The study aimed at assessing the distribution of the Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme v(RADTS) of the Nigerian National Directorate of Employment based on gender across the states of the federation between 2011 and 2014. In pursuit of the objective of the study, data will be collected from a
secondary source and the annual report of the directorate will be consulted. The paper posits that the directorate has a well-focused Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme but with a lot of gender disparity. It further reveals that 30 states out of 36 states and FCT enjoy a steady male dominance over the
females in the distribution of the scheme of the directorate. It recommended that the technique used in the distribution of the scheme by the directorate be reviewed in other to correct the existing lopsidedness.
The focus of this Issue Brief is to explore to what extent youth volunteerism
contributes to the economic empowerment of young people in Asia and the
Pacific, due to the skills which may have been developed during volunteering.
The Brief is a result of a desk study on volunteering and youth unemployment and
underemployment throughout the region, accompanied by a number of interviews
with current and former volunteers.
The Issue Brief first breaks down the challenges of youth unemployment,
underemployment and informality in Asia and Pacific, as well as rapidly changing
skill requirements, which are barriers for young people entering the labor market.
The Brief moves on to discuss the various forms of volunteering in the region, as well
as the skills volunteers may develop during volunteering. The last section explores
which of those skills are relevant to employability and labor market access for young
people and discovers the benefits of volunteering for youth entrepreneurship.
A number of recommendations are made on employability including but not limited
to the importance of skill needs anticipation and skills development relevant for
labor market access and entrepreneurship, followed by recommendations for
volunteer serving organizations and volunteers themselves. These include, for
example, to design volunteer programmes to empower women and expose them to
new work environments and for volunteers to volunteer more strategically to expand
social capital and networks, which are crucial for finding employment in markets
dominated by informality
The Strategic Plan Implementation Of Community Empowerment Through Micro, Sma...inventionjournals
Blitar is one of town which is active in developing local economic based on cooperation and Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM). In strategic planning department of cooperation and UKM Blitar has a goal to improve the lives and build independent society. The aim of this study is to describe and analyzing the strategic planning, implementing the strategic planning and role of stakeholders in productivity society through UMKM to develop independent society. Research methods use qualitative descriptive that explains how the implementation of strategic planning in society productivity through UMKM in empowerment independent society. Data collection technique is through observation, interviews, and documentation. The method of analyzing the data is using data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusion. The result of this study is the aim and target of strategic plan at cooperation service UKM Blitar have accurate target, seeing at many UMKM at Blitar and can get many labor forces. UMKM is one of economic pillar at Blitar so, it is expected that UMKM can be developed continuously and develop independent society. The strategy of empowerment UMKM Blitar they are increasing partnership network, increasing human resource quality cooperation and UKM, strengthening monetery capital and cooperation business and UMKM and improve a volume of business. But, a Blitar government should be more active to socialize the productivity that has been existed, because many society that it do not know about the program. Stakeholders involved include Blitar cooperation and UKM department, bank, private sector, academia, LSM, BAPPEDA, and the city parliament Blitar. With empowerment it is expected to be able to decrease the poverty volume and unemployment in Blitar society can be independent.
The way to strengthen the partnership between United Nations and African community in advancing youth employment by Crafts and Vocational Center for sustainable development
The focus of this Issue Brief is to explore to what extent youth volunteerism
contributes to the economic empowerment of young people in Asia and the
Pacific, due to the skills which may have been developed during volunteering.
The Brief is a result of a desk study on volunteering and youth unemployment and
underemployment throughout the region, accompanied by a number of interviews
with current and former volunteers.
The Issue Brief first breaks down the challenges of youth unemployment,
underemployment and informality in Asia and Pacific, as well as rapidly changing
skill requirements, which are barriers for young people entering the labor market.
The Brief moves on to discuss the various forms of volunteering in the region, as well
as the skills volunteers may develop during volunteering. The last section explores
which of those skills are relevant to employability and labor market access for young
people and discovers the benefits of volunteering for youth entrepreneurship.
A number of recommendations are made on employability including but not limited
to the importance of skill needs anticipation and skills development relevant for
labor market access and entrepreneurship, followed by recommendations for
volunteer serving organizations and volunteers themselves. These include, for
example, to design volunteer programmes to empower women and expose them to
new work environments and for volunteers to volunteer more strategically to expand
social capital and networks, which are crucial for finding employment in markets
dominated by informality
The Strategic Plan Implementation Of Community Empowerment Through Micro, Sma...inventionjournals
Blitar is one of town which is active in developing local economic based on cooperation and Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM). In strategic planning department of cooperation and UKM Blitar has a goal to improve the lives and build independent society. The aim of this study is to describe and analyzing the strategic planning, implementing the strategic planning and role of stakeholders in productivity society through UMKM to develop independent society. Research methods use qualitative descriptive that explains how the implementation of strategic planning in society productivity through UMKM in empowerment independent society. Data collection technique is through observation, interviews, and documentation. The method of analyzing the data is using data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusion. The result of this study is the aim and target of strategic plan at cooperation service UKM Blitar have accurate target, seeing at many UMKM at Blitar and can get many labor forces. UMKM is one of economic pillar at Blitar so, it is expected that UMKM can be developed continuously and develop independent society. The strategy of empowerment UMKM Blitar they are increasing partnership network, increasing human resource quality cooperation and UKM, strengthening monetery capital and cooperation business and UMKM and improve a volume of business. But, a Blitar government should be more active to socialize the productivity that has been existed, because many society that it do not know about the program. Stakeholders involved include Blitar cooperation and UKM department, bank, private sector, academia, LSM, BAPPEDA, and the city parliament Blitar. With empowerment it is expected to be able to decrease the poverty volume and unemployment in Blitar society can be independent.
The way to strengthen the partnership between United Nations and African community in advancing youth employment by Crafts and Vocational Center for sustainable development
Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic growth. Thus, enhancing effective investment on education and health has been a tenet of growth and development strategies for most countries. The basic objective of this paper investigated the relationship between human capital (through education and effective health care services) and economic growth in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1980 to 2012. The paper employs OLS methodology. The result shows that considering the magnitude, 1% increase in GDP is brought about by 22% increase in human capital. This postulates that an increase in allocation to education and health will lead to increase in GDP. The estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.80 or 80% and it show that the independent variables explain about 80% of the variation in the dependent variable. The findings have a strong implication on educational and health policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational and health investment in order to accelerate growth which would engender economic growth.
Youth Unemployment in India - Present ScenarioArul Edison
Young Indians face major barriers because of poverty and low levels of human capital. Though educational attainment has risen quickly in recent years, gaining a foothold in the labour market remains elusive for many young Indians. In rural and urban areas, young males are usually employed in casual jobs, while their female counterparts tend to be self-employed. Although a large proportion of young rural women are employed in agriculture, rural males are increasingly turning to the non-farm sector. In comparison, young urban males are largely working in the services sector. This paper highlights youth unemployment in India - present scenario.
Human Capital Development as a Recipe for Sustainable Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic growth. Thus, enhancing effective investment on education and health has been a tenet of growth and development strategies for most countries. The basic objective of this paper investigated the relationship between human capital (through education and effective health care services) and economic growth in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1981 to 2013. The paper employs OLS methodology with BLUE assumptions, wald test, breusch Godfrey and pairwise granger test was also used to argument the OLS methodology. The result shows that considering the magnitude 1% increase in RGDP (proxy Economic growth) is brought about by 46% increase in (EXPHLTH) expenditure on health, 107% increase in (GFCF) gross fixed capital formation, 92% increase in (TEXPEDU) total expenditure on education, 0.00091% increase in (TLBF) Total labour force. The estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.98 or 98% and it show that the independent variables explain about 80% of the variation in the dependent variable. The findings have a strong implication on educational and health policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational and health investment in order to accelerate growth which would engender economic growth.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIAIJM Journal
A number of policy intermediations in Nigeria that were targeted at inspiring and stimulating entrepreneurship development through small and medium scale enterprises have botched. In its place of creating in-country entrepreneurial capacity, entrepreneurs have been converted and become distribution agents of imported goods. This paper argues the development of entrepreneurship and stressed that it has been instrumental in economic growth, balanced regional development and job creation in most vibrant economies, where technology is changing at a faster rate and the product lifetime cycle is dwindling. This paper also looks at Nigeria’s growing unemployment situation and how it increasingly deteriorates the potentials of the country. It emphasizes the prominence and significance of entrepreneurship as realistic machinery for sustainable economic growth and employment generation in Nigeria seeing the experiences of developed nations like Australia, the United States and vibrant economies like China and India.
The Future of Work - Preparing for Disruption [by Sumedha Ghaisas]Sumedha Ghaisas
A study or research on the Future of Work and how to prepare for the changing environment and the disruptions which will be affecting the Human Capital and the economies.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic growth. Thus, enhancing effective investment on education and health has been a tenet of growth and development strategies for most countries. The basic objective of this paper investigated the relationship between human capital (through education and effective health care services) and economic growth in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1980 to 2012. The paper employs OLS methodology. The result shows that considering the magnitude, 1% increase in GDP is brought about by 22% increase in human capital. This postulates that an increase in allocation to education and health will lead to increase in GDP. The estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.80 or 80% and it show that the independent variables explain about 80% of the variation in the dependent variable. The findings have a strong implication on educational and health policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational and health investment in order to accelerate growth which would engender economic growth.
Youth Unemployment in India - Present ScenarioArul Edison
Young Indians face major barriers because of poverty and low levels of human capital. Though educational attainment has risen quickly in recent years, gaining a foothold in the labour market remains elusive for many young Indians. In rural and urban areas, young males are usually employed in casual jobs, while their female counterparts tend to be self-employed. Although a large proportion of young rural women are employed in agriculture, rural males are increasingly turning to the non-farm sector. In comparison, young urban males are largely working in the services sector. This paper highlights youth unemployment in India - present scenario.
Human Capital Development as a Recipe for Sustainable Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic growth. Thus, enhancing effective investment on education and health has been a tenet of growth and development strategies for most countries. The basic objective of this paper investigated the relationship between human capital (through education and effective health care services) and economic growth in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1981 to 2013. The paper employs OLS methodology with BLUE assumptions, wald test, breusch Godfrey and pairwise granger test was also used to argument the OLS methodology. The result shows that considering the magnitude 1% increase in RGDP (proxy Economic growth) is brought about by 46% increase in (EXPHLTH) expenditure on health, 107% increase in (GFCF) gross fixed capital formation, 92% increase in (TEXPEDU) total expenditure on education, 0.00091% increase in (TLBF) Total labour force. The estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.98 or 98% and it show that the independent variables explain about 80% of the variation in the dependent variable. The findings have a strong implication on educational and health policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational and health investment in order to accelerate growth which would engender economic growth.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIAIJM Journal
A number of policy intermediations in Nigeria that were targeted at inspiring and stimulating entrepreneurship development through small and medium scale enterprises have botched. In its place of creating in-country entrepreneurial capacity, entrepreneurs have been converted and become distribution agents of imported goods. This paper argues the development of entrepreneurship and stressed that it has been instrumental in economic growth, balanced regional development and job creation in most vibrant economies, where technology is changing at a faster rate and the product lifetime cycle is dwindling. This paper also looks at Nigeria’s growing unemployment situation and how it increasingly deteriorates the potentials of the country. It emphasizes the prominence and significance of entrepreneurship as realistic machinery for sustainable economic growth and employment generation in Nigeria seeing the experiences of developed nations like Australia, the United States and vibrant economies like China and India.
The Future of Work - Preparing for Disruption [by Sumedha Ghaisas]Sumedha Ghaisas
A study or research on the Future of Work and how to prepare for the changing environment and the disruptions which will be affecting the Human Capital and the economies.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Human resource is an essential determinant of economic growth and development. It consists
of different factors like education, health, migration, vocational training and (information
technology) IT development vocational training and skill development are among them.
Vocational training improves the productivity and production and enhances the efficiency of
the labour force. This paper attempts a study of skill development to facilitate higher growth
in economy.
Jonathan Ortmans, president of the Global Entrepreneurship Network, provides an overview of GEN during the 2016 Global Entrepreneurship Congress in Medellin, Colombia.
This study undertook an empirical view towards analyzing the role youth capacity building can play in
entrepreneurship development. This study took a descriptive approach in its design and covered a sample of 519
rural entrepreneurs drawn from selected rural communities across the three geo-political zones of Enugu state using
purposive sampling technique. Data was gathered using a five point likert scale questionnaire and was analyzed with
chi-square test using the 23.0 versions of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The data analysis was based
on the 413 questionnaires that were validly filled and returned by the respondents. The study noted that capacity
building is not a choice; it is a fundamental route to youth entrepreneurship development. Hence, giving hand-outs or
even equipment without needful entrepreneurial knowledge is no longer fit to pass as youth capacity building. It was
therefore concluded that for sustainable entrepreneurship development especially among the youths in Enugu state,
there is need for well structured and functional capacity building programmes. The paper recommends that; to ensure
consistency and relevance of capacity building in the act of entrepreneurship development, states must
institutionalize capacity building, Governments should invest in and leverage on existing educational institutions to
advance and reduce the cost of entrepreneurship development oriented capacity building and that there is need to
invest massively on innovation biased capacity building programmes
Introduction to entrepreneurship.
A mandatory course for second year student at the department of business administration and entrepreneurship development, institute of public administration and management, University of Sierra Leone. This is an excerpt of the full course...
THE ROLE OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIANAJHSSR Journal
: Entrepreneurial industries was selected one from each Geo political zone in Nigeria with
population of 387 on the whole descriptive survey design was used and correlation coefficient was used in
determining the relationship between these variable and economic development in Nigeria. Entrepreneurship, all
over the world is acclaimed as a significant factor in economic development. Entrepreneurship does not only
increase per capital income it also increases factor utilization. It is also a veritable change agent of the structure
of business and society. As a change agent it acts as a catalyst for the generation of new ideas, products,
methods of production and the distribution of the products so produced. The jobs created, the new technologies
developed, the improved production method, the increase in output both in terms of quantity and quality are all
the ingredients for economic growth and development. The paper has explored the roles of entrepreneurship at
different sectors of the economy. In carrying out the research this paper is of the view that because of the
capacity of entrepreneurship to generate increased output, its ability to create jobs through formation of new
enterprises, to facilitate transfer of technology or adoption of technology, to invigorate large scale enterprises, to
harness resources, that might otherwise be latent and to stimulate growth in those sectors which supply it with
input; because it is able to encourage and sustain economic dynamism that enables a country to adjust
successfully in a rapidly changing global economy, entrepreneurial development is a sine qua non in the
development of any country especially, a developing country. Conclusion were made and the study
recommended that more job opportunity will be created policies strengthened, environment should be improved
for financing and investment welcomed.
Integration of Traditional Business School Models to Entrepreneurship Develop...ijtsrd
This paper advocates the possibility of integrating the models of traditional business school to entrepreneurship development and job creation in Nigeria. Drawing insights from extensive review of literature, the paper utilizes secondary data in its analytical discourse. The papers theoretical foundation was Theodore W. Schultzs human capital theory formulated in 1961, and results from the paper showed that government policies can encourage the survival and expansion of MSMEs in Nigeria. Based on the research done for this paper, it was suggested that the government can utilize the innovative spirit of entrepreneurship present in the Igbo apprenticeship system to create policies that will bring the vast majority of the informal sector into the formal economy, where there can be better coordination and regulation to ensure the sectors continued success and growth. It was also suggested that current entrepreneurial opportunities like digital marketing and sales, ICT, web development, digital data management, etc. be incorporated into the curriculum development of schools, universities, and other vocational and technical colleges. This is in addition to honing attention on tried and true methods of skill development like cooking and handiwork. Obi, Emeka Francis | Prof. Emma E. O. Chukwuemeka "Integration of Traditional Business School Models to Entrepreneurship Development and Job Creation in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-4, August 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd58612.pdf Paper Url:https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/58612/integration-of-traditional-business-school-models-to-entrepreneurship-development-and-job-creation-in-nigeria/obi-emeka-francis
This paper analyses the current scenario of skilled workforce of Indian Economy and future requirement
of skill development. The paper also outlines skill gap in various sectors, the key issues and policy
implications to address those issues and challenges in Skill Development and Productivity arena.
Evaluation of Human Resource Management Practices on the Productivity and Per...IOSR Journals
The objective of any organization or firm is to achieve higher productivity. The concept of Human Resources within organizations is very vital in the management and survival of any organization; this is because their performance is influenced by a set of human resource practices. The main focus of this study is to determine if human resources management practices (Human resources (HR) Planning, training and development) affect productivity and performance of Transport Organizations. The human resource management practices or HRM practices have to be addressed in this position, in order to examine productivity and performance of the organization. In analyzing the data, both descriptive and inferential statistics were used. A total of 75 questionnaires was distributed out of which 60 was returned. Result of analysis showed that training and development enhances productivity of transport organizations and also adequate human resources planning promotes employee productivity and organizational performance. It is therefore recommended that all level of employees receive adequate training and proper human resource planning should be in place to promote productivity and performance of the Transport industry in Nigeria.
The path to effectively scaling skill development programmes.pdfsearchngo1
About 12 million new workers are added to India's workforce annually, of which just 3.1 million are skilled or qualified. The Indian government launched the Skill India Mission with the goal of training 550 million individuals by 2020 in order to address this skills gap. The Mission along with NGO Skill development has focused a great deal of attention on the problem of livelihoods and skill development since its debut on July 15 of this year, and it has received a lot of support from businesses and other important actors in the industry. By 2020, the "demographic dividend" is expected to reach its peak in the nation. Therefore, India has to take advantage of this opportunity by fully utilising this resource and implementing scalable and reproducible techniques.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
THE POLICY OF NATIONAL DIRECTORATE OF EMPLOYMENT: FOCUS ON THE AGRICULTURAL AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT SCHEME
1. Journal of Political Science (JPS), Vol.1, No.1
41
THE POLICY OF NATIONAL DIRECTORATE OF
EMPLOYMENT: FOCUS ON THE AGRICULTURAL
AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT
SCHEME
Timothy Onimisi
Department of Political Science, Federal University Lokoja, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
The study aimed at assessing the distribution of the Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme
(RADTS) of the Nigerian National Directorate of Employment based on gender across the states of the
federation between 2011 and 2014. In pursuit of the objective of the study, data will be collected from a
secondary source and the annual report of the directorate will be consulted. The paper posits that the
directorate has a well-focused Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme but with a lot of gender
disparity. It further reveals that 30 states out of 36 states and FCT enjoy a steady male dominance over the
females in the distribution of the scheme of the directorate. It recommended that the technique used in the
distribution of the scheme by the directorate be reviewed in other to correct the existing lopsidedness.
KEYWORDS
National Directorate of Employment; Agriculture; Entrepreneur; and Training Scheme
1. INTRODUCTION
The present challenge in the global economy system requires new creative and innovative
strategies to stimulate and sustain growth in the national economies of any nation especially in
Africa, which has led to a rethink in the usual dependence on Oil as a mainstay of their economy
and call for entrepreneurship seen as a one model that is deemed critical to the formulation and
implementation a better revitalization of the African economy strategies, which is vital to the
development of an economy by way of wealth creation and poverty reduction (1; 2). Studies have
shown that rural development is more than ever before linked to entrepreneurship and institutions
mainly concern on promoting rural development which sees entrepreneurship as a key area in the
strategic development intervention that could accelerate the rural development process in Africa
and especially Nigeria as a country (3).
The developmental agencies and institutions cannot overlook the enormous potential inherent in
the promotion of rural enterprises especially in the area of employment creation in the ever-
growing unemployment rate in the world. Rural enterprises remains a key strategy to preventing
rural unrest, and improving income through farming activities, and the woman sees it as an
employment possibility near their homes which provides them with an independent ownership of
means of production and a reduced need for social support (3).
2. Journal of Political Science (JPS), Vol.1, No.1
42
This paper focus on the National Directorate Employment an agency of the government
established in 1989 with a focus on designing and implementing programmes to combat mass
unemployment, and articulate policies aimed at developing work programme with labor-intensive
potential through her various programmes (4). The study assesses the rural development training
scheme of the Directorate with the aim of ascertaining the distribution of the scheme across the
36 states and FCT, with emphasis on the gender distribution aspect of the scheme. The paper
relied on secondary data, sourced from the National Directorate of Employment with a focus on
the distribution of the Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme of the National
Directorate of Employment 2011-2014 based on gender disparity. The paper is divided into five
sections, the introduction, conceptual definitions; distribution of rural employment/development
training scheme; discussion of finding; conclusion and recommendation.
2. THEORETICAL DISCOURSE:
Entrepreneurship: It is the process of using private ideas to transform a good business concept
into a new venture or to grow and diversity an existing venture with high growth potential (5).
Entrepreneurship is a process of accepting important responsibility, pursuing key opportunities,
providing the needs and demands, through innovation and commercial business (6). It could be
creating opportunities and equally innovative, and the success of an entrepreneur rest on the
ability to identify needs, create value and exploit innovations (2). Hence, input factors in an
innovative and skillful manner use to generate quality values to the customer with the hope that
this quality value will exceed the initial cost of the input factors, hence generating superior
returns that result in the creation of wealth (7). Entrepreneurship is a continuous process of
innovation and creativity aimed at providing needed value change in the society. It is a process
and a static phenomenon; it has to do with change and is also commonly associated with choice-
related issues (8).
The work of (9), outlines the following characteristics of entrepreneurship (10) thus:
• An entrepreneur has an enthusiastic vision with a driving force in an enterprise
• The entrepreneur’s mission and vision are often supported by an interlocked collected of
specific ideas rarely available to the marketplace
• The blueprint to realizing the vision is clear, but comprehensive details may be incomplete,
flexible, and evolving of time
• However, with continued persistence and determination, the entrepreneur develops strategies
to change the vision into reality
Entrepreneurial Development: Entrepreneurial development is the process of enhancing
entrepreneurial skills and knowledge through viable structured training and institution building
programmes and the hallmark of entrepreneurship development is the ability to expand viable
venture into a more resourceful economic potential (11). The whole essence of entrepreneurial
development is to acquire the necessary skills that enable a potential entrepreneur to function in
the form of:
• Attaining current result based on previous decisions/actions and planning for the future based
on current circumstance;
• Maintaining and developing the organized capacity which makes achievement possible;
3. Journal of Political Science (JPS), Vol.1, No.1
43
• Co-coordinating the specialist functions that should enable a firm to perform the technical task
in marketing, personnel, research and development, manufacturing, finance, and control,
especially in the face of changing technology and dynamic industry trend (11)
Entrepreneurship could increase economy drive and the prospect of social development of a
country (12). Shane and Venkataraman (2000:218) defined entrepreneurship as ‘the scholarly
examination of how, by whom and with what effects opportunities to create future goods and
services are discovered, evaluated and exploited’. Shane and Venkataraman view of
entrepreneurship mainly focus on the discovery of good and service and the eventual exploitation
and evaluation of such service rental. While Berglund & Holmgren, (2013:18) defined
entrepreneurship as “a dynamic and social process, where individuals, alone or in co-operation,
identify opportunities and do something with them to reshape ideas to practical or aimed activities
in social, cultural, or economic contexts” (14). These scholars see it as a social and dynamic
process which is continuously evolving where individual or collection of people used their ideas
to proving their socio-economy and cultural standard. Entrepreneurship main concern how the
individuals or group of entrepreneurs act independently, creating new opportunities and ideas into
the market for functional economic aim through logical and business-oriented decision (15). It is
important to note that through this decision the entrepreneur create new business even in the face
of uncertainty and risk with the target of achieving maximum profit and growth thus assembling
resources and identifying opportunities makes good entrepreneur (16).Kumar et al (2015) sees
entrepreneurial development involves the Stimulation of the entrepreneurial motivation and the
Provision of support to the potential entrepreneurs as well as helping them to sustain and manage
their enterprises (17).
SOCIOLOGICAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY:
The paper adopts the social entrepreneurship theory because it best suits the studies of the policy
of National Directorate of Employment with a focus on the agricultural and entrepreneurship
development scheme. The theory is traditionally focus on the society, in other words it concern
with social context (18, 19). The social context that defined entrepreneurship are social network,
which involves building bonds and social relationships that promotes trust, ruling out taking
undue advantage over certain group of people; while the life course stage of social context
involves prompt analysis of features of individual who have choose entrepreneurs as a way of
increasing their standard of living; while the ethnic identification, involves how social
background or up bring influence or determines a person’s entrepreneurship spirit; and the social
context (population ecology) represent the role the environment plays in the overall survival of
the entrepreneurship (18, 20). In the present case the decision of the National Directorate of
Employment of Nigeria to train entrepreneurs on their agricultural and entrepreneurship
development scheme has a significant impact or survival entrepreneurship skill in the country.
3. THE NATIONAL DIRECTORATE OF EMPLOYMENT AND THE RURAL
EMPLOYMENT/DEVELOPMENT TRAINING SCHEME
The Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme falls under the training for Rural
Employment and Development of the National Directorate of Employment which was designed
with the sole purpose of creating rural employment and enhanced through agricultural production
(21). The scheme awaken the interest of the unemployed citizens in agriculture in order to create
4. Journal of Political Science (JPS), Vol.1, No.1
44
and stem the rural-urban drift of the youths, the directorate designed a training program for the
unemployed in the agricultural sector (22)
The Training for Rural Employment and Development interventions equip the citizenry with
appropriate skills through training in agricultural production activities with the following specific
objectives (21):
• To equip trainees with requisite skills in modern farming;
• To expose trainees to various opportunities that abound in investing in lucrative agricultural
enterprises as a sustainable job option to seeking non-existent white collar jobs;
• To provide information on input acquisition and facilitate access to credit;
• To mobilize trainees into forming co-operative societies or groups to derive benefits from
such group activities;
• To sensitize trainees on the benefits on the benefits of being innovative, and through
mentorship mold them into Agric-preneurs (self-employment in agriculture and employers of
labor).
The directorates under the Rural Employment Promotion Programme include the Rural
Agricultural Development Training Scheme (RADTS); Rural Handicraft Training Scheme
(RHTS) and Integrated Farming Training Scheme (IFTS). But the study focuses on the Rural
Agricultural Development Training Scheme adopts an integrated farming demonstration and
training approach with classwork activities to build capacity for community empowerment and
rural development (21).
The training scheme has focus (4) major structures in the areas of agricultural production:
• Arable Crop Production;
• Livestock Production;
• Food Processing/Preservation and
• Agro serves including the use of agro-chemical farm mechanization (21)
The scheme is majorly designed for school leavers who are desirous of making a living from
agriculture and agro-allied ventures and trained for a period of four (4) months, the training
duration is three (3) months, one (1) month for tutorial and two (2) months on attachment
programme. Upon completion of the one the month class works, the participants are attached to
reputable agricultural farms for practical training (23).
4. DISTRIBUTION OF THE RURAL AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
TRAINING SCHEME
Figure 1:Distribution of the Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme Beneficiaries 2011
S/No State Number of
Agric Skils
No. of Trainees Total
M F
1 Abia 12 88 32 120
2 Abuja FCT 6 52 7 59
3 Adamawa 10 53 67 120
5. Journal of Political Science (JPS), Vol.1, No.1
45
4 Akwa Ibom 5 62 38 100
5 Anambra 12 63 37 100
6 Bauchi 6 99 21 120
7 Bayelsa 12 43 17 60
8 Benue 8 67 33 100
9 Borno 1 106 14 120
10 Cross River 4 89 11 100
11 Delta 12 84 16 100
12 Eboyi 5 70 30 100
13 Edo 9 118 73 191
14 Ekiti 12 152 77 229
15 Enugu 10 51 49 100
16 Gombe 1 104 16 120
17 Imo 5 48 32 80
18 Jigawa 10 120 0 120
19 Kaduna 9 114 18 132
20 Kano 12 107 0 107
21 Katsina 1 117 3 120
22 Kebbi 5 89 6 95
23 Kogi 5 77 23 100
24 Kwara 1 68 32 100
25 Lagos 5 39 21 60
26 Nasarawa 4 45 55 100
27 Niger 7 42 58 100
28 Ogun 12 63 37 100
29 Ondo 2 43 57 100
30 Osun 4 63 37 100
31 Oyo 7 63 37 100
32 Plateau 4 69 31 100
33 Rivers 4 40 20 60
34 Sokoto 1 113 0 113
35 Taraba 1 67 53 120
36 Yobe 2 85 22 107
37 Zamfara 1 120 0 120
Total 2893 1080
Source: National Directorate of Employment 2014 Annual Report
The distribution of Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme (RADTS) in Figure 1,
above shows, that in the year 2011 males across the 36 states of the federation and FCT benefited
more than the female except for Adamawa, Ondo, Niger, and Nasarawa. Some States like
Zamfara, Sokoto, and Kano no female benefited.
6. Journal of Political Science (JPS), Vol.1, No.1
46
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Abia
AbujaFCT
Adamawa
AkwaIbom
Anambra
Bauchi
Bayelsa
Benue
Borno
CrossRiver
Delta
Eboyi
Edo
Ekiti
Enugu
Gombe
Imo
Jigawa
Kaduna
Kano
Katsina
Kebbi
Kogi
Kwara
Lagos
Nasarawa
Niger
Ogun
Ondo
Osun
Oyo
Plateau
Rivers
Sokoto
Taraba
Yobe
Zamfara
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
M
F
Bar Chart Presentation of Figure 1
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
M F
Graph Presentation of Figure 1 based on gender disparity
The graph above show that the directorate trained 2,893 males and 1,080 females benefited
respectively.
Figure 2:Distribution of the Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme Beneficiaries 2012
S/No State Number of
Agric Skils
No. of Trainees Total
M F
1 Abia 4 61 19 80
2 Abuja FCT 7 72 58 130
3 Adamawa 4 25 47 72
4 Akwa Ibom 7 51 29 80
5 Anambra 3 41 39 80
6 Bauchi 5 79 1 80
7 Bayelsa 8 40 10 50
8 Benue 7 63 17 80
9 Borno 6 46 34 80
10 Cross River 1 67 13 80
11 Delta 1 64 16 80
12 Eboyi 2 51 29 80
13 Edo 1 66 14 80
14 Ekiti 12 39 40 79
7. Journal of Political Science (JPS), Vol.1, No.1
47
15 Enugu 12 41 39 80
16 Gombe 1 78 2 80
17 Imo 5 47 33 80
18 Jigawa 1 77 3 80
19 Kaduna 1 81 19 100
20 Kano 1 116 0 116
21 Katsina 3 80 0 80
22 Kebbi 8 68 12 80
23 Kogi 1 60 20 80
24 Kwara 1 52 28 80
25 Lagos 5 33 17 50
26 Nasarawa 3 46 34 80
27 Niger 3 47 33 80
28 Ogun 1 51 29 80
29 Ondo 12 43 37 80
30 Osun 4 51 29 80
31 Oyo 8 67 13 67
32 Plateau 2 54 26 80
33 Rivers 5 27 23 50
34 Sokoto 1 80 0 80
35 Taraba 1 48 32 80
36 Yobe 0 0 0 0
37 Zamfara 7 52 28 80
Total 2064 823 2887
Source: National Directorate of Employment 2012 Annual Report
The Distribution of the Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme Beneficiaries (RADTS)
in Figure 2 above shows that in the year 2012 the males across the 36 states of the federation and
FCT benefited more than the female except for Adamawa and Ekiti. And some states like Sokoto,
Kastina, and Kano no female benefited at all. Yobe state benefited nothing (both male and
female).
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Abia
AbujaFCT
Adamawa
AkwaIbom
Anambra
Bauchi
Bayelsa
Benue
Borno
CrossRiver
Delta
Eboyi
Edo
Ekiti
Enugu
Gombe
Imo
Jigawa
Kaduna
Kano
Katsina
Kebbi
Kogi
Kwara
Lagos
Nasarawa
Niger
Ogun
Ondo
Osun
Oyo
Plateau
Rivers
Sokoto
Taraba
Yobe
Zamfara
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
M
F
Bar Chart Graph representation for Figure 2
8. Journal of Political Science (JPS), Vol.1, No.1
48
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
M F
Graph Presentation of Figure 2 based on gender disparity
The graph above shows the gender disparity in the distribution of training by the directorate in
2,064 males and 823 females benefited respectively.
Figure 3: Distribution of the Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme Beneficiaries 2013
S/No State Number of
Agric Skils
No. of Trainees Total
M F
1 Abia 9 35 15 50
2 Abuja FCT 1 28 22 50
3 Adamawa 0 0 0 0
4 Akwa Ibom 1 38 12 50
5 Anambra 8 34 16 50
6 Bauchi 5 43 7 50
7 Bayelsa 5 34 16 50
8 Benue 1 39 11 50
9 Borno 0 0 0 0
10 Cross River 1 29 21 50
11 Delta 9 38 12 50
12 Eboyi 1 25 25 50
13 Edo 1 94 40 134
14 Ekiti 2 83 63 146
15 Enugu 7 24 26 50
16 Gombe 0 40 10 50
17 Imo 10 28 22 50
18 Jigawa 1 50 0 50
19 Kaduna 1 41 9 50
20 Kano 1 49 1 50
21 Katsina 6 50 0 50
22 Kebbi 3 44 6 50
23 Kogi 1 36 14 50
24 Kwara 1 34 16 50
25 Lagos 5 27 23 50
9. Journal of Political Science (JPS), Vol.1, No.1
49
26 Nasarawa 1 25 25 50
27 Niger 0 17 33 50
28 Ogun 2 33 17 50
29 Ondo 1 65 15 80
30 Osun 1 32 18 50
31 Oyo 6 25 25 50
32 Plateau 1 33 17 50
33 Rivers 1 32 15 47
34 Sokoto 6 50 0 50
35 Taraba 1 29 21 50
36 Yobe 0 0 0 0
37 Zamfara 6 25 25 50
Total 1309 578 1907
Source: National Directorate of Employment 2013 Annual Report
The distribution of the Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme (RADTS) in Figure 3
above shows that in 2013 the males across the 36 states of the federation and FCT benefited more
than the female except for Enugu. And some states like Jigawa, Katsina and Sokoto no female
benefited nothing (both male and female).
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Abia
AbujaFCT
Adamawa
AkwaIbom
Anambra
Bauchi
Bayelsa
Benue
Borno
CrossRiver
Delta
Eboyi
Edo
Ekiti
Enugu
Gombe
Imo
Jigawa
Kaduna
Kano
Katsina
Kebbi
Kogi
Kwara
Lagos
Nasarawa
Niger
Ogun
Ondo
Osun
Oyo
Plateau
Rivers
Sokoto
Taraba
Yobe
Zamfara
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
M
F
Bar Chart Graph representation for Figure 3
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
M F
Graph Presentation of Figure 3 based on gender disparity
The graph above shows the gender disparity in the distribution of training by the directorate
shows 1,309 males and 578 females benefited respectively.
11. Journal of Political Science (JPS), Vol.1, No.1
51
The distribution of the Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme (RADTS) in Figure 10,
11 and 12 above shows that in 2013 the males across the 36 states of the federation and FCT
benefited more than the female except for Enugu and Osun. And some states like Adamawa,
Borno, and Yobe benefited nothing (both male and female). And some states like Jigawa and
Sokoto no female benefited.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Abia
Adamawa
AkwaIbom
Anambra
Bauchi
Bayelsa
Benue
Borno
CrossRiver
Delta
Eboyi
Edo
Ekiti
Enugu
Gombe
Imo
Jigawa
Kaduna
Kano
Katsina
Kebbi
Kogi
Kwara
Lagos
Nasarawa
Niger
Ogun
Ondo
Osun
Oyo
Plateau
Rivers
Sokoto
Taraba
Yobe
Zamfara
FCT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
M
F
Graph representation for Figure 4
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
M F
Bar Chart Graph representation for Figure 4
The graph above shows the gender disparity in the distribution of training by the directorate
shows 1,266 males and 455 females benefited respectively.
Figure: 5
Year Male Female
2011 2,893 1,080
2012 2,064 823
2013 1,309 598
2014 1,266 455
Total 7,532 2,956
The distribution of Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme (RADTS)in Figure 8 and 9
above for the period under review (2011-2014), shows that in 2011: 2,893 males benefited, while
12. Journal of Political Science (JPS), Vol.1, No.1
52
1,080 females benefited. In 2012: 2,064 males benefited, while 823 females benefited. In 2013:
1,307 male benefited, while 455 benefited. In 2014: 1,266 males benefited, while 455 female
benefited. In total 7,532 males benefited under the period under review, while 2, 956 female
benefited.
2011 2012 2013 2014 Total
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
Male
Female
Graph representation for Figure 5
5. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The study reveals that distribution of Rural Agricultural Development Training Scheme
(RADTS) participated by states are not evenly distributed among the male and female citizens.
The study shows the dominance of males in the Rural Agricultural Development Training
Scheme (RADTS) of the National Directorate of Employment. The distribution of scheme shows
high variation among the males and females across the 36 states and federal capital territory
(FCT). It reveals 30 states which include Abia, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue,
Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Kaduna, Kano, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara,
Kogi, Lagos, Nasarawa, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Plateau. Rivers, Taraba and Zamfara, enjoys a steady
male dominance over females in the scheme of the directorate.
The distribution of the training scheme further shows that 3 states of Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe
in the period under review did not benefit any of the training scheme (both male and female) in
the year 2013 and 2014, while in the 2012 only Yobe did not benefit from any of the training
scheme (both male and female) amongst the 36 states and the federal capital territory. Observable
from the study shows perhaps due to the security situation in the 36 states could be the cause of
fact they enjoy near nothing in the period under review.
The study reveals that in the year 2011 only 4 states of Adamawa, Ondo, Niger, and Nasarawa
has more females trained amongst the 36 states and FCT. And in 2013 only Enugu has more
females trained. The study shows states like Jigawa and Sokoto has female trained in the year
2014, and in the year 2013 states like Jigawa, Katsina and Sokoto trained no female; in 2012
Sokoto, Katsina and Kano has no female and in 2011 Zamfara, Sokoto, and Kano has no female
trained.
6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The study has shown that inequality exists in the distribution of the Rural Agricultural
Development Training Scheme of the National Directorate of Employment in Nigeria. As the
males are more favored than the females in the distribution of the scheme of the directorate. The
study reveals that the distribution of the agricultural scheme in different states is clearly unevenly.
Hence, the good focus and lofty scheme of the directorate is lopsided. Based on the findings of
this study, the following recommendations are preferred:
13. Journal of Political Science (JPS), Vol.1, No.1
53
• More females should be given the chance to benefits from the scheme by reviewing the
distribution method
• Equality and equity should be employed in the distribution of the scheme (distribution should
be done 50/50 basis)
• States like Adamawa, Yobe and Borno should be given a special chance to fill the years of
absence of the training scheme they lost due to insecurity in there are states
• Generally, the number of male and female to benefit from the scheme should be increased
across the36 states of the federation and Federal Capital Territory
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