The Pros Of Animal Testing Essay

The Pros of Animal Testing Essay
Albert Sabin, the developer of the polio vaccine once said, "Without animal research, polio would
still be claiming thousands of lives each year." Polio is a deadly disease caused by a virus that
spreads from person to person. This infectious disease renders the brain and spinal cord helpless
while also ensuring a permanent case of paralysis to the victim. According to the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention, "...13,000 to 20,000 para–lytic cases were reported annually,"
before the 18th century. After the introduction of the polio vaccine, "...a total of 2,525 paralytic
cases were reported, compared with 61 in 1965." This dramatic decrease in the prominence of the
polio disease can only be attributed to the success of animal testing. ... Show more content on
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The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) requires research facilities to have a certified veterinarian,"...who
shall provide adequate veterinary care." The AWA also requires animals used in research to be
presented with appropriate housing, feeding, handling, sanitation, ventilation, and sheltering. The
regulations are promptly guarded by The Institutional Care and Use Committee. The Institutional
Care and Use Committee must ensure the appropriate handling and treatment of laboratory animals
by reviewing and inspecting every research study. If a research study is viewed as potentially
harmful to animals without reason then the Committee will close the study. The safety of test
animals are protected and monitored by federal agencies. The notion of animals being brutally kept
in hostile conditions can easily be swept away by the actions and protocols enacted by the U.S.
government. These actions and protocols are meant to ensure the humane treatment of test animals.
Another point of opposition directed towards animal testing is the belief that research on animals is
irrelevant to the beneficiary of people because animals are different from people, rendering
experiments inaccurate and useless. PETA has noted that the Food and Drug Association has
accounted, "...92 percent of all drugs that are shown to be safe and effective in animal tests fail in
human trials," due to the inability of working or its potential danger.
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Crisis Management Case Study: Turing Pharmaceuticals
Abstract Effective crisis management is vital for a company to maintain good relations with
stakeholders and to protect their corporate reputation. However, due to the volatile nature of
communications, many corporate communication practitioners struggle to implement appropriate
crisis response strategies. When Turing Pharmaceuticals increased the price of the life–saving drug,
Daraprim, drastically in 2015, it was met with severe backlash. External stakeholders like the public
and medical professionals were not convinced that the price hike was justified despite Turing's
attempts to manage the situation. This case study examines Turing's crisis response strategies and
how it failed to successfully overcome the crisis. Overview After announcing on 10 August 2015
that it had acquired ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Turing specifically launched a discovery programme to innovate a more effective and resistant drug
to combat toxoplasmosis. It also helped to raise awareness of the disease in communities and
advised health care providers on how to care for affected patients. These activities, including its
research and development efforts, were funded using revenues earned from the company's two
marketed products (Turing, 2016). Turing prides itself on ensuring that every patient has access to
its treatments (Turing, 2016). Since its establishment, Turing has had financial assistance
programmes in place to aid those who struggle to pay for their medicines. Under the schemes, needy
patients under the State and Federal health programmes only pay $1 for a 100–tablet bottle after a
discount. Turing is currently led by CEO Ron Tilles, after having replaced then–CEO Martin Shkreli
who resigned in December

Necrotic Plague: A Case Study
Gas Gangrene flourishes in muscle tissue after the body's blood supply has debilitated from the
development of ischemia and necrosis. As the C. Perfringens microorganisms grow, they ferment
carbohydrates in the tissue and produce gases (carbon dioxide and hydrogen) that swell the tissue.
(Tortora, Funke & Case, 2013). The bacteria propagate toxins that shift simultaneously on muscle
bundles; crucifying cells and bringing forth necrotic tissue that are amicable for supplementary
growth. When the bloodstream is invaded by toxins and bacteria illness occurs. The disease is easier
to spread once the collagen and proteinaceous tissue have been corrupted by the bacteria's enzymes.
If left untreated it can be fatal. Medical treatment available for gas gangrene include surgical
removal of the necrotic tissue, amputation, or the use of a hyperbaric chamber. The medication of
choice for the disease is penicillin. Prevention methods include if you have an open wound clean it
immediately, take prescribed prophylaxis antibiotics as prescribed. Nursing intervention educate
patient on hyperbaric oxygen therapy program allowing patient to ask questions as needed. Gram–
negative, rod–shaped bacterium Yersinia pestis causes Plague. A rat flea will carry the disease from
one rat to another. If the rat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It enters the body thru mucus membranes. Ebola lives in an animal host such as fruit bat or smaller
mammals. Transmission for Ebola varies from contact with blood contaminated needles, or bodily
fluids. Profuse bleeding is the number one indicator of the infection. Arenavirus can be detected
using enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction (PCR). Currently, there are no treatments available for Ebola. Prevention chances of getting
Ebola include washing hands frequently. Avoid any known Ebola outbreak areas. Nursing
interventions check for occult blood in the stool, urine, and

A Report On The Disease
Introduction The disease discussed in this article is eumycetoma, a chronic granulomatous
subcutaneous infectious disease that is endemic in the "mycetoma belt" of 30 degrees North to 15
degrees South of the equator (Hellemond et al., 2013). Sudan has the highest country–wide
prevalence of eumycetoma, with 2% of the population being infected in the endemic villages in the
Gezira area (Ahmed et al., 2004). Although mycetoma can be caused by various bacteria and fungi
agents, the majority of mycetoma cases in Sudan, which is around 70%, are caused by the fungus
Madurella mycetomatis (eumycetoma) (Hellemond et al., 2013). Nonetheless, while most people
living in the endemic areas have been exposed to the fungi, only a few actually develop ... Show
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Schistosomiasis can even convert an already established Th1–response to a Th–2 response.
Furthermore, in eumycetoma endemic countries schistosomiasis is often a chronic disease that lasts
the duration of a person's life, and this could lead to a persistent Th2–type immune response
(Hellemond et al., 2013).Thus, if Schistosomiasis predisposes the development of eumycetoma,
efforts to eradicate Schistosoma in a population could also lower the number of eumycetoma cases.
If this is the case, then intervention strategies could be developed to target both Schistosoma and
eumycetoma in a population. Hypothesis The primary association examined in this study is the
relationship between a Th2–type immune response and the susceptibility to eumycetoma.
Hellemond et al. (2013) have previously shown that eumycetoma patients increased concentrations
of IL–10 circulating in their bodies. Thus, it is hypothesized that an infection of schistosomiasis,
which induces a Th2–type response that is accompanied by increased levels of IL–10, might
increase the susceptibility of a patient to eumycetoma. However, toxoplasmosis, which induces a
Th1–type immune response, should not be associated with increased susceptibility to eumycetoma.
Methods and Materials Hellemond et al. (2013) collected 84 serum samples from the endemic areas
of Sudan between 2001 and 2008. Of the 84 samples collected, there were 53 from

Enterobius Vermicularis
Similarities and Differences between Toxoplasma gondii and Enterobius vermicularis
INTRODUCTION
Protist predators come in different forms one of them is called a parasite, it derives nutrition from its
host. These parasite feed of from the host in order for it to survive (Mader 2010) Also, these
parasites cause disease and sickness. There are three key forms of parasites which may stimulate
disease in humans: protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. (CDC). types of parasites around the
world, but for this essay will compare two parasites which are Toxoplasma gondii genus (is a type of
roundworm) and Enterobius vermicularis. E.vermicular is a parasitic disease triggered by pinworm
to humans. While T.gondii is a protozoan parasite which causes a disease identified as
toxoplasmosis and this parasite affects warm blooded animals (Holm G, Roth E 2016), T.gondii is
found in the faeces of cats and undercooked meals, lamb and pork as well, this parasite is
transmitted through the partaking of the contaminated water meaning that it is easy to get this
parasite in areas were water is fetched from the rivers. The Enterobius vermicularis is found to be
under the domain of eukarya, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore this is essay will compare the two parasite (T.gondii and E.vermicularis) and find contrast
them
Effects, disease and life cycle
T.gondii is easily extracted people who are affected will experience fever, headache, sore throat
muscle aches and pains and swollen lymph to people who have strong immune system the
symptoms will resolve themselves within a month. However it is a risk to those who have weak
immune system, because they might develop brain inflammation, which also with its negative
impact causes seizers, confusion,shortnes of breath, an eye infection(making a blurry vision and
pains) and lung infection (Holm G, Roth E

What Is Toxoplasmosis?
Toxoplasma gondii is a single celled protozoan that lives and breeds in the intestines of felines.
These intestinal parasites are passed to other organisms through the cats' feces. Typically, humans
are infected when cleaning out their cats' liter box but the parasite can also be introduced through
undercooked meat.
When in a new host the parasites find their way into the brain and that's when the problems arise for
humans and other animals. These parasites, however, cannot complete a life cycle in any other host
besides cats so it is believed that they affect the brains of other organisms as a way to get back to
their proper hosts. For example, in rats, this parasite can cause them to love the smell of cats. This
results in rats changing their behavior and seeking out cats rather then running away from them. ...
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It is hypothesized that people prone to outbursts are under the influence of toxoplasmosis.
Toxoplasmosis is an illness caused by the parasite toxoplasma gondii. Although toxoplasmosis is
typically harmless about a third of humans have been infected by it. The most at risk for a severe
infection are newborns because of their compromised immune system. This infection can result in
damage to the brain, eyes and other organs if not treated in a timely

Ocular Toxoplasmosis
The goal of treatment is to arrest the multiplication of the parasite during the active period of
retinochoroiditis and to minimize damage to the retina and optic nerve
"Classic therapy" is the most common treatment for ocular toxoplasmosis which consists of
pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine plus corticosteroids. Initially, dose of 75 to 100 mg of
pyrimethamine was given daily for two days followed by a 25 to 50mg dose daily and a 2 to 4g of
sulfadiazine daily for two days, then followed by a 500mg to 1g dose every six hours and lastly, 5
mg of folinic acid daily for four to six weeks. From the third day of therapy oral prednisolone (1
mg/kg daily) is given and tapered over two to six weeks. Alternative treatment regimens include
quadruple drug ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Active recurrent lesions usually do not pose a threat to the fetus during pregnancy, the mother
should be treated according to the indications summarized above, however especially during the
early stages of pregnancy, keep in mind the teratogenic potential of the antimicrobial agents,
Another treatment option for such cases is combined intravitreal injection of clindamycin and
dexamethasone. Spiramycine has been used with no reported teratogenic effect in pregnant women
with acquired ocular toxoplasmosis.
The treatment regimen is partially modified in immunocompromised patients. It should be
emphasized that any active retinal lesion in immunocompromised patients demands treatment
because the risk of dissemination of the infection and related complications is high. In the treatment
regimen of patients with HIV/AIDS who receive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART),
pyrimethamine sometimes may be avoided or used in lower dosage since pyrimethamine has an
antagonistic activity against zidovudine, an antiretroviral agent used in the treatment of AIDS, and
because of the risk of drug–induced bone marrow suppression. To prevent relapse and dissemination
of the infection, lifetime maintenance therapy including either a lower dosage of pyrimethamine
combined with sulfadiazine or clindamycin or

C Perfringens Research Paper
C. perfringens is the species most commonly involved in gangrene, but other clostridia and several
other bacteria can also grow in such wounds (Tortora, Funke, & Case, 2004). When ischemia and
the subsequent necrosis created by loss of blood supply have developed, gas gangrene can advance
in muscle tissue. The surgical elimination of necrotic tissue and amputation are the prevalent
medical treatments for gas gangrene. When gas gangrene occurs in such regions as the abdominal
cavity, the patient can be treated in a hyperbaric chamber, which contains a pressurized oxygen–rich
atmosphere (Tortora, Funke, Case, 2004). Antibiotics such as Penicillin are effective against to C.
perfringens. Symptoms consist of swelling, a blister that has gas bubbles near the area of infection,
elevated heart rate, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the United States, the genuine name of the bacterium is Borrelia burgdorferi. In Europe, the
bacteria Borrelia afzelii and Borrelia garinii also cause Lyme disease. Symptoms include bull's eye
rash and neurological symptoms. Lyme disease is transmitted by these ticks when they nip the skin,
which allows the bacterium to taint the body. Lyme disease is a tick–borne disease (Tortora, Funke
& Case, 2004). The single vector for Lyme disease in the United States is the deer tick called Ixodes
scapularis. These ticks are transporters of the Lyme disease bacterium in their abdomens. A two–step
system when testing blood for confirmation of antibodies against the Lyme disease bacteria is
recommendation. The two steps of Lyme disease testing are aimed to be done together. Doxycycline
or amoxicillin are the antibiotics typically used for oral treatment. Patients with specific
neurological or cardiac forms of illness may need intravenous treatment with drugs such as
ceftriaxone or penicillin. Nursing interventions include protecting the patient from sensory overload
and redirect patient as

Taking a Look at Toxoplasma Gondii
Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most interesting parasites known to date. It has a facultative
heteroxenous life cycle and it can infect all warm–blooded animal including mammals, birds and
humans. T. gondii is prevalent in most countries of the world and is of medical importance, because
it may cause abortion or congenital disease in its intermediate hosts (Tenter et al. 2000). In its
intermediate host, T. gondii undergoes two phases of asexual development. During the first phase
tachyzoites multiply in different types of host cells. The last generations of tachyzoites initiate the
second phase of development, which results in the formation of cysts in the intermediate host.
Within the cyst, bradyzoites multiply rapidly and these cysts readily form in the neural and muscular
tissues of the host. However, they may also be found in visceral organs such as the lungs and liver(
Tenter et al. 2000). These cysts are immediately infectious to the intermediate host. In many
intermediate hosts the cysts may persist for the life of the host giving rise to a latent infection. If the
cysts are ingested by a definitive host, the bradyzoites initiate another asexual phase, which consists
of repeated endopolygeny in epithelial cells of the small intestine (Tenter et al. 2000). Then comes
the sexual phase of the lifecycle. Oocyst formation takes place in the epithelium of the small
intestine and unsporulated oocysts are released into the intestine and passed out with defecation.
Sporogony

Argumentative Essay On Stray Cats
I think many students' attitude towards the stray cat is irrational.We had interviewed with 50
students.50% of them admitted that when they meet a stray cat,will try to touch them.In fact,it's
dangerous,stray cats are very aggressive.Researchers at the federal Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention say,efforts to care for abandoned cats could mean more humans will be exposed to
rabies,
Approximately 300 rabid cats are reported each year in the United States, says Jesse Blanton, a CDC
epidemiologist. The CDC estimates that 16% of people in the United States who undergo rabies
treatment are exposed to the deadly virus from cats. They must be treated with a series of shots.
(CDC,2013) [5] More important,stray cats carry a lot of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A person living in New York who commits aggravated cruelty against a stray cat or animal can
receive a fine of up to $5,000 dollars and five years of imprisonment.Animal Abandonment Laws:
Leaving the animal to die in a public place, the owner is guilty of a misdemeanor and will receive
punishment in the form of a fine, possible imprisonment or both. (Animal Cruelty Laws) [7] They
also have professional organizations to carry out related activities.They can treat stray animals
scientifically as well.So I think China should learn some good practices from abroad.
The problem of stray cats on STU is urgently needed.According to such a purpose,we made a
Project to enhance the Community.in this mission, we were also refer to some of their practices in
protecting the stray animal.First,we did some publicity by making posters and leaflets,appealing to
the students to rationally treat stray cats.They should not hurt them or get too close to
them.Second,we will ask the school leader to pay attention to the stray cats problem on campus.We
had wrote an article and sent e–mail to the headmaster Jiang Hong.Finally,we also try to call for
legislation to protect stray animals.We wrote some suggestions,and posted it on the government
website.And i also got in touch with the animal protection organization in Shantou,they promise
trying to cooperate with our school.
When we hand out

The Pros And Cons Of Abortion
Many will say that they are pro–life, while others would say they are pro–choice. When it comes
down to abortion, there are many arguments and fights about which is right and which is wrong.
There is no way to justify what is right and what is wrong because, abortion is neither right or
wrong. There are so many factors into why someone would get an abortion. For instance, if they
were raped and ended up pregnant, if they financially can't support the child, or if they physically
cannot have the child. Nevertheless, people say abortion is wrong and it shouldn't happen. Although,
an estimated 32,101 pregnancies result from rape each year, of those 32,101 pregnancies 61.8% got
an abortion (Pubmed.gov.). When a woman gets raped and ends up pregnant, they will look at the
child and remember what happened. She will be traumatized and the sight of the child will bring her
pain. People say that they should just get an abortion, that they should carry the child and once they
are born put them up for adoption. Only 5.9% rape victims put their child up for adoption. They
might think that's a good idea, but that is usually not the case. Being in the system is not pleasant.
Children who don't get adopted when they are babies are more than likely to end up with mental
health issues. According to PMC's US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health,
40% of youth is in foster care and 80% of those children exhibited signs of serious behavioral or
mental health issues resulting in therapy. When you can barely afford your rent or car payment you
should not have a child. Children are very expensive, according to the USDA report in 2010, a
parent could spend an average of $12,000 during the baby's first year of life and roughly $12,500
during the child's second year of life. Now imagine not being able to pay the $1,500 rent or the $300
car payment and on top of that having to pay for diapers, clothes and baby food this would come to
roughly $1,000 a month for your child. From Newkidscenter.com they estimate about 2960 diapers
are used a year; Investopedia found that on average a single diaper costs around 20¢ bringing that to
about 592 dollars a year. Along with diapers, you need wipes for the baby, which

Pros And Cons Of Outdoor Cats
Main argument:
(1) Outdoor cats; feral and stray need to become socially unacceptable.
Sub–arguments:
(2) Reduction in wildlife (bird and small mammal species) is a result of outdoor cats.
(3) Human health could be vulnerable to outdoor cats carrying infectious diseases.
Premises for sub–argument (2):
(4) Birds and small mammals in the United State of America live in the same region as around 30 to
80 million feral and stray cats.
(5) Suppressed premise: Birds and small mammals are vulnerable to attack from feral and stray
outdoor cats.
(6) Cats have caused or contributed towards the extinction of 33 island species that have likely never
interacted predators such as cats before.
(7) T.N.R strategy has unsuccessful immunisation outcomes

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Outdoor Cat
How many times have you seen a cat wandering outside alone, you thinks it's a stray but at closer
glance it has a collar, but why is it out there. On the loose? Just because it wants too? Outdoor cats
are at a higher risk of being hurt, getting lost and turmoil in neighbourhoods.An indoor cat is
protected by it's family and the house walls, but owners who let their cat out can find them self in a
dilemma. These cats can get taken, attacked or become lost. Outdoor cats can end up in
neighbourhoods where there are rude people or other animals. There is always a risk when going
outdoors, but does it increase for your pet?
A cat's claw is as sharp as a chef's knife and it could really hurt you, animals or itself. Cats are very
territorial animals, they don't like when they see other cats. An outdoor cat could come across
another cat who isn't so friendly. I personally have had this happen. My cat is an indoor cat, and
even though he doesn't go outside too often he is very territorial. There is this cat who comes around
and jumps up to the window ledge to "play" we don't know if that is his intentions or he wants to
fight. On the insde my cat is running back and forth, attacking the window trying to get to him.
These events create a lot of stress and anxiety on my cat. It's not just other cats are the problem it is
also other animals. Outdoor cats could attack other animals such as dogs, skunks, and so on. Cats
are natural born hunters when it comes to wildlife, but where do

The Epidemic Of The Pharmaceutical Industry
On September 2nd 2011, a Twenty–four year old man from Cincinnati named Kyle Willis´ fell
victim to the corruption of the pharmaceutical industry(Gann, Carrie). Willis had a severe toothache
on his wisdom tooth that resulted in its extraction. After the surgery, Willis´s face started to swell
and was sent to the emergency room. He was prescribed antibiotic medications and also painkillers
in order to follow standard recovery procedure. Kyle Willis' could not afford both drugs so he just
purchased the pain killers because of the swelling unbearable pain. The infection continued to
spread into his brain which lead to severe brain swelling and eventually Kyle Willis' death. Kyle
Willis' died because he could not afford the medication that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Side effects of toxoplasmosis include brain inflammation, headaches, seizures, comatosis, lung
infection and many more side effects. The drug Daraprim has been around a long time of 60 years,
and is a standard treatment for those who are infected with HIV and other parasitic
infections(Pollack, Andrew.). Former hedge fund manager, Martin Shkreli, and his pharmaceutical
company known as Turing Pharmaceuticals purchased the drug which was priced at 13.50 per
pill(Pollack, Andrew.). What Martin Shkreli did with his purchase of the pill wise hike the price up
over 5000% making the pill cost $750 per pill(Pollack, Andrew.). This forces hospitals to use
different treatments which are not as effective as the pill Daraprim. Turing Pharmaceuticals is not
the only one to manipulate, drug prices in such a manner. Cycloserine, a drug used for tuberculosis,
raised the price of its drug from $500 dollars for 30 pills, to $10,800 for 30 pills(Pollack, Andrew.).
A California based Pharmaceutical company, Gilead, charged up to $1000 for a new ¨wonder¨ drug
called Sovaldi, which treats the lethal Hepatitis–C virus(Pollack, Andrew.). There is a trend of
making the most useful drugs cost a ridiculous amount of money; and it is because of financial
reasons. According to the U.S Department of Health and Sciences more than 3.2 million people have
chronic Hepatitis–C, and drugs like Sovaldi have very little competition, making them able to
manipulate

Hawaiian Monk Seal
Toxoplasmosis transmitted through cat feces is threatening the endangered Hawaiian monk seal
population. The Hawai'i News Now article, published on October 17th, 2016, stated that from 2001
to 2016, 8 Hawaiian monk seals have died as a result of toxoplasmosis. Felines are the only species
in which toxoplasma can reproduce. Therefore, the cat population on Oahu poses a great threat to
the health of the Hawaiian monk seal. Some conservationist advocate euthanizing feral cats to
protect Hawaii's sensitive ecosystem. However, this has caused a heated debate on whether it is
ethical to euthanize one species to protect another. The article seemed to imply that the parasite
naturally occurs within the feline population. The article does not mention ... Show more content on
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The coastal and nearshore habitat of the Hawaiian monk seal is where most runoff water
concentrates; thus, increasing exposure of T.gondii eggs to the Hawaiian monk seal (NOAA, 2013).
The parasite is transmitted to the Hawaiian monk seal through either direct ingestion of toxoplasma
eggs from the water or from consuming toxoplasma infected marine prey (NOAA, 2013).
Toxoplasmosis can cause inflammation and dysfunction of the heart, liver, brain, and immune
system; thus, increasing the vulnerability of the Hawaiian monk seal to other environmental threats
(NOAA, 2013).
The impact of toxoplasmosis has resulted in the endangerment of the California sea otter and the
extinction of alala, the Hawaiian crow. With only 1300 Hawaiian monk seals in existence,
toxoplasmosis can potentially lead to their extinction. The extinction of the Hawaiian monk seal can
produce devastating effects on the species that rely on the Hawaiian monk seal for food, such as the
Tiger shark and Galapagos shark (NOAA, 2016). Meanwhile, the fish, crustacean, and cephalopod
population may increase due to the reduction in predators. Therefore, the extinction of a species can
disrupt Hawaii's sensitive

Why Would A Zombie Apocalypse Happen
Zombies are something that everybody knows about. They are in games, movies, TV shows, books
and comics. Everyone has a different idea of zombies but the one thing that everyone asks is that if a
zombie apocalypse could really happen. It is possible for a zombie apocalypse to happen. There are
a lot of reasons why but it wouldn't be like the zombie apocalypse in the movies. There are also a lot
of reasons why a zombie apocalypse would happen. Zombies are people who have died and come
back to life. When they come back to life, they don't think and they don't know how to act right. All
they want to do is eat the living. That's what zombies are usually like in movies, TV shows and
video games. If a zombie apocalypse were to actually happen zombies would be a little different.
Scientists have a few ideas of how zombies would actually be if a zombie apocalypse happens. First
of all, zombies wouldn't be coming out of people's graves. The dead wouldn't be able to return once
they were buried. One of the main reasons is because zombies would not be able to get out of the
boxes that they are buried in. Not even an actual living human can get out of it. Zombies would have
to be people who are out in the world and alive or people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Scientists have made a lot of stem cell research and say that "it will soon be possible for humans to
regenerate decaying organs" (Cahill, 2015). This would make the 'walking dead' and 'living dead'
zombies true. For people to become zombies like this, they would have to die first. The cells that
scientists have researched would be put inside the people. If the cells are bad and something goes
wrong, then the person could come back to life with no memory and no body functions except to
walk, eat, digest and make noise. The cells would help the zombie's organs keep regenerating
instead of rotting so they would live for a while. They might even be hard to

Effect Of Toxoplasma Gondii In Babies
Effect of Toxoplasma gondii in Babies
Many women who are expecting know there is a specific list of foods they can not eat, but they do
not know the reasoning behind it. Mainly these foods can possibly contain parasites that are linked
to diseases, which can affect the fetus developmentally. Toxoplasmosis is a disease carried by the
parasite Toxoplasma gondii, and it is the most common parasite in humans (1,2). It has been linked
to many brain disorders in humans, and even permanent changes in the way a person thinks and acts
(1). Scientists have learned that it is hosted in cats and carried through other animals. The parasite
can be carried in anything from vegetables to undercooked meat, which is why pregnant women
cannot eat these foods. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Diseases linked to the central nervous system, along with the eyes and the ears are more common in
these children (3). They are more likely to suffer from slower neurological developments and
personality disorders (3). This can be linked to the mother's immune system and how well she can
ward off infection (2) as well as genetics. Since the parasite also affects the mother's personality by
invading her brain, it can do the same to the child. Toxoplasma gondii can enter the fetus through
the amniotic sac and begin its infection from conception, leading to severe problems later in life (1).
If this parasite can change the way a person thinks about him or herself, it can also change other
brain developments. If these changes occur when a person is young and still developing, it can have
extreme effects on him or

Big Pharm The Corruption Of The Pharmaceutical Industry
Big Pharma
On september 2nd 2011, a Twenty–four year old man from cincinnati named Kyle Willis´ fell victim
to the corruption of the pharmaceutical industry(Gann, Carrie). Willis had a severe toothache on his
wisdom tooth that resulted in its extraction. After the surgery, Willis´s face started to swell and was
sent to the emergency room. He was prescribed antibiotic medications and also painkillers in order
to follow standard recovery procedure. Kyle Willis' could not afford both drugs so he just purchased
the pain killers because of the swellings unbearable pain. The infection continued to spread into his
brain which lead to severe brain swelling and eventually Kyle Willis' death. Kyle Willis' died
because he could not afford the medication that would have saved his life. There are many other
people that can 't afford the drugs they need, which results them losing their lives. According to
harvard studies, over 45,000 people annually die due to lack of health care coverage(Harvard
Gazette). According to their studies, those who are privately insured have 40% chance less of dying
than those who have insufficient funds(Harvard Gazette). The monopoly and corruption of the
pharmaceutical industry is un–american and inhumane because it causes the middle class to not
receive the help they need to recover.
Daraprim is a drug used to treat and prevent extreme parasitic infections known as toxoplasmosis.
The regions affected by toxoplasmosis are the brain and eye, but commonly

How Human Toxoplasmosis Is Considered A Major Health Problem
Human toxoplasmosis is considered a major health problem among various Egyptian patients with a
prevalence of 59.1% among ocular patients (El–Sayed and Ismail 2012), 56.7% among
schizophrenia patients, 40% among patients with depressive disorder (El–Sayed et al. 2012) and
33.67% among blood donors (El–Sayed et al. 2016). Thus, this study determined the relationship
between Toxoplasma infection and Egyptian RA patients by detecting IgM and IgG antibodies in
blood samples of the patients compared with controls. Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis might be highly
desirable in those patients as they may be at risk for reactivation of latent infection as well as
increase the risk of acute toxoplasmosis.
Egyptian RA patients were found to have a significantly increased frequency of latent toxoplasmosis
(54 %) with elevated levels of IgG to T. gondii compared to normal controls (32 %) and also, the
presence of Toxoplasma IgM antibodies in 7.4 % of T. gondii IgG positive patients indicated the
reactivation of T. gondii infection in them especially who receiving anti–TNF and DMARDS
treatments. These results are compatible with Kuba et al. (2014) who found that the seroprevalence
of T. gondii IgM and IgG were 20.4%, and 33.33% in RA patients receiving methotrexate, 8%, and
36% in RA patients without treatment while, it was 24% and 12% in healthy controls. In Kirkuk
city–Iraq, the overall seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis was observed in 54.09 % RA patients;
47.54% and 6.55 % of them had

Toxoplasmosis Research Paper
According to Braun and Anderson (2017), there are certain diseases or maternal infections that may
occur during pregnancy. These infections may not only affect the mother but also the fetus as well.
If the fetus is exposed to certain infections it may cause damages. However, TORCH is an acronym
that is used to explain diseases that cause damages to the fetus.
I.T stands for Toxoplasmosis and it is an infection that is caused from certain microscopic parasite
called Toxoplasma gondii. This microscopic parasite is dangerous during pregnancy because it may
infect the placenta and the unborn baby. According to HO–Yen and AWL, some people may
experience mild flu–like symptoms, and others may experience a more long–term ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
swelling,
c. malaise,
d. headache
e. swollen lymph nodes
f. runny nose
g. low grade fever
These symptoms occur during one to five days. According to marchofdimes.org, rubella is an
infection that causes mild Flu–like symptoms and a rash on the skin.
iii. C stands for Cytomegalovirus. Its causative agent is Human Herpesvirus 5. According to
pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu Cytomegalovirus is transmitted through contact with bodily fluids (urine
or saliva), Trans placenta, perinatal contact with vagina, during delivery or breast milk after delivery
Cytomegalovirus is a viral infection that occurs especially in young children. This occurs when the
infection is passed across the placenta from the pregnant woman to the fetus. According to the
Organization of Teratology Information Specialist, individuals may develop symptoms such as;
a. muscle aches,
b. loss of appetite,
c. fatigue,
d. swollen glands
e. fever
f. stiffness in joints
The Organization of Teratology Information Specialist added that there is 30–50% chance that a
pregnant mother who is infected with Cytomegalovirus can transmit it to the fetus. However, the
unborn baby who is affected with CMV can develop problems such as moderate enlargement of the
liver, hearing loss, mental

African Elephants ( Loxadonta Africana ) And Amur Tigers
African elephants (Loxadonta africana) and amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica), despite being
classed as mammals they show a great diversity, one is a carnivore and one is a herbivore. Whether
in the wild or held in captivity, African elephants and tigers (like all animals) are susceptible to
certain diseases, these diseases can either be bacterial, viral, fungal or parasitic. Having the
knowledge when an animal is in good and poor health is vital. To ensure an animal is in good health
the animal needs to be in good body condition, good appetite and is relaxed. If an elephant
approaches you with almost half closed, lazy eyes and its tail is slowly swishing from side to side, it
is a good sign that it is relaxed (Londolozi, 2016). For a tiger, it will squint or close its eyes; this is
because loosing vision lowers defence. The animals' eyes are to be clear and bright, skin is to be soft
and resilient, healthy soles and claws. However, when animals suffer from poor health, some
common clinical signs to look for are, loss of appetite and weight loss. Depending on the disease, as
you get closer to the animal you will notice its eyes are very dull and the mucous membranes may
have changed colour. If in pain it will be restless and it might even be groaning. Depending on the
disease, the animal will scour or be constipated and the passing of urine might also cease (ACS
Distance Education, 2016).
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) is a bacterial disease and is one of the most fatal

Toxoplasmosis Essay
Toxoplasmosis is a single cell parasite called Toxoplasma gondii that infects people in many
countries. Sixty million people in the United States alone catch it. You can catch the disease by
eating undercooked or rotten food especially meat. Some other ways would include drinking water
containing a parasite, receiving an infected organ or blood transfusion, and eating food with
contaminated utensils. Toxoplasmosis symptoms feel a lot like the flu. Swollen lymph nodes,
muscle aches and pains are all sings that you have the disease. It is more likely to happen to people
who have weak immune systems. The appearance of the cysts in Toxoplasmosis are spherical in the
brain and a longer elongated width in the cardiac and skeletal structures. A cyst can be five to fifty
μm in diameter and they can ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Millions of oocysts are shed for if three weeks after the infection. Oocysts become infective within a
few days in the environment. The oocysts are found in feces of domestic and wild cats. In the gut,
oocysts transform into tachyzoites and they travel to other parts of the body through the bloodstream
and develop into tissue cysts. They can remain in the skeletal muscles, brain, and eyes for decades".
(www.parasitesinhumans.com) There are three ways the parasite can be transmitted to humans. The
first way is the ingestion of raw meat and this is the most typical. Therefore, we are taught to never
eat old meat that has been sitting out or is not properly cooked. Second, is ingestion of oocysts. This
can be in water or food and give you Toxoplasmosis. Third, is the transmission to an unborn baby.
Toxoplasmosis undergoes Sexual Reproduction. This method happens in the gut of the host and
produces small spores. These spores form cysts and they can remain dormant in the tissues for long
periods of time until eaten by a

Reasons Why Dogs Are Better Than Cats
Why Dogs are better than cats Most people nowadays prefer dogs than cats, it could be because of
their appearance or because they are less aggressive. Dogs are best known for being a man's best
friend. They give us love, loyalty, companionship, and most importantly an unbreakable bond.
Personally I prefer dogs than cats because they are more fun and they really enjoy being with us. On
the other hand, cats are quite boring because they don't play a lot. Also cats don't enjoy being loved
as much as dogs. Most importantly, I prefer dogs because they aren't aggressive (depends of course)
and because I am extremely allergic to cats. Meanwhile, cats have a hard time showing their
affection towards us.
You might think that because the cat is cuddling ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cat's feces smell a whole lot worse than dog's feces. In addition people waste an incredible amount
of money yearly on cat litter. On the other hand do owners do not have to waste that amount of
money because dogs obviously do not need to use litter boxes. Also dog poop does not smell that
bad and is actually easier to clean. Now do you prefer to waste money on cat litter or use that money
to buy that thing you have been wanting for months? Another issue is that cats spit out fur balls. I
am completely sure that nobody wants fur balls all over their house because that is utterly
disgusting. Besides who would want to clean a ball of fur your pet just spit out of its body. Honestly
our society is quite lazy and since cats leave lots of hair well people would be annoyed because they
don't want to spend a lot of time cleaning all the hair their cat has left all over the floor. A very
positive thing about dogs is that they are really protective. In fact dogs have a hard time dealing with
strangers so they tend to bark at them and even bite them. Therefore if an intruder were to enter your
house and if by chance you own a dog it will immediately start barking and possibly attack.
However if this situation happens and you own a cat well the cat will simply hide and not do

Toxocariasis
Toxocariasis is a disease caused by a parasitic roundworm found in the intestine of animals more
specifically, cats(T.cati) and dog(Toxocara Canis) (CDC). Toxocara species are transmitted from
animals to humans through faecal contact of cat or dog, so it is a zoonotic disease. Young children
and owners who have pets (cats and dogs) have a higher chance of getting infected. In many cases,
Toxocara infections are asymptomatic; however, some people may get very ill from the infection.
The most severe cases are rare but are more likely to occur in young children who eat or play with
dirt contaminated by cat or dog faeces (CDC). While some people are exposed to Toxocara species
through personal pets, Toxocariasis is considered a "neglected disease ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
H1: Younger children (aged 0–11.9 years) are more likely to have Toxocara antibodies compared to
older children (aged 11.9–19 years). Conclusion Overall, we saw that while the proportion of
children aged 0– 11.9 years had Toxocara antibodies, there is no statistical significance (marginal
difference) between children aged 0–11.9 years compared to children aged 11.9–19 years and the
presence of Toxocara antibodies. From the NHANES study, we found that Hispanics children had a
higher prevalence of Toxocara antibodies compared to other races. Using data and the population
sample from NHANES, the prevalence in children aged 0–11.9 years of age ranged from a low of
53.28% among other Hispanics to a high of 60% among Non–Hispanic Black. Among the entire
NHANES population, Toxocara prevalence was significantly higher for other Hispanics than other
race groups. These differences may reflect environmental or behavioural factors which may have
placed these different groups at different risk of exposure to Toxocara. The absolute differences in
the number of children tested for antibodies were small and probably did not reach statistical
significance because of its low sample

Outdoor Cats Cause A Decline
Sub–arguments are: (1) Outdoor cats cause a decline in wildlife. (2) T.N.R. is an ineffective
treatment. (3) Outdoor cats are a threat to human health.
Therefore, the main argument is: (4) Cats should not live outdoors.
Premises support (1): (5) Outdoor cats killed 2.4 billion birds annually in the lower 48 states. (6)
Outdoor cats also kill about 12.3 billion small mammals and about 650 million reptiles and
amphibians.
Premises support (2): (7) T.N.R. is generally not particularly effective at reducing feral cat colonies.
(8) It is a way for shelters to save their image instead of euthanizing cats.
Premises support (3): (9) Cats are more likely to carry rabies. (10) They also share parasites or
infectious microbes with humans. (11) Outdoor cats are the primary hosts of toxoplasmosis, which
effects around 30% of humans.
Diagram:
(5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
(1) (2) (3)
(4)
Sub–argument (1): I perceive (1) to be a deductive argument as all the premises seem to be intended
to provide conclusive support for the conclusion. (5) and (6) both provide statistical support for (1),
claiming that outdoor cats killed about 2.4 billion birds a year in the lower states and 12.3 billion
small mammals, as well as 650 million reptiles and amphibians. The use of these figures appear to
have been included to conclusively support the claim that outdoor cats cause a decline in wildlife.
These numbers are pretty substantial. Therefore, this large amount of small mammals,

The University Of Nebraska At Omaha ( Uno )
For the last year and a half, I have had the privilege of studying Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), an
apicomplexan parasite. This parasite infects an estimated 30–50% of adults worldwide, most of
whom are unaware of their infection. Because it is a close cousin of Plasmodium falciparum, the
cause of human malaria, it is also considered a model organism for malaria, a disease that claims the
lives of over a million people a year. Thanks to this close relationship, a drug–like compound that
has efficacy against one organism will likely have efficacy against the other as well. This research
experience lead me to develop a great interest in biomedical research, prompting me to continue on
in the same laboratory for my Master's degree, which I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
gondii in a forward genetic screen of a library of compounds, which was published in "Chemical
Genetics of Plasmodium falciparum". The portion of the project that my thesis involved was the
random mutagenesis of parasites using the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate to generate a
population of parasites that contained every possible mutation within their genome. Then drug
pressure was applied to these populations to identify the KG3–resistant populations of parasites. The
resistance of these parasites was assessed via their IC50. As a result of this project, I have learned a
number of laboratory skills, including cell culture, genetic manipulation, compound preparation, and
fluorescence–based IC50 assays. The overall project is ongoing, and is now a portion of my master's
thesis. The other major project of my undergraduate career was investigating the effects of
testosterone on T. gondii growth both in vivo and in vitro. Preliminary data produced by our lab had
shown testosterone to have an effect on T. gondii growth in vitro. This effect was not confirmed,
thus we proposed an experiment to test the in vitro effects on a larger scale, allowing statistical
significance to be established. If testosterone were to have an effect on the growth of the parasite,
the options for treatment could be expanded through further scientific inquiry. For the in vitro
portion of the study, much of my work was focused on a plaque assay. This is an assay that allows

Prenatal Contraception And Prenatal Care Essay
The risk of maternal and infant mortality can be significantly reduced by increasing access to early
and adequate prenatal care (Chapman & Durham, 2010). The prenatal period provides an
opportunity to make positive changes in all aspects of a women 's health status and health
maintenance behaviors. Early and adequate prenatal care provides the opportunity to identify
significant risks to the pregnant women, and develop interventions to reduce or eliminate potential
complications (Chapman & Durham, 2010).
Prenatal care encompasses the health care services provided to a women, from the time the women
becomes pregnant until birth. Prenatal care consists of three major components, risk assessment,
treatment of existing medical conditions and/or risk reduction, and patient education (Chapman &
Durham, 2010). Current guidelines established by the American College of Obstetrician and
Gynecologists, regarding prenatal care for a low risk, expected full term pregnancy, include at least
thirteen prenatal visits (ACOG, 2016). Recommendations suggest one visit per month for the first 28
weeks of pregnancy, bi–monthly during 29–36 weeks and then every week until birth (ACOG,
2016). Evidence based practices emphasize the importance of receiving both early prenatal care,
beginning in the first trimester as well as adequate prenatal care, encompassing all perinatal
education and guidance (ACOG, 2016).
One of the United Nations' Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) was to reduce global

Toxoplasmosis Treatment
The therapy of choice for toxoplasmosis consists of the combination of pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine,
and leucovorin. Pyrimethamine, a dihydrofolate inhibitor, is the primary anti–toxoplasmosis agent
and is able to penetrate the blood brain barrier. Sulfadiazine is a folic acid synthesis inhibitor that is
a designated orphan product for synergistic use with pyrimethamine to treat toxoplasmosis. For
patients with a documented sulfa allergy, clindamycin and atovaquone may be used as alternative
therapeutic agents; however, because sulfadiazine is so integral to the success of toxoplasmosis
treatment, it is recommended that clinicians attempt sulfa desensitization in these patients.
Leucovorin, or folinic acid, reduces the risk of developing pyrimethamine toxicities such as nausea,
rash, and bone marrow suppression. Increasing the leucovorin dose may also reverse pyrimethamine
toxicities in some cases. Folic acid should not be used as a substitute for leucovorin in
toxoplasmosis treatment. Two other drugs used in toxoplasmosis treatment include spiramycin and
trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP–SMX). Because pyrimethamine is teratogenic in the first
trimester, the macrolide spiramycin is used as toxoplasmosis monotherapy in acutely infected ...
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If a patient with suspected infection has a negative PCR test and fetal ultrasounds continue to
demonstrate no signs of congenital toxoplasmosis, spiramycin therapy should be continued until
delivery. If the patient is diagnosed, spiramycin should be discontinued at 18 weeks, and
combination therapy should be initiated until delivery. It is strongly recommended that pregnant
patients with acute infection consult with experts at either the Palo Alto Medical Foundation
Toxoplasma Serology Laboratory or the U.S. National Collaborative Treatment Trial

T. Gondii Research Paper
Once inside the felid, T. gondii resides in the stomach area, eventually making its way into the cat's
intestinal wall, nesting within its epithelial cells. These parasites then undergo sexual reproduction
and produce a large number of oocysts, thick zygote–containing masses within the intestine. Upon
enlargement, the oocysts once connected to the felid's small intestine are released into the
digestional tract and excreted through the feces of the cat.
The disease that is caused by T. gondii is formally known as Toxoplasmosis. It has the ability to
affect any warm–blooded vertebrate animal, but it's relatively common in humans. It is one of the
most common diseases seen in developed countries, affecting about 200,000 humans per year. The
disease can be contracted by humans through eating meat infected with tissue cysts or exposure to
the litter of infected cats. Women who are pregnant are often advised to refrain from changing the
litter of their house cats, because infection of a mother can possibly lead to a condition known as
congenital toxoplasmosis within the unborn child. The weakened and undeveloped state of the fetus'
immune system poses a serious health risk, assuming the fetus survives the rest of its term in–utero.
Tachyzoites, the motile form of these parasites, convert into bradyzoites, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
gondii virus is also unique not only in the fact that sexual reproduction of the virus is only limited to
feline transmission, but also that the virus itself only has three genotypes currently known to
scientists– Type I, Type II, and Type III. Scientists examined the frequency of changes in nucleotide
sequences of the RNA strands of these three strains to put together a timeline of events for the
organism. Only two derived changes were observed within the 40,000+ analyzed sequences. When
comparing these changes with those of exotic strains of the virus, scientists discovered that there
were about 40+ derived mutations within the 12,000+ analyzed seque nces

Toxoplasmosis Gondii: Single-Celled Disease
Toxoplasmosis gondii
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), Toxoplasmosis gondii is a
single– celled parasite that causes a disease known as Toxoplasmosis. Most humans affected with
this acute infection never know they have even come into contact with it because human's immune
systems are usually strong enough to fight off the infection. Most of the 60 million who are affected
by this parasite are either pregnant women or someone with a compromised immune system.
According to Talaro Chess in the textbook Foundations of Microbiology ninth edition (page 148)
Toxoplasmosis gondii is acquired from cats and other animals. According to Chess (page 148), the
taxonomy is that of a Protozoa in the phylum Apicomplexa also

Personal Essay: Curious Cats
Curious cats always see everything – 15 Images
Some cats are sweet, some interesting. There are cats that like to cuddle and those which only like to
play. But, one is common for all – they are curious. Even when you think they are not around, they
are always watching from some hidden place.
The first steps
From the early moments of their lives they are learning how to see everything they want. Like small
kittens they do that very carefully, but even then you can see the fire in their eyes that is called
curiosity.
There is always some hole
You can never be sure you have closed up every single hole where these naughty animals can hide.
Don't try to put them behind the curtains, as they will always find some small slit to look around.
Look ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Stairs are a fantastic place to take the position and control the situation. The highest level of
curiosity will be easily satisfied in this way.
Top secret documents
Don't you dare think you will have your privacy while working on your laptop. Your documents are
highly threatened if you have a cat in your house. But, if you have two cats – this will be a complete
challenge to save your top–secret files.
The space controller
Some cats just adore controlling everything around. They will be watching you all day long like this
one that is standing on the top of the fence. Well, we have to admit, there is only one boss and in this
case that is a cat.
Your closet is not mine
If you have a cat in your house, you better used to have a naughty roommate. On some days you
might be forced to ask if you may take your clothes for a day out. Think about how to make this cat
stop watching you.
Half an angel, half a devil
Your cat might be a cute angel at some moment. But, you never know when she can turn into a scary
devil that is following your every move. Check out all hidden places and corners of your house, you
never know if you are alone, as cats are watching

Health Care Article Paper
Health Care Article Current Event #1 The health care article I have chosen to write about is the
recently media popular, price hike of the drug Daraprim. Daraprim is a drug that treats the life–
threatening parasitic infection called toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis can be deadly for people with
low immune systems, such as people with cancer, AIDS patients and also babies whose mothers
became infected while they were pregnant. Daraprim has been around for 62 years, yet was recently
acquired by a pharmaceutical company called Turing Pharmaceuticals in August of this year. The
CEO of this company is Martin Shkreli, and he raised the price of this drug from $13.50 to $750
overnight. Depending on the patients dosing schedule, this would mean that treatment would go
from a few hundred ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He also claims that the price hike will allow him to develop better treatments with fewer side effects
for toxoplasmosis. Three days after this article made headlines, Martin Shkreli announced he would
lower the price of the $750 drug. He stated that it "make sense" to lower the price after coming
under fire from the public. He has not announced the new pricing but it will be determined in the
near future. I feel like this article has created outrage within our country. It definitely made a
negative impact on this company and their CEO. I'm sure other pharmaceutical companies are
feeling the backlash too as stories and articles are getting out about their own price gauging. Hilary
Clinton was even mentioned in the second article, stating if she were president she would ensure
there were limits on how much people would have to pay for their medications out of pocket each
month. I'm hoping other presidential also catch on to this problem and address it as well in their
upcoming

Feral Pigs Are Destroying the State of Texas
Imagine waking up in the middle of a warm Texas night to the thundering sound of fences being
annihilated by a cluster of swine, weighing in at a hefty 300 pounds each and armed with razor–
sharp tusks. Within minutes, the rowdy pigs turn a beautifully manicured lawn into a scene fitting of
the apocalypse, a yard with numerous piles of de–rooted sod, broken fence posts and mangled
bushes. In the state of Texas, feral pigs are considered one of the most destructive species of animals
ever introduced to America. The amount of destruction feral pigs produce on a yearly basis in Texas
is alarming; almost half a billion dollars in damages to property and crops are estimated every year
as a result of the pigs' actions. Feral pigs are responsible for causing widespread agricultural
damage, spreading diseases in the food supply, and harming the state's ability to feed needy people
with their meat.
Agricultural ranchers in the state of Texas have to deal with feral pigs on a daily basis in order to
keep them from tearing up the food produced by their crops. One of the problems that are causing
this to happen is poorly designed fencing systems used to keep the pigs out of the crop area. In most
cases, the pigs will figure out ways to exploit weakened parts of the fencing systems and gain access
to a feast of forbidden fruits and vegetables. Some ranchers might create traps littered with food bait
in order to capture the wild hogs and have them processed for food. The issue with this

Congenital Toxoplasma Gondii
The article describes that depending on eating habits and environment up to 70% of the people is
infected by with toxoplasma gondii (Torgerson & Matroiacovo 2013). Toxoplasma is one of the
most common infectious disease effecting pregnant women occurring world wide. The disease
caused localized infections especially in immunosuppressed patients such neonates and other
patients who are immunocompromised. Congenital toxoplasmosis is characterized by lesion on the
in the central nervous system. Once infected by toxoplasmosis the patient can carry the organism for
a very long time. In pregnant women and unborn children toxoplasmosis can cause very serious
illnesses. Teaching expected mother on prevention of this infection can save them from many
complications it's associated with. In this article it talks about the cause of toxoplasmosis is caused
by protozoa T. gondii. The protozoa T. gondii which exist in two stages; acute as a tachyzoites and
in cystic in late form. The infection is a transmitted by ingesting or handling raw meat or under
cooked meats containing the infected cyst. Another way of contracting the cyst is through ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Congenital infection is more harmful in when acquired early in the pregnancy. Complications
toxoplasmosis causes in the first trimester encephalitis, pneumonitis, or polymyositis. In early
pregnancy toxoplasmosis infection can result in stillbirth. Infants that may survive congenital
toxoplasmosis will live with CNS involvement and choriorentinitis. Assessment findings reveal a
pregnant women immunocompromised state, exposure to cat feces, or frequent ingestion of raw
meat. Generalized disease reveals delirium and seizure. Infant inspection shows hydrocephalous,
seizure, jaundice, and rash. Treatment is most effective during the acute stage, treatment consist of
drug

Cat Feces Essay
Cat feces is categorized as a teratogen because it is directly linked to an infection called Toxoplasma
gondii, or toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis is caused by a parasite that replicates in the host's
intestines and then shed into the feces. Felines, including domesticated cats, are hosts for
toxoplasmosis (Many & Koren, 2006). While most mammals and birds are also hosts for
toxoplasma gondii, felines are the only animals that pass the infection through their feces (Elmore et
al., 2010). Thus, while humans can become infected with toxoplasmosis in numerous ways, one
potential method is through the ingestion of cat feces. Regarding pregnancy, this infection can have
devastating effects on a fetus, particularly in the early stages of pregnancy (Dunn et al., 1999).
As mentioned ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Per the CDC, a pregnant woman does not have to get rid of her cat to prevent infection
(Toxoplasmosis Frequently Asked Questions FAQs, 2013). However, it is necessary to take
precautions to minimize the risk of exposure and potential infection. Safety precautions include
keeping a clean litter box by changing it daily. More importantly, if pregnant, it is best to avoid
cleaning the litter box at all. If no one else is available to do so, the CDC recommends wearing
disposable gloves and proper hand washing immediately after. Another important step is to prevent
cats from becoming infected by keeping them indoors; avoiding stray cats, kittens, and new cats;
and not feeding pet cats raw or undercooked meat. Additionally, if a cat is infected with
toxoplasmosis, it can only spread the infection for a few weeks after being infected by the parasite,
after which the shedding into the feces will subside on its own. Therefore, it is not necessary to have
a cat tested or treated for toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasmosis Frequently Asked Questions FAQs,

CAT: Tracial Infection Disease (CSD)
CAT–SCRATCH DISEASE Overview Cat scratch fever is also called cat scratch disease (CSD), it
is a bacterial infection. The infection takes its name because most of the people get from cats
infected with Bartonella Hensel ae, which is one of the most common bacteria in the world that
mostly spread by the cat. Causes CSD is a bacterial infection spread which occurs by the bite and
scratch by the cat but sometimes Dog and monkey bites also have been implicated, as well as thorns,
pins, and splinters. Nerves, bites and human–to–human transmission also have been supposed as
possible sources but none has been clearly proved. Symptoms The most common symptoms you can
see after 3–10 days of the site of the scratch that are following: Most common

What Is Neonatal Toxoplasmosis?
Neonatal Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a microscopic parasite that is
common worldwide. In adults and children, this parasite is most commonly spread by having
contact with cat feces or by eating undercooked meats. When a baby has the infection shortly after
birth (neonatal), the infection is usually caused by the parasite being passed from the mother to her
baby before birth. When this occurs, the baby may be born too early (prematurely) or may develop
serious health problems, such as blindness or mental disabilities. In rare cases, a baby can also be
infected after birth. Babies who are born with the infection are much more likely to have long–term
health problems. Sometimes a newborn baby with this infection will have health ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eating any of the following: ○ Undercooked meat from an infected animal. ○ Raw or undercooked
oysters, clams, or mussels. ○ Contaminated fruits or vegetables from a garden with contaminated
soil. Drinking unpasteurized goat milk or contaminated water. Handling contaminated vegetables or
undercooked meat from an infected animal and then passing the parasite from your hands to your
mouth. You can also become infected with toxoplasmosis if you use knives, cutting boards, or other
utensils that have had contact with undercooked or raw, contaminated foods. SYMPTOMS
Symptoms of neonatal toxoplasmosis may include: Enlarged liver and spleen. Vomiting. Swollen
glands (lymph nodes). Abnormal head size (too large or too small). Fluid on the brain. Yellowing of
the skin or eyes (jaundice). Skin rashes at birth. Feeding problems. Low birth weight. Hearing
problems. Vision or eye problems. Learning problems and intellectual disability. Muscle problems,
such as weakness or involuntary contractions (spasms). Twitching or shaking

Toxoplasmosis Research Paper
Toxoplasmosis
Theresa Haro
Pueblo Community College
Did you know 1 out of 1,000–8,000 babies born are infected with the disease called toxoplasmosis?
(American pregnancy) Because of its abstruse recognition, I will be discussing the disease caused by
toxoplasma gondii a single celled parasite; toxoplasmosis. It is more common in the United States
than we are made aware of. It is commonly found in elderly persons whom were farm workers from
being around chickens and other carriers. It can also be carried by contaminated soil and water. I
will be discussing how contamination occurs, signs and symptoms, long term and short term affects,
and treatments. Toxoplasmosis also known as toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The feces is a Isospora–like oocyst is not producing any effect to cats, most laboratory animals or
humans (Sheffield 2012). Feline species commonly domestic cats are the only definitive host for the
parasite (AccessScience Editors 2014) Humans are commonly infected by ingestion of raw or
poorly cooked meat (especially lamb, pork, and mutton) or by ingesting oocysts from soil or water
which have been contaminated with cat feces, (AccessScience Editors 2014). Also by contaminated
water, unwashed raw vegetables, handling the litter of a contaminated cat, drinking unpasteurized
goat milk (wikipedia

Conniff's Argument Analysis
Conniff presents a main argument to us with sub–arguments to support it. However, the personal
story with Lucky, examples and other background information that are irrelevant to the argument are
not included.
Main–argument conclusion: (1) Outdoor cats are becoming socially unacceptable.
Premises for (1): (2) Outdoor cats bear a significant share of the blame for the decline in in wildlife,
and especially bird, populations. (3) Outdoor cats threaten the health of human. (4) There are
multiple hazards of outdoor living that are terrible for cats.
Sub–argument conclusion: (2)
Premises for (2):
(2a) The numbers of 20 common North American bird species have dropped by 68 percent on
average since 1967, due to variety of factors. (2b–Suppressed) ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This suggested some people are still believing cats are socially acceptable. This argument is weak as
even if all the premises is true and the outdoor cats can still be socially acceptable. (2) says cats is
significantly blamed for decline in wildlife, however, there are many other factors that plays a
significant role in the decline in wildlife compared to cats such as habitat destruction. Also, the
decline is bird population is due to cats doing what "natural" for them, like human also eats meats.
This suggested cats should not be considered socially unacceptable. Premise (3) is plausible because
cats can potential carry disease from outside and bring it back and infect humans. However, if
human takes good care of their cats, cure their cats immediately when they are found to be infected
with diseases then humans cannot be affected. (4) is plausible because outdoor cats can get various
of disease from outdoors as well as a chance of being killed by other animals. However, if cat
owners supervise their cats when they go outdoors, then their cats can prevented from getting
infected from diseases and preventing injury or death from hazardous outdoor living. As a result,
this argument's weakness makes it a bad

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