GF composite system.
HARDNESS TEST

7. Figure 7 shows the relationship between the BHN and the nano-CaCO3
weight fraction (φf) of the PPS/GF/nano-CaCo3 ternary composite systems. When
φf < 5%, the Ec increases slightly with an addition of φf for ternary composite
system. It reaches maxmum value at 5%.
MORPHOLOGY
Figure 7 illustrates a SEM photograph of the fracture specimen surface of the
PPS/GF/nano-CaCO3 ternary composite as φf is 3%. It can be observed that the
distribution of the nano-CaCO3 particles in the PPS matrix are roughly uniform;
the obvious aggregation phenomena of the particles in the PPS matrix dose not
seen, and the size of both the particles and particle-groups are smaller than 80 nm.
This indicates that the dispersion of the nano-CaCO3 particles in the PPS matrix is
uniform. In addition, the interface between the particles and matrix is not clear, it
means that the compatibility between them is relatively effectively. Consequently,
the tensile mechanical properties of the PPS/GF/nano-CaCO3 ternary composites
are enhanced correspondingly.

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