The document provides information on different types of process and definition essays. It discusses the key elements of each type of essay such as introductions that frame the essay, supporting paragraphs that take the reader through the process step-by-step, and conclusions that summarize or comment on significance. It also defines formal, restrictive, and extended definitions and provides examples to illustrate each type.

1. The Process and the Definition Essay “ it is important to mix WARM water with the yeast so that the bread rises correctly!”

2. Directional Process Essay Essay offers specific instructions on how to do something or how to make something (such as telling a ghost story or how to bake a cake). Consider this the “How To” process essay!

3. Example: How to Make Mexican Paper Flowers

4. Informative Process Essay Works to explain HOW or WHY a process works. For example, explain how a combustion engine in the car works. Explaining how and why a black hole emerges!

5. Example: Supernovas – why stars die

6. Elements in the essay Introduction Determines, and lets the reader know, what kind of process essay this will be! Hook should work to grab attention of the reader by engaging the senses! Frame should let reader know if they are in for a “how to” or “information” essay. Thesis should be clear and to the point.

7. Support Paragraphs: There should be at least 3 For both “how to” and “information” essays, take the reader step by step though the process! Each paragraph should reflect a different part of the process (hint, if you are teaching how to make a pie, divide up your process broadly so paragraphs are longer than 2 sentences! A good paragraph should at least be 4-5 sentences long)

8. Conclusion For “how to” essays – conclude by letting the reader know what they should have at the end of your described process. Offer a good summary and a complete picture! For “information” essays – comment on the importance or significance of the process. Why should we, the reader, care? What is important for us to remember in the end and why? For both kinds of process essays – remember to touch upon the thesis statement once again!

9. Definition Essay 3 types of definitions: Formal Restricted Extended – Most common.

10. Formal Formal: dictionary meaning of the word that offers: 1) the term (the thing or idea) 2) the class (where the term belongs) 3) the differentiation (how it differs from others in its class)

11. Formal Example Term Class Differentiation Twitter Social Media Micro-blogging in 140 characters Facebook Social Media a free-access social networking website operated & privately owned by Facebook, Inc

12. Restrictive When we limit or place terms on a definition/ the meaning of the phrase or term for a particular discussion: Slang – such as the term “bread” for money. “ Private” or “insider” definitions of a term or idea such as “Barry White” - a romantic soul singer from the 1970s but in my family a “Berry White” referred to a guy who “slickly” tried to hit on you. A used car Casanova sales-person.

13. Extended Looking at a term or in an extended and deep way – this often is used for academic papers: Example Cosmopolite: (formal definition) from the Greek, meaning citizen of the world. Early Greek stoics promoted that we should be citizens of our world first and of our community second. Roman stoics also promoted this philosophy – especially Marcus Aurelius who used to philosophy to justify taking over other cultures-=cosmopolitanism as universalism

14. Cosmopolitanism Continued Cosmopolitanism as universalism becomes an excuse for empire (As in Roman Empire and later other nationalities will take up this banner such as Hitler). Cosmopolitanism and Religion Many spiritual doctrines are expressed as universalism/cosmopolitanism – our ideas should be accepted universally.

15. Cosmopolitanism Continued Cosmopolitanism and Globalization Seen as a way to standardize cultures, ideas and influences. Seen as a way to justify one particular economic mode – capitalism- that will unite the world. Seen as the promotion of a world government that will eventually regulate international relations. I do not wish to promote any of these concepts – I wish to promote what I term the “rooted” cosmopolitanism (this is a form of restrictive definition)

16. Rooted Cosmopolite “ Rootless” cosmopolite = someone who belongs to the “world” but does not have roots in a place – a local place. A rooted cosmopolite = someone who has roots to a local place (such as a nation), but he or she understands that in a globalized world, we must also think in a cosmo or global way as our shoes are made in china, our coffee comes from Africa, and our computer software is composed in Ireland and India.

17. In the last example I used: A formal definition Restrictive definition Synonym Example Description Compare and contrast Division and classification Negation (what cosmopolitanism is not – universalism)